Glossary of bowling explained

This glossary relates mainly to terms applicable to ten-pin bowling. For candlepin terms, see Candlepin bowling#Terminology.

Numerical

• 180: A pinsetter malfunction in which the sweep bar is stuck at the back of the lane, halfway through a pinsetter cycle.
• 270: A pinsetter malfunction in which the pin sweep is stuck at the front of the pin deck and the setter is unable to lower the next set of pins. In some bowling establishments, this malfunction is incorrectly referred to as 180.
• _

1. _-Bagger: A string of _#_ strikes in consecutive frames within the same game (example: "six-bagger").

Symbols

• X: Symbol for strike.
• / (slash): Symbol for spare.
• — (dash): Symbol used in place of a zero-count ball. Also can denote an open frame when only the frame’s overall result is shown on a scoresheet.
• (circled number): denotes a split leave. The first-ball pinfall is usually encircled.

A

• ABC: American Bowling Congress, the first enduring standards and rules governing organization for ten-pin bowling in the United States, formed in September 1895^{[1] [2] [3]} and merged in 2005 with other organizations to form the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).^[4]
• Abralon (pad): An abrasion technology product used to "sand" ball coverstocks with different grits (degrees of roughness) to control the amount of friction between the coverstock and lane.
• Absentee (score): See blind.
• Action bowling: Bowling contests involving money betting, historically associated with the New York underworld from the 1940s to the 1970s.^[5]
• Adjust(ment): A change in technique—especially in alignment,^[6] but also in approach, delivery, targeting or ball choice—often made in response to changing lane conditions or to correct undesirable ball motion.^[7]
• Aggressive: See Strong.
• Align(ment): A choice of location of the feet during setup, location of the sliding foot at time of release, and choice of target (arrow), which collectively determine initial ball trajectory. Alignment is usually expressed in terms of board number and arrow number, for example, "standing at (board) 25, sliding at 20, looking at the second arrow".^[8]
• Anchor: In league play, the person bowling last: usually the bowler with the highest average or the best performer under pressure.
• Andy Varipapa 300: 12 consecutive strikes bowled across two games.
• Angle: See Angle of entry or Delivery angle.
• Angle of entry: The angle at which the ball is moving when first impacting a pin (especially the pocket), measured with respect to a line parallel to the lane's boards. A ball that hooks has a larger angle of entry than a ball rolled in a straight line. Entry angles of 4° to 6° are thought to deliver optimum pin carry.^[9] Distinguish: delivery angle.
• Approach: The part of the delivery that precedes the release. Approach also denotes the physical area in front of the foul line, from which bowlers deliver the ball.
• (The) Arrows: Seven regularly-spaced arrowhead-shaped guides located about 15 feet past the foul line, used by many bowlers as targets for rolling the ball. The target (aiming point) is called a bowler's "mark".
• Arsenal: The set of bowling balls available for a bowler's use. Often, the term specifically refers to the limited quantity of balls permitted under rules of a particular competition. Balls in an arsenal are usually chosen^[10] to be mutually distinct in coverstock, core characteristics, and pin configuration, to achieve desired ball paths under different lane conditions.
• Asymmetric: Adjective describing a ball that is not symmetric, and therefore tending to have greater flare potential through a more aggressive reaction on the back end of the lane. Formally, asymmetric balls have RG (radius of gyration) values along the Y (high RG) and Z (intermediate RG) axes that differ by more than 5% of total differential. Adjective is also applied to the ball's core.
• Average: The total of scores from multiple games divided by the number of games, truncated down to an integer (whole-number) value.
• Axis rotation: Angle of the ball's axis of rotation in a horizontal plane, measured with respect to a line parallel to the foul line. Generally, axis rotation is imparted by turning the ball, and significantly contributes to hook. Initial axis rotation is defined at the time of release. Axis rotation is also referred to as side rotation or side roll. Distinguish: axis tilt.
• Axis tilt: Angle of the ball's axis of rotation in a vertical plane, measured with respect to the horizontal. Initial axis tilt is defined at the time of release. Distinguish: axis rotation.

B

• Baby Split: A split that can be converted by hitting both pins with the ball. Examples: 3—10, 2—7, 4—5.
• Back _#_: A number, _#_, of consecutive strikes ending with the final roll of a game. For example, a player rolling strikes in the seventh, eighth and ninth frames plus three more in the tenth frame is said to have the "back six". Compare: front #_.
• Back-up ball

A ball rolled with a right-handed release that hooks left to right, or rolled with a left-handed release that hooks right to left—opposite to the hook directions of conventional releases.

• Back end: The (approx.) one-third of the lane furthest from the foul line, which generally lacks oil.

• Backswing: The portion of a delivery following the push-off (push away) and preceding the forward swing and release.
• _

1. _-Bagger: A string of _#_ strikes in consecutive frames within the same game (example: "six-bagger").

• Baker format: A team game scoring format in which a team's members bowl frames in a repetitive order to complete a single game (example: bowler A bowls frames 1 and 6, bowler B bowls frames 2 and 7, and so forth). Named after 1950s American Bowling Congress officer Frank K. Baker.^[11]
• Balance hole: A hole drilled into a bowling ball into which a finger is not inserted. The hole, originally meant to correct static imbalance, has also been used to change the ball's intended dynamics and was banned in competition by USBC effective August 1, 2020.^{[12] [13]} Also called a weight hole.
• Balance leg: The leg opposite the leg on which a bowler slides in the final slide step, so named because the moving balance leg provides a counter-balance to the motion of the ball immediately before and during release, thus helping to stabilize the bowler's body position.
• Ball down: To switch to a ball that has a weaker hooking reaction. Opposite of ball up.
• Ball reaction: Change in direction of ball motion due to frictional contact with the lane surface, the term often applied to describe the amount of hook. Often shortened to reaction.

• Ball speed: Rate at which a ball as a whole moves down the lane (usually expressed in miles per hour, MPH). Distinguish: rev rate, which describes a ball's rotational velocity (expressed in revolutions per minute, RPM).
• Ball up: To switch to a ball that has a stronger hooking reaction. Opposite of ball down.
• Bananas: a pinsetter malfunction in which the pinsetter has an incomplete load and is stuck at full lift.
• Beer frame: A frame in which the only bowler not to roll a strike, or the one who achieves the lowest score, has to buy beer for the rest of his/her team.
• Behind the ball: A position of the hand on the ball, furthest or nearly furthest from the pins and away from the side, generally thought to impart a modest but controllable amount of side rotation to modern reactive resin bowling balls. Designed to avoid a chicken wing delivery.^{[14] [15]}
• Benchmark ball: A ball whose coverstock, core, and layout most reliably match a bowler's style under expected lane conditions—often chosen from an arsenal as a default (first-to-use) ball.^[16] Benchmark balls often have symmetrical cores, lower RGs, and medium to strong differentials, and may have solid reactive coverstocks for predictable motion and strong downlane continuation.^[17]
• Benchmark reaction: A ball reaction involving a medium hook and a medium amount of angularity at the breakpoint, chosen to be readily manipulated to adjust speed, axis rotation, and loft.
• BFO (beer frame opportunity): A situation in which no more than one member of a team has failed to get a strike in a particular frame before the last member bowls, creating the possibility for a beer frame if it ends with only one missed strike.
• Big Four: A split where only the 4, 6, 7 and 10 pins are standing.

• Bird dog: See messenger.
• Blended condition versus Blocked condition (or Blocked lane): Especially in typical house shot (THS) oil patterns, the oil pattern has high oil volume on the middle boards to allow a shot missed to the inside to slide toward the pocket and not cross over, and has low oil volume on the outer boards to cause a shot missed to the outside to hook back toward the pocket. The differing oil concentrations are conceived to increase the margin of error for a strike. Blended conditions occur when the contrast from the oily center to the dry sides is small—smaller than blocked conditions. With blended conditions, there is less danger of skidding too far in the oil or hooking too strongly on the outside, reducing chances of encountering the undesirable over/under phenomenon.^[18]
• Blind (score): In league play, a score given to a team member who is absent for a particular session, with the score usually being the player's current average less a certain number of pins. Also called "absentee score" or "dummy score". Distinguish: vacancy.
• Blow-out-five (BOF):^{[Questionable]} On a full rack, the ball hits light in the pocket, but still hits the 5-pin and makes it fly into the 7-pin (or 10-pin for left-handed releases) to strike. Broadcaster Nelson Burton, Jr. used this term. If the result of a pocket hit like this leaves a corner pin, the resulting leave is a "Swishing 7 (or 10)". Swishing 7-10 splits can even happen.
• Bo Derek

Used by Rob Stone, ten consecutive strikes in the same game, referring to the actress' best-known film.

• Board: A longitudinally placed wooden board or synthetic substitute, 39 of which constitute the 41.5-inch width of a lane. Boards are considered to be numbered 1 through 39, increasing from right to left for right-handed releases. Boards 5, 10, 15... 35 have marker arrows.
• Bracket(s): A contest format in which bowlers are divided into groups (the "brackets"), and each bowler is paired against another bowler in the group in the first round of what is usually a single-elimination tournament. Bracket competition is often conducted in parallel with regular tournament or league competition.^[19] More generally, the term bracket denotes a tree diagram representing how contestants are paired against each other.
• Breakdown: Process by which repeated ball traversals along a path incrementally remove oil from the path so it presents increased friction to subsequently-rolled balls, thus reducing their length.^[20] See also: burn. Breakdown is one aspect of lane transition. Distinguish: carry-down.
• Breakpoint: A term with varying definitions: The point along a bowling ball's path at which the ball transitions from the skid phase to the hook phase; or the point of maximum change in direction; or the point at which the ball transitions from skid to traction and begins the roll phase;^[21] or the point at which the ball is at its most outside position; or the point at which the ball exits the oil pattern and begins to change direction ("break").^[22] Distinguish: length.
• Bridge: The distance between the finger holes.^[23] Distinguish: span.
• Broken (wrist position): A position of the wrist during delivery in which the back of the hand is bent toward the outside of the forearm (palm being opened). A broken-wrist-position delivery provides less rev rate and hook potential. Opposite of cupped.^[24] The broken wrist position is sometimes called the unloaded position or reverse tilt position.^[25]
• Brooklyn: A roll in which the ball crosses over the centerline to impact the pins on a side opposite the pocket. Also called a Jersey in the New York City area, or Windsor in the Metro Detroit area.
• Bucket: a spare leave of either the 2-4-5-8, 3-5-6-9 or (more rarely) 1-2-3-5 pins.
• Bumpers: Rails (barriers) surrounding a lane to prevent balls from going into the gutters, primarily for beginners or young children.
• Burn or burn up: Phenomenon or intentional competitive strategy by which a large amount of ball traffic on a particular path removes lane oil from that path, causing subsequently rolled balls to encounter increased friction. Term is often used to describe change in lane characteristics during long tournaments in which lanes are not repeatedly re-oiled. See breakdown.
• Burning out and burning up: The energy of the ball is said to be burning out if it skids too far down the lane and hooks too late. Conversely, The energy of a bowling ball is said to be burning up if it hooks too early and hits the pins flat or deflects.^[26]

C

• Carry: See pin carry.
• Carry-down: Process by which balls, having picked up oil from the oil pattern, deposit it in the normally dry back end to cause subsequently rolled balls to slide and thus extend their length before hooking.^[20] Porous, softer-surface solid reactive balls tend to leave wider streaks of oil, whereas less porous, harder pearl reactive balls tend to leave narrower streaks.^[27] Carry-down is one aspect of lane transition. Distinguish: breakdown.
• Challenge match: In Japan, an event where a popular bowler, usually a licensed professional, hosts a tournament, allowing paying participants to compete for money and prizes. Typical event consists of three games. The host receives a payment, minus the funds used to pay off the bowlers who defeated the host.
• Channel: Formal term for gutter. One of two trough-shaped structures surrounding a lane to catch errant rolls.
• Cheesy cakes: Also: "cake shot". Lanes on which strikes are relatively easy.
• Cherry pick: See chop.
• Chicken sandwich: Three consecutive spares, preceded and followed by strikes.

• Chicken wing: A delivery in which the bowler's elbow is undesirably bent and extends outward to the side, rather than remaining behind the hand in line with the intended ball delivery path. Chicken winging is disfavored because it confounds the desirable action of the wrist and fingers in rotating the ball and generally results in a weaker release and diminished side rotation.
• Chop: In an attempt to convert a spare having at least two pins, the bowler knocks down the front-most pin while failing to knock down a pin that is immediately diagonally adjacent. Example: knocking the 2 and 4 down but leaving the 5 pin. A modern interpretation of the term includes picking only the middle pin out of, for example, the 1-3-6 or 3-6-10 (right handed release).
• Christmas tree pattern: A seldom encountered, generally triangular oil pattern having oil laid down about the centerline in progressively smaller widths at progressively greater distances from the foul line, with the centerline having oil applied at the longest distance down the lane. The Christmas tree pattern is distinct from the typical house shot, which has wider and longer dry areas adjacent the gutters and a more rectangular oil path surrounding the centerline.^[28]
• Clean game: A game with a mark (spare or strike) in all ten frames.
• Closed (body position): Describes a body position in which the shoulders (especially) are directed squarely downlane and not to the outside; is commonly adopted by strokers, a style favoring repeatable accuracy over power. Compare: open (body position).
• Clover:^{[Questionable]} Four strikes in a row. A reference to four-leaf clover.
• Come back: Of a ball: to hook. The term is usually applied when a ball seemingly was headed too low but ended up hooking adequately.
• Conditioner: Lubricating lane oil.
• Conventional grip or conventional fit: A ball grip in which fingers are inserted to the second knuckle from the fingertips; characteristic of house balls. Compare: fingertip grip.

• Conversion (convert): In the second ball roll of a frame, the knocking down of all pins that remained standing after the first roll, so as to achieve a spare for that frame. Term is often preceded by the number(s) of the pins involved (example: "3–6–10 conversion").
• Core: A dense structure inside a ball that can be shaped, located and oriented to strategically affect ball motion. Sometimes called a "weight block". See Bowling ball#Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion
• Corner pin: The 7-pin or the 10-pin.
• Count: See pin count.
• Cover (a spare): Another word for converting a spare. The term can also denote knocking down one or more specific pins even if a spare is not achieved, as in "covering the 6 and 10".

• Coverstock: The material comprising a ball's outer surface (cover), which determines the ball's frictional engagement with the lane and thus substantially affects ball motion. Coverstocks include polyester ("plastic"), polyurethane ("urethane") and reactive resin ("reactive").^[29]
• Cranker

A bowler who rolls the ball with high revolutions, a style favoring power over control and repeatability.^[30] Compare: stroker.

• Cross over: Of a ball: to pass from the right side to the left side of the center board (for right hand deliveries) before impacting any pins. See Brooklyn.
• Cupped (wrist position): A position of the wrist during delivery in which the palm is positioned toward the inner forearm, forming a "cup" to hold the ball. A cupped-position delivery enables higher rev rates and hook potential. Opposite of broken wrist.^[24] The cupped wrist position is sometimes called the loaded position or forward tilt position.^[25]
• Current Frame Scoring System: An alternate scoring system (most recently used in the World Bowling Tour finals) in which any strike is counted as 30 pins, while a spare is counted as 10 pins plus the first ball count in the current frame (example: 8 pins followed by a spare is scored as 18). Open frames count total pinfall in the frame only, as with conventional scoring. There are no bonus rolls in the tenth frame, so a perfect score is 300.^[31]

D

• Dead wood: A pin left on the lane or in the channel out of reach of the sweeper.
• Deck: See pin deck.
• Deck (table) jam: A pinsetter malfunction in which the pinsetter is stuck and pins fall out of it.
• Deep: See inside.
• Delivery: The process beginning with the bowler's approach toward the foul line, and ending with the bowler's release of the ball.
• Delivery angle: The angle at which a bowling ball is released, measured horizontally with respect to a line parallel to the boards. A ball with a "wide" (large) delivery angle "covers more boards" laterally than one delivered with a small delivery angle. Small delivery angles are associated with down and in deliveries. Delivery angles range from about -2° (for straight ball bowlers) to about +8° (for crankers).^[32] Bowlers adjust delivery angles to adapt to lane transition.^[33] The delivery angle is sometimes called the launch angle. Distinguish: angle of entry into the pins.
• Delivery style: A personal variation in how a ball is delivered to the lane. In rough order of power, delivery styles include: two-handed cranker, two finger/no thumb, cranker, power tweener, tweener, power stroker, stroker, straight, backup ball, USA spinner, UFO spinner, push ramp, disabled delivery ramp, retractable-handled bowling balls.^[34]
• Differential (of RG): Difference between radii of gyration (RG) values of a ball along two axes, indicating the ball's flare potential. Larger flare potentials enable more angular motion from the breakpoint to the pocket, whereas smaller flare potentials yield a smoother arc motion.^[35]
• Double: Two consecutive strikes within a single game.
• Double wood: A leave of two pins (the 2-8, the 3-9 or the rarer 1-5), the hidden one of which is called a sleeper.
• Down and in: Ball motion in which the skid is essentially parallel to the lane's boards ("down..."), generally before smoothly hooking ("... and in"). Distinguished from: skid paths that "cover" (cross) many boards at an angle moving toward the gutter, before hooking back.
• Downlane markers: Two pairs of three-foot long guide lines beginning 34 and 40 feet past the foul line, often used by bowlers to help determine on which board their balls reach their breakpoint.
• Drift: Lateral movement of a bowler's foot position between (initial) setup position and (final) sliding position, measured in boards left or right. Example: "a three-board drift to the left". One source calls this definition "lateral movement" and asserts that drift is more properly defined as unwanted variation away from a consistent desired lateral movement.^[36]
• Dummy score: See blind.
• Dutch 200

A game consisting only of alternating strikes and spares which always results in a score of 200.

E

• Early timing: Timing characteristic of a delivery in which the ball is released before the sliding foot slides. Compare: late timing.
• Emergency service (UK): Knocking down 9 pins in three successive frames—a reference to the "999" emergency telephone number in the U.K.
• End over end: A release that imparts more forward roll on a bowling ball, as opposed to side roll. See axis rotation.
• Entry angle: See angle of entry.
• Error: older term for a non-split open frame.

F

• Fall(ing) off: Bowlers are said to "fall off (the shot)" if, soon after delivery, their bodies tip away from a stable position, especially as a result of improper balance. Opposite of posting a shot.
• Fast 8: An apparent high flush pocket hit causing the 2 pin to deflect around the 4 and 7 pins, leaving both (right-handed release).
• Farkel: See messenger.^[37]
• Fence: Frame in which none of bowlers scored either strike or spare.
• Field goal

A failed 7-10 split conversion attempt in which the ball goes between the two pins.

• Fill ball or Fill frame: Roll(s) after a tenth-frame spare or strike(s), needed to determine bonus points that complete ("fill") the frame.
• Finals or Final rounds: The last stage of a tournament, which in professional tournaments is usually in stepladder format.
• Fingertip grip or fingertip fit: A ball grip in which fingers are inserted only to the first knuckle from the fingertips (thumb is still inserted completely); used especially in custom-drilled balls to allow fingers to impart more rotational force. Compare: conventional grip.
• Finish: The degree of a ball surface's rough or smooth physical texture, which may be changed by sandpaper or polish. Distinguish: the microscopically-determined chemical "stickiness" characterizing reactive resin balls.
• Flare: See track flare. Distinguish: a ball's flare potential.
• Flare potential: Hook potential (determined by a ball's coverstock, core, layout, speed and rev rate).^[38] Flare potential is an indicator of how sharply a ball will hook.^[21] A ball's flare potential is distinguished from the track flare phenomenon.

• Flat 10: A leave of the 10 pin, in which the 6 pin lies "flat" in the gutter. Also called "Weak 10" or "Quitter 10". Compare: ringing 10. Left-handed equivalent is the Flat 7.
• Flush: A full pocket hit which usually results in sending all ten pins into the pit.
• Follow-through: The continued motion of the bowling arm after ball release, used to help ensure the ball rolls over a target.
• Foul: Penalty occurrence in which a portion of the bowler's body touches beyond the foul line on a delivery in which the ball is released. The bowler receives a score of zero for that particular roll.
• Foundation frame: The 9th frame (if a bowler strikes, that will lay a "foundation" for the final frame).
• Frame: One of ten scoring units constituting a game, each including one or two rolls (two or three in 10th frame) depending on pinfall.
• Front _#_: A number, _#_, of consecutive strikes beginning with frame 1. Compare: back #_.
• Fry Frame:^{[Questionable]} Variant of beer frame.
• Full Murray: A 5–7–10 leave.
• Full roller: A delivery with zero axis tilt, in which the oil track on the ball traverses the full diameter of the ball as it rolls (see axis tilt diagram, above).

G

• (Go) off the sheet: See strike out. Derived during the time when bowling was scored manually on paper.
• Grandma's teeth: A 4-7-9-10 split or any "big five" split combination, resembling a mouth with missing teeth.
• Gravity swing: A delivery in which a bowler relies primarily on gravity to govern pendulum-like motion of a relatively relaxed bowling arm throughout the delivery, as distinguished from using muscular tension to control or restrict motion of the ball.^[39]
• Grip: The arrangement and intended use of a ball's holes, categorized as conventional grip or fingertip grip. Also used synonymously with grip pressure.
• Grip pressure: The amount of pressure applied by the fingers and thumb in grasping the ball during delivery. With modern reactive resin balls, especially those that are custom-drilled, less gripping pressure is required to achieve desired axis rotation.

• Greek Church: A 4-6-7-9-10 or 4-6-7-8-10 split, resembling five spires of a Greek Orthodox church.
• Grit: A degree of coarseness of an abrasive product used to "sand" (abrade) ball coverstocks to affect frictional engagement with the lane and control ball reaction. Grits commonly range from 180 (rougher, for more friction on oily surfaces and earlier hooking) to 4000 (finer, for less friction on oily surfaces and a longer skid).^[40]
• Gutter: See channel.

H

• Half a loaf: When 5 pins are left after the first shot on either half of the lane (2-4-5-7-8 for right-handers, 3-5-6-9-10 for left-handers).
• Hambone: Commonly: four consecutive strikes within a game; coining of the term credited to announcer Rob Stone in the mid-2000s. Earlier, the term denoted two consecutive strikes within a game.^[41]
• Hand: A somewhat ambiguous term, usually denoting the amount of rotation of the wrist and fingers during release. Example: "using less hand" reduces side rotation, resulting in a milder hook.^[42]
• Handicap: A number added to a "scratch score" to form a "handicap score". Generally, handicaps make lower-average bowlers have handicap scores that are close to handicap scores of higher-average bowlers, to make matches more evenly competitive.

• Head pin: The 1-pin.
• (The) Heads: The front part of the lane, roughly from the foul line to the arrows. Precedes the midlane and back end.
• Heavy: See high. Opposite of light.
• Hook

The second of three phases of ball motion—following the skid phase and preceding the roll phase—characterized by maximum change in ball direction. Hook is mainly caused by a ball's frictional engagement with a lane in its side rotation (rotation not in the same direction as the ball's overall forward motion); hook is also affected by dynamic imbalances in the ball's internal structure (core design and orientation).

• High: Adjective describing shots that impact the pins undesirably inside from center pocket. Opposite of low.
• High flush: A strike in which the ball apparently impacts high of center pocket, but still sends all ten pins to the pit (a flush).
• Hold: The characteristic of ball motion involving a resistance to hooking, especially preventing hooking more than desired.
• House ball: A non-custom ball, generally conventional grip with polyester ("plastic") coverstock, provided by bowling facilities for temporary use by patrons.
• House shot: See Typical house shot (THS).
• Hybrid reactive: A type of reactive resin ball having a coverstock designed to have the mid-lane reaction of a solid coverstock and the back end reaction of a pearl coverstock. Hybrid coverstocks generally are made from one part solid reactive material and one part pearl reactive material, the parts being differently colored.^[43]

I

• Ice and rug: Informal name for a lane's oil pattern, including oil ("ice") for skidding on the first two-thirds (approx.), and a non-oiled, higher-friction back end ("rug") for hooking.
• Inserts: Tubes, glued into a ball's holes and conforming to their pitch angles, that are sized and contoured to fit a bowler's fingers to provide comfort and enhance release action.^{[44] [45]}

• Inside: The portion of the lane further to the left (for right-handed releases), often expressed in comparison to a previous ball path. As lanes transition, bowlers typically "move inside" and roll the ball inside the previous path. Distinguish: high and heavy, which usually connote where the ball impacts the pins. Opposite of outside.

K

• Kickback(s): Side wall(s) beside the gutters that enclose the pin deck and support the pinsetter. Pins that strike the kickback can bounce back onto the pin deck to become messengers. Also called sideboard(s).
• Kickback plates: Plates that cover the kickback, against which pins bounce during pin scatter.
• Killer shot: A conversion of a difficult split.
• Kingpin: The (centrally positioned) 5 pin.

L

• Lag: An advanced delivery technique that involves cupping the wrist and bending the elbow on the downswing, so that the hand gets under the ball to allow the fingers to increase rev rate and power upon release.^[46]
• Lateral movement: See and compare: drift.
• Label: Usually refers to labeling on bowling pins, including manufacturer logo and USBC certification.
• Lane shine: A partial misnomer, lane shine is the change in the surface of bowling balls due to contact not only with oil from the lane, but also the pit, carpet area, elevator and return system. Lane shine affects the entire ball surface, not only the track. Over time, lane shine changes a ball's reaction.^[47]
• Lane transition: Incremental changes in a lane's frictional characteristics along a path that has experienced repeated ball traversals so as to change the oil pattern and its effect on subsequently-rolled balls, a process that involves one or both of breakdown and carry-down.
• Late timing: Timing characteristic of a delivery in which the ball is released after the sliding foot slides. Compare: early timing.
• Launch angle: See delivery angle.

• Layout: The plan of how a bowling ball's holes, pin and mass bias indicator are located relative to each other. A pin up layout has the pin "above" the finger holes (further from the thumb hole than the finger holes), whereas a pin down layout has the pin between the finger holes and thumb hole. See Bowling ball#Layout and grip and Bowling ball#Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion. Layout is also a term referring to the oil pattern used on a lane surface.
• League: An organized group of bowling teams that compete against each other according to rules and a schedule. Leagues may be certified by a national governing body. See bowling league.
• Leave: (Noun, verb) The pins left standing after the first roll of a frame. Example: "a 10-pin leave".
• Length: (1) The distance—sometimes called skid distance—between the foul line and the point at which a ball enters the hook phase at the breakpoint. Length depends on the oil pattern, the ball's surface texture (coverstock) and mass distribution (RG), and the bowler's delivery technique. (2) "Length" also describes an oil pattern itself, in terms of the furthest distance past the foul line on which oil is applied, as in "a 39-foot pattern". Distinguish: volume, which indicates the total volume of oil applied to the lane (usually expressed in milliliters).
• Let up: To roll a ball with a delivery speed that is slower, usually said in comparison to the speed of a preceding delivery or of an ideal or desired delivery.
• Light: See low. Opposite of heavy.
• Line (or staying on line, holding the line): A ball's intended or actual path down the lane, especially the substantially straight path from the foul line to the breakpoint. Staying on line and holding the line mean the ball successfully follows the intended path. Also: one game (one "line" on a scoresheet).

• Line up, lining up: See alignment.
• Llama: Four consecutive strikes within a single game. More common: 4-bagger. Informal: hambone.
• Loft

(verb, noun) A rolled ball's path through the air before contacting the lane surface; also, the distance traveled on such a roll. Loft can be "hand loft" (releasing the ball later in the forward swing) or "projection loft" (determined by height of the ball over the approach at the time of release).^[48]

• Long pattern: An oil pattern that has oil distributed a relatively long distance beyond the foul line (example: 42–45 feet^[49]). Also called "long oil".
• Love tap: A light pocket hit causing (for a right-handed release) the 6-pin to fall into the channel, pop back up and "tap" the 10-pin to knock it down. Distinguish: the flat 10 leave.
• Low: Adjective describing shots that impact the pins undesirably outside from center pocket. Opposite of high.

M

• Major: One of five PBA tournaments that are considered the most important for a bowler to win. They are - The USBC Masters, The PBA World Championship, The Tournament of Champions, The U.S. Open, and The PBA Players Championship.
• Man weight: An individual is said to be "rolling man weight" when they are rolling sixteen-pound bowling balls, the heaviest allowed weight.
• Mark: (Noun, verb) A spare or a strike, as distinguished from an open frame. Mark (noun) also refers to a bowler's sighting target on the lane, which is often one of the arrows located about 15 feet past the foul line (usage: "he missed his mark by one board right").^[50]
• Mass bias indicator or Mass bias marker: A marker indicating the part of the ball at which the core is closest to the coverstock exterior. Its location in the layout affects the shape of the ball's reaction, especially on the back end.^[51]
• Match play or Match rounds: Refers to what is usually the intermediate stage of a tournament, in which entrants compete, generally in head-to-head matches, to determine seeding for the final rounds.
• Match(ing) up: To optimize one's release ratio. More specifically, matching up means to control a ball's forward speed and its rev rate at time of release, so that the ball achieves full traction immediately before striking the pins, thereby maximizing energy imparted to the pins.
• Meg:^{[Questionable]} A roll knocking down only the 7-pin or 10-pin.
• Messenger: A pin (generally the headpin) that travels laterally across the pin deck, usually after deflecting off a side wall (kickback), to knock down another pin (usually an opposite corner pin); more generally applied to a pin that knocks down other pin(s) "late" to result in a strike. Also known as a bird dog, scout, shrapnel, rogue pin, or more recently, farkel.
• Middle finger: A roll leaving only the 5-pin.
• (The) Midlane: The part of the lane between the heads and the back end.
• Mixer: A roll that causes the pins to bounce around extensively ("mix"), possibly reflecting off side wall(s); term usually distinguishes from a roll in which all pins are quickly and decisively knocked into the pit.
• Move your feet: In the stance before a delivery, to stand in a different place on the approach. Standing in a different spot causes a change in trajectory of the ball as it moves toward the target (usually an arrow), and is often performed to adapt to changing lane conditions.

N

• Negative axis point: The opposite end of the axis of rotation as the PAP (positive axis point).
• No-tap: An alternative method of scoring in which, if a given number of pins (less than ten) are knocked down on the first roll, the frame is still scored as a strike. Example: under "nine pin no-tap" scoring, knocking down only nine pins would be scored as a strike.
• Nine-call: In Japan, a phrase used to describe an announcement over the PA system, to alert other bowlers and spectators in the establishment that a potential perfect game is about to happen. The announcement is made right before the bowler starts the 10th frame.

O

• Oil: The lane conditioner—today predominantly mineral oil to enhance lubrication—applied to the front two-thirds (approximately) of the lane. Earlier lane conditioners were solvent-based, to break down dirt and aid in lane cleaning.^{[52] [53]} See also oil pattern.
• Oil pattern: Quantitative pattern of distribution of oil on the lane, having a major effect on ball motion. Oil patterns are given names (example: animal patterns such as "Scorpion", tournament patterns such as "U.S. Open", or legend patterns such as "Dick Weber 45");^[54] also, "pattern" is sometimes used to particularly characterize a pattern's length (example: in "a 39-foot pattern", oil is applied only in the first 39 feet past the foul line). See typical house shot and sport pattern.
• Oil ratio: The ratio of oil concentration at the center of the lane to oil concentration near the outer edges of the lane. Typical house shots generally have oil ratios much higher than those of sport shots.
• Open (body position): Describes a body position in which the torso is directed substantially to the outside and not squarely downlane; often adopted by crankers as enabling extra power as the torso rotates from open to closed position during delivery. Compare: closed (body position).
• Open bowling: Term applied in bowling centers to denote unstructured practice sessions or fun times, as distinguished from league or tournament play.
• Open frame: A frame in which neither a strike nor spare is achieved.
• Open (the lane) or open (one's angles): The process by which bowlers adjust their feet's starting position and target further inside^{(further left, for a right-handed release)} as a session progresses, so as to keep the ball to the left of the relatively dry path caused by oil breakdown in previous frames. Strategically, the dry path is used as a "wall" in subsequent frames, to better guide the ball toward the pocket. Typically, bowlers move their feet's starting position a greater number of boards than their target, so the ball traverses more boards laterally after the move.
• Out of range: describes a pin that has been moved off its proper spot far enough that the pinsetter cannot pick it up, sometimes jamming the pinsetter, and preventing the sweeping of downed pins; this often requires technician intervention.

• Outside: The portion of the lane further to the right (for right-handed deliveries), often expressed in comparison to a previous ball path. Typically, bowlers "move outside" to obtain a greater angle of entry to the pins without requiring a large hook. Distinguish: light and low, which usually connote where the ball impacts the pins. Opposite of inside.
• Over/under: Sometimes called wet/dry. A phenomenon in which a first roll delivered outside a desired path encounters unexpectedly high friction and hooks excessively so as to hit the pins too high, and a second roll delivered inside the desired path encounters unexpectedly low friction and hooks inadequately so as to hit the pins too low. Over/under may be caused by steep ("cliff") oil patterns on a "blocked" lane, in which the difference in oil concentrations between the center boards and the outer boards is large. Such a condition is often encountered on the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) Red Pattern.^[55] Over/under may also be caused by extreme lane topology.
• Overlay: A type of lane surface in which a film is applied to a wood surface, protecting it while preserving some of the characteristics of a traditional wood surface.

P

• PAP: Abbreviation for positive axis point. The pocket-side end of a ball's initial axis of rotation, used by pro shop operators to strategically determine where to drill holes for the ball's layout.^[56]
• Par: A scratch score of 200.
• Pair: Two adjacent lanes that share a common ball return.
• Paralyzer:^{[Questionable]} A pin knocked down that stands up again, one that skids while standing or one that gets hit on opposite sides by the ball and/or other pin(s) and somehow does not go down.
• Pattern: See oil pattern.
• PBA: Professional Bowlers Association, the international sanctioning body for professional bowlers, formed in 1958.^[57]
• PBA 4:^{[Questionable]} The 3-4-6-7-9-10 split (or 2-4-6-7-8-10 for left-handed release).
• Pearl reactive: A type of reactive resin ball in which the coverstock has resin or mica particles that roughen the coverstock's microscopic pores to extend the skid length and hook more decisively than solid reactive balls when reaching the dry part of the lane.
• Perfect game: A game of twelve consecutive strikes (score: 300).
• Perfect strike: A strike in which the ball hits only the 1, 3, 5 and 9 pins on a right-handed release or the 1, 2, 5 and 8 pins on a left-handed release.
• Petraglia Scoring System: Developed by PBA and USBC Hall of Famer Johnny Petraglia, the system is based on the number of rolls it takes to knock down all ten pins in a frame. Thus, a strike is scored as 1, a spare is scored as 2, with more numbers added in increments of 1 if additional rolls are required to clear ten pins. Lowest score wins. There are no bonus rolls in the tenth frame, so a perfect game score is 10.
• Pick up (a spare): To convert a spare.
• Pin (element of bowling ball): A usually cylindrical, polyester or urethane stem extending from the top of the core (weight block) to the ball's cover, seen as a colored dot that is used as a reference point for drilling the ball (see pin up and pin down). The pin, also called pin locator, holds the core in place as the coverstock is poured into the ball mold during manufacture.^[58]
• Pin action: See pin scatter.
• Pin carry: The process by which pins are knocked down by direct ball impact and pin scatter. Pin carry is affected by factors including angle of entry, point of entry, ball weight, pin spotting variation, and construction of the pin deck, kickbacks (sideboards), and gutters.^[59] Pin carry is quantified by pin count.
• Pin chaser: Colloquial name for a bowling center's mechanic.
• Pin count: The number of pins knocked down on a given roll, usually referring to the first roll of a frame. Pin count is particularly important after mark(s) in prior frame(s), because the scoring effect of first-roll-of-a-frame pin count is doubled following a spare or single strike, and tripled following two consecutive strikes. Often shortened to count.
• Pin deck: Area of the lane on which the pins stand, immediately in front of the pit.
• Pin down: See layout.
• Pin scatter: The process by which pins interact and potentially knock each other down, usually distinguished from being knocked down directly by ball impact. Also called pin action. Pin scatter affects pin carry.
• Pin up: See layout.
• Pit: The region, behind the pin deck, that collects downed or swept pins.
• Pitch: Angle and direction at which finger holes and thumb holes are drilled. Pitch affects release characteristics.^[60]
• Pivot step: See power step.
• Plastic: See polyester.
• Pocket: The ideal place for the ball to hit the pins in order to maximize strike probability. According to a USBC Pin Carry Survey completed in 2008, a ball ideally hits the head pin while centered 2.5 boards from the center of the head pin, on "board 17.5".^{[61] [62]}
• Point up: To play the lane by angling the ball from the gutter toward the pocket with more of a straight shot than hook. Distinguish: Down and in.
• Polyester

Proper name of "plastic", usually describing ball coverstocks. Polyester (plastic) balls are often chosen as straight balls.

• Polyurethane

Proper name of "urethane", describing ball coverstocks.

• Position round: A league session in which teams that are adjacent each other in the standings are paired to bowl against each other (#1 ranked vs. #2 ranked; #3 vs. #4, etc.). Also: such a pairing of bowlers in (usually) the last round of tournament match play, whose outcome will determine seeding for the subsequent (final or championship) rounds.^[63]
• Positive axis point: See PAP.
• Post (a shot): To retain a stationary, stable, balanced position until well after the end of a delivery, a practice thought to improve consistency of delivery. Opposite of falling off (a shot).^[64]
• Post-bowl and pre-bowl: To bowl a league game after or before scheduled league time; rules vary as to availability of honor awards, and as to requirements for official witnessing and bowling opposite an opposing team.
• Power step: The second-to-last step in a bowler's delivery, usually timed to a peak of the backswing and immediately preceding the slide step.^{[65] [66]} The power step is also called the pivot step.
• Power stroker

A bowler who combines a cranker's emphasis on power with a stroker's emphasis on control. Similar to "tweener."

• Preferred spin axis (PSA): The axis to which a ball's axis of rotation will migrate after having been rolled with an initial spin axis.^[67] The migration is caused by dynamic imbalances in the ball's internal structure (core design and orientation).
• Pre-shot routine: A predetermined, ordered sequence of mental and/or physical steps practiced immediately before beginning a delivery, in an effort to increase consistency.^[68]
• Projection: See skid.
• PTQ: Acronym for Pre-Tournament Qualifier. In professional play, it is the initial stage of a tournament where non-exempt players bowl a set number of games to gain one of the few open spots in the official starting field. Also known as the "rabbit squad."
• Push off or push away: The initial forward movement of the ball from the stable setup position, and preceding the backswing.
• PWBA: The Professional Women's Bowling Association (1960—2003; 2015—) organizes professional women's bowling events.

Q

• Qualifying (rounds): The initial stage of a tournament, in which the broadest field of competitors compete to determine who will proceed to the next stage, which is usually the match rounds.

R

• Rack: A full set of ten pins, either in the pinsetter or after being placed onto the pin deck.
• Radius of gyration (RG): A specification of the degree to which a ball's core is "center heavy" (minimum RG value=2.46, favoring shorter length) or "cover heavy" (maximum RG value=2.80, favoring greater length).^[69] In technical terms, the USBC defines the RG as a measurement, in inches, of the distance from the axis of rotation at which the total mass of a body might be concentrated without changing its moment of inertia.^[70] See Bowling ball#Effect of coverstock, core and layout on ball motion.
• Rail: The 1–2–4–7 or 1–3–6–10 pins; spinners "ride the rail" after deflecting from the 1-pin. Also: "picket fence".
• Rangefinders: See downlane markers.
• Ratio: A broad mathematical term denoting a quotient of two entities. In bowling, see oil ratio (describing a lane's oil pattern) and release ratio (a characteristic of a bowler's ball release).
• Reaction: See ball reaction.
• Reactive resin (often shortened to reactive): A coverstock composition in which polyurethane is enhanced with microscopic pores and/or additives to increase frictional engagement with the lane, to increase hook potential. Reactive technology includes solid reactive, pearl reactive, or hybrid reactive coverstocks.^[71]
• Read the lane: To watch precisely where on the lane the ball transitions from skid phase to hook phase and to roll phase. Reading the lane allows a bowler more strategic alignment and adjustment decisions for subsequent rolls.^[72]
• Red pattern: A USBC oil pattern sometimes described in relation to an over/under condition, which involves heavy oil concentrations around the center of the lane, but much drier oil concentrations further to the outside.^[55]
• Release: The final stage of the delivery (occurring after the approach) in which the ball leaves the bowler's hand.
• Release ratio: The ratio of a ball's forward (translational) speed to its rev rate (rotational speed) at time of release. This ratio continually decreases throughout the ball's travel until it reaches exactly 1.0 when full traction is achieved upon entering the roll phase. See Bowling ball#Ball motion.
• Resurface: To apply a sequence of one or more abrasive pads to a ball's coverstock to achieve a chosen surface roughness, to achieve desired frictional characteristics for controlling ball motion. See Abralon, Siaair.
• Rejuvenator: A machine that uses hot air to heat a bowling ball to a safe temperature to "pull" oil from the coverstock, for restoring "tack" for restoring frictional characteristics.
• Re-rack: Placement of a new set of pins onto the pin deck; often performed if an earlier set had a pin off its mark, or as a tactical delay in a competitive match.
• Rev-dominant: Adjective describing a release with a too-low release ratio, in which the ratio of ball speed to rev rate is too low, causing the ball to enter the roll phase before reaching the pins, wasting power that would otherwise be imparted to the pins. Opposite of speed-dominant.
• Rev rate: (Informal) A ball's rotational speed, substantially affecting hook; usually expressed in revolutions per minute (RPM).
• RG: Abbreviation of radius of gyration.
• RG differential: See differential of RG.
• Ride the lightning: (Informal) To roll a ball close to the gutter.
• Ringing 10: A leave of the 10-pin, in which the 6-pin flies around the 10-pin to the outside and enters the pit (compare: flat 10). Also called "solid 10" or "wrap 10". Left-handed release equivalent: "Ringing 7".
• Rogue pin: See messenger.
• Roll: The third phase of ball motion, in which the ball gains full traction upon leaving the hook phase.
• Roll finger: The middle finger, so named because when positioned directly behind the ball at delivery, applies forward roll to the ball and causes low axis tilt. Compare: turn finger.^[73]
• Roll-out: Progression from the hook phase into the roll phase of ball motion. Commonly, the term connotes undesirably early entry into the roll phase, distinguished from optimally entering the roll phase immediately before reaching the pins: early roll-out wastes power to lane friction. See release ratio.
• Rotation: See axis rotation.
• Rule of 31: A rough guideline for estimating on which board the ball should leave the oil pattern to reach the pocket. Specifically, the formula is B=L–31: board B = length L of the oil pattern in feet, minus 31. Example: Pattern length 40ft. — 31 = 9board.^[74]

S

• Sacrificial lamb: In competitive scratch team play, a low-average bowler who is deliberately matched against a high-average bowler on the opposing team, as the team's strategy to win match-ups of the remaining players.
• Sandbagging: Intentionally bowling poorly early in a season to obtain a high handicap to apply when later bowling earnestly.
• Scout: See messenger.
• Scratch: Adjective describing scores actually achieved—without addition of a handicap.
• Series: An associated set of plural (usually three) bowling games.
• Set: See series.
• Setup: The still and stable position of the body from which bowlers launch their approaches. Setup encompasses knee bend, tilt from the waist, initial ball position, weight distribution and relative position of the two feet, etc., and is the time when the bowler focuses on the target. Verbal form: set up.
• Shadow bowling: Bowling without pins, especially for practice or warm-up, promoting focus on technique or ball motion rather than scoring result.
• Shape (the ball): To cause the ball to hook more to arrive in the pocket, as distinguished from following a straighter path.
• Shine: See Lane shine.
• Short pattern: An oil pattern that has oil distributed a relatively short distance beyond the foul line (example: 32–35 feet^[49]). Also called "short oil".
• Shrapnel: See messenger.
• Shut out: In competition, to score sufficient points to make it mathematically impossible for an opponent to catch up with one's own score by the end of the game.
• Siaair (pad): An abrasion technology product used to "sand" ball coverstocks with different grits (degrees of roughness) to control the amount of friction between the coverstock and lane.^[75]
• Sideboard(s): See kickback.
• Side rotation: Axis rotation.
• Sight(ing): The process of focusing one's vision and attention, usually at the arrows, primarily to promote accurate targeting and ease of visually following the ball's path, but also affecting posture and release characteristics such as ball speed, loft distance and follow-through.^[76]
• Six-pack: Six consecutive strikes in a single game.
• Skid: The first phase of ball motion, in which the ball travels a substantially straight path until reaching the breakpoint^[77] to enter the hook phase. Skid distance—also called length—is influenced by a bowler's projection of the ball, and depends on oil pattern, ball surface, and delivery technique.
• Skid/flip or Skid/snap: Adjective applied to balls or ball motion, in which the ball conserves energy in a long skid phase, and releases the energy by curving sharply far down-lane in the hook phase.^[78]
• / (slash): Symbol for spare.
• Sleeper: A pin positioned directly behind another pin after the first ball roll, specifically: the 8-pin behind the 2-pin, the 9-pin behind the 3-pin, or the 5-pin behind the 1-pin. The two pins are collectively called double wood. Also: "ninja pin".
• Slide step: The final step in a bowler's delivery, the step immediately following the pivot step.^[66]
• Solid reactive: a type of reactive resin ball having more microscopic reactive pores in its coverstock than pearl or hybrid balls, thus tending to hook earlier and less sharply.^[71]
• Solid 8 or Solid 9: Leaving the 8-pin (for right-handed releases) or 9-pin (for left-handed releases) on a perfect pocket hit. Also called stone 8 or stone 9.
• Solid 10: A ringing 10.
• Sombrero: Less common term for a 4-bagger (four consecutive strikes).
• Span: The distance between a ball's finger holes and the thumb hole. Distinguish: bridge.
• Spare: The scoring result in a frame in which the last of the ten pins is/are knocked down on the second roll of the frame. The term sometimes refers to the pins left standing after the first roll (example: "3-6-10 spare"). See conversion.

Spare-related terms: (Terms assume a right hand release, and white numbers represent standing pins.)

Dinner bucket Bucket if missing 8-pin	Double wood left or Sleeper #1	Double wood right or Sleeper #2
7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1
Baby split	Christmas tree #1	Christmas tree #2
7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1
Big Four	Greek Church (Big Five)	Goal (Fence- or Bed-) posts
7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1
Dime store #1	Dime store #2	Lily, Sour apple
7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1
Washout #1	Washout #2	Modern Washout (Super Washout)
7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1	7　8　9　10 4　5　6 2　3 1

• Sparrow: Three spares in a row. Also: "chicken".
• Speed: Abbreviation for ball speed.
• Speed-dominant: Adjective describing a release with a too-high release ratio, in which the ratio of ball speed to rev rate is too high, causing the ball to reach the pins while still in the hook phase, causing unnecessarily low entry angle and increased ball deflection. Opposite of rev-dominant.
• Spin: Misnomer for axis rotation.
• Spinner: A bowler or bowling style imparting a high axis tilt causing the ball to spin like a top, thus promoting greater length before hooking. The term spinner also refers to a mechanical device in which a ball is quickly rotated while abrasives are pressed or polishes are applied, in order to change surface characteristics of the ball's coverstock.

• Split

A spare leave in which the head pin is knocked down but at least two non-adjacent pins remain standing with a gap between them. Example: the 9-10 leave (non-adjacent pins) is a split, but the 6-10 leave (adjacent pins) is not a split. Distinguish: washout.

• Sport pattern or sport shot: One of a number of challenging oil patterns customarily used in competitive matches and professional events, in which the distribution of oil laterally across the lane is "flat" (relatively evenly distributed) so as to provide little assistance in guiding the ball toward the pocket. Distinguish: Typical house shot (THS).
• Spots: A set of alignment dots located about six feet beyond the foul line, usable in spot bowling for targeting (aiming).
• Spot bowl (spot bowling): Verb (noun). To execute a delivery while targeting (visually focusing on) the spots six feet beyond the foul line, or more broadly: targeting other markers (such as the arrows or breakpoint) that are nearer than the pins themselves.^{[79] [80]}
• Stance: The stable initial body position before the approach begins, including ball and hand/arm position, posture, and alignment of feet, knees, hips and shoulders.
• Star frame: Frame in which all bowlers scored strike.
• Stay(ing) down (on a shot): Retaining a stable and balanced position at the foul line after delivery without raising up one's body; distinguished from pulling away or standing up.^[81] See also: Post(ing) a shot. The practice is designed to ensure consistent delivery.
• Stepladder final: A variant of the single-elimination tournament format in which the lowest-ranked finalist is first paired against the second-lowest-ranked finalist, the winner advancing to oppose the third-lowest-ranked finalist in a second game, the winner of which advances to oppose the fourth-lowest-ranked finalist, and so forth, through a final match involving the highest-ranked finalist.^[82] See diagram for tournament.
• Stick: A pin, a count, or a specific pin number. Examples: "down 20 sticks" or "leave a 10-stick." Also: "wood".
• Steener: A strike in which the ball misses the head pin but pin action knocks it down. Also: "backwash", "backdoor strike". Alternative definition: a 1-pin leave.
• Stone 8 or Stone 9: See solid 8 or solid 9.
• Straight ball: A ball that travels a relatively straight path, without hooking substantially. Because of their low hook potential, polyester (plastic) balls are often chosen as straight balls for converting certain spares.^[83]
• Strike: (Noun, verb) Scoring result for a frame in which all ten pins are knocked down on the first roll.
• Strike out: To roll consecutive strikes from a certain frame through the end of a game. Also: "going (off the) sheet", "going to the wall", or "punching out".
• Stroker

A bowler with a style emphasizing control and repeatability over power. Compare: cranker.

• Strong: Adjective characterizing a ball (or its coverstock, layout, core design, etc.) as beginning to hook earlier and more smoothly, and experience less downlane sideways motion than a weak ball. Strong is the opposite of weak. Since coverstock is the dominant determinant of ball motion, usually dull balls tend to be stronger balls and shiny balls tend to be weaker balls.^[84] The term is sometimes described (incorrectly, according to some sources^{[85] [86]}) in a second definition to indicate a larger overall hook potential. The first definition concentrates on length whereas the second definition concentrates on left-right motion
• Suitcase grip, Suitcase release: A grip or release of the bowling ball in which the thumb continuously points inward (left, for a right-handed release) and the fingers continuously point outward. Distinguished from grips and releases in which the fingers are "behind the ball" (on the part of the ball furthest from the pins).
• Swing path: The path the ball takes on the forward swing (from the top of the backswing to just after the ball is released). Swing path determines the delivery angle (the ball's initial trajectory toward the sight target).^[87]
• Symmetric: Adjective describing a ball whose RG (radius of gyration) values along the Y (high RG) and Z (intermediate RG) axes do not differ by more than 5% of total differential. Symmetric balls react more smoothly but less aggressively in the back end, and thus have lower flare potential (hook potential).^{[67] [88] [89]} Opposite of asymmetric. Adjective is also applied to the core itself.
• Synthetic: Adjective describing a material other than wood, usually applied to pins or lane surfaces.^[67]

T

• Tap: Differing definitions: (a) modern use: a first roll leaving only a single pin standing (comes from "9 pin no-tap" scoring, which counts such frames as strikes); or (b) historical use: a solid pocket hit that leaves a single pin,^[62] usually in the back row.
• Tape: (bowling accessory tape) Adhesive tape applied in bowling ball holes (especially thumb holes), or directly to thumb or fingers, to adjust the fit, in order to promote consistent and comfortable release of the ball.^[90]
• Target: (noun or verb) A point, usually at or near the arrows, on which bowlers focus their eyes, ideally during approach and follow-through. Most experienced bowlers consider it inadvisable to "target" (aim at) the pins.^[76] See sighting and spot bowl.
• Team USA: The U.S. national bowling team. See USA Bowling.
• Tempo: The rate at which a bowler takes footsteps during the approach.
• Ten in the pit: A strike in which all ten pins are knocked from the pin deck into the pit.
• THS: Typical house shot.
• Tiger beer frame:^{[Questionable]} Similar to Beer Frame except the strikes bridge two frames. Example: 4th and 5th bowlers strike in one frame, and 1st and 3rd strike in the ensuing frame, thus "hanging" the 2nd bowler. Derived from Tiger Grand Slam.^{[Questionable]}
• Tight (lane): A lane whose conditions reduce hooking, such as through heavy application of oil or a long oil pattern. Tight lanes are thought to provide a smaller margin for error.
• Tilt: See axis tilt.
• Timing: A characterization of the time the hand releases the ball compared to the time the sliding foot slides. See early timing and late timing.
• Timmy:^{[Questionable]} Nickname for the 7 pin, or right-handed releases that knock down only the 7 pin. TIM is an acronym for Tenpin in the Mirror.
• Topography: Lane surface physical characteristics, or more specifically: a map showing deviations away from being planar (flat and smooth), continuous and level, especially if beyond specified tolerances.
• Tournament: A contest among a large number of bowlers. Some larger (and most professional) tournaments start with qualifying rounds that determine who goes on to compete in match play, which determines seeding (initial ranking) for the final matches which are usually stepladder finals.^[91]
• Tracks: Bowtie-shaped rings of oil left on a bowling ball after a shot, indicating where the ball contacted the lane. Track also denotes a ball's path down the lane. See also: track flare.
• Track flare: Progression of the ball's oil track reflecting migration of the ball's axis of rotation on successive revolutions. Track flare exposes dry ball surface to the lane with each revolution, to thus increase friction and enhance ball reaction. Distinguish this track flare phenomenon from a ball's flare potential.
• Transition: See lane transition.
• Turkey: Three consecutive strikes within a single game.
• Turkey sandwich: A turkey preceded and followed by spares.
• Turn(ing) the ball: To apply axis rotation, sometimes called side rotation. Motion of modern bowling balls is thought to be better controlled using finger rotation without elbow rotation.^[92]
• Turn finger: The ring finger, so named because when positioned behind the ball and turning it slightly at delivery, increases axis rotation and axis tilt. Compare: roll finger.^[73]
• Tweener: A style of delivery between stroker and cranker.
• Typical house pattern: See typical house shot.

• Typical house shot (THS): Also called typical house pattern. One of a number of oil patterns commonly used to help non-sport league bowlers achieve more strikes, the patterns generally having larger oil concentrations near the centerline (to let balls slide directly toward the pocket) and with lower oil concentrations nearer the channels (to help balls hook toward the pocket). Distinguish: Sport shot.

U

• Urethane: Informal adaptation of the proper term polyurethane, applied to ball coverstocks. Balls with urethane coverstocks provide less angular hooking motion than reactive resin balls.
• Uneven frames: Marking (achieving a spare or strike) in every other frame. Distinguish: Dutch 200.
• USA Bowling: Formed in 1989 to represent the sport as the national governing body and supporting Team USA, the national team. USA Bowling merged in 2005 with other organizations to form the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).^[4]
• USBC: United States Bowling Congress, the standards and rules governing organization for ten-pin bowling in the United States, formed in 2005 from a merger of the American Bowling Congress (ABC) (founded in 1895), the Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC, 1916), the Young American Bowling Alliance (YABA, 1982), and (Team) USA Bowling (1989).^[4]

V

• Vacancy (score): In league play, a score attributed to a position in the team roster that has not been filled. Distinguish: blind.
• Volume: An indication of the total amount of oil (lubricant) applied to a lane, usually expressed in milliliters (from under 18 ml to more than 25 ml). Other factors being equal, balls tend to hook further downlane on high-volume ("wet") lanes, and sooner on low-volume ("dry") lanes. Distinguish: length, which relates to the distance beyond the foul line over which the oil is distributed.^[93]

W

• Wall (figurative term): a barrier preventing a ball from going on an undesirable path. Usually, a wall is an area of a lane having reduced oil concentration (greater friction) that causes balls to curve more strongly and not pass through the wall. Strategically, a wall may be developed as bowlers open the lane during the course of a bowling session.
• Wall shot: A strike involving a light pocket hit and pins (especially the headpin) bouncing off the side wall(s). See also: mixer.
• Washout: A leave in which at least two non-adjacent pins remain standing, but in which the head pin is still standing to disqualify it from being a split.
• Weak: See explanation of strong, which is the opposite of weak.
• Weight block: See core.
• Weight hole: See balance hole.
• Wet/dry: See over/under.
• WIBC: Women's International Bowling Congress, the governing organization for women's bowling, formed in 1916 as a counterpart to the male-only ABC, and merged in 2005 with other organizations to form the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).^[4]
• Wrist: In bowling, wrist denotes the way the bowler's wrist is bent during release. Example: "using less wrist" denotes positioning the wrist further away from a cupped position, resulting in a milder hook.^{[42] [24]}
• Wrap 10: A ringing 10.
• Wrist brace or Wrist guard or Wrist positioner or Wrist support: A device fitted to the wrist and back of the hand to hold the wrist in a desired position, often with the goal of increasing side rotation and hook by preventing the wrist from unintentionally "breaking" during delivery.^[94]
• Wrist lag: Part of a delivery technique in which the ball is first cradled and then the wrist is uncoiled so the fingers apply a snapping action to the ball. Wrist lag is used to increase rev rate.^[95]
• Wombat:^{[Questionable]} A spare achieved after rolling a gutter ball on the first roll.

X

• X: Symbol for strike.

Y

• YABA: Young American Bowling Alliance, serving bowlers under age 22. Previously the American Junior Bowling Congress, YABA was formed in 1982 and in 2005 merged with other organizations to form the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).^[4]
• Yahtzee

Five consecutive strikes in the same game.

Links to other online glossaries

• Web site: Bowling Terms . BowlersMart.com (BowlersMart) . https://web.archive.org/web/20200324214259/https://www.bowlersmart.com/bowling-terms/ . March 24, 2020 . 2020 . live .
• Web site: Bowling Lingo . PBA.com (Professional Bowlers Association) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161130163305/http://www.pba.com/Resources/BowlingLingo . November 30, 2016 . 2010 . live . January 21, 2019 .
• Web site: Technical Terms . Bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress, USBC) . https://web.archive.org/web/20181008144702/https://www.bowl.com/uploadedFiles/Equipment_Specs/Information/Updated_Terminology.pdf . October 8, 2018 . May 2009 . live .
• Web site: Thompson . Ted . Bowling Terms and Glossary . Kegel.net (Kegel LLC) . https://web.archive.org/web/20180705144916/http://www.kegel.net/wpa/2016/3/14/xh6qmgxy6mqer0ckfsn547mkndhlh8 . July 5, 2018 . March 20, 2010 . live .
• Web site: Bowling Terminology . November 2005 . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161004021423/https://www.bowlingball.com/info/bowling_terms.html . October 4, 2016 . live .
• Web site: Common Bowling Ball Terms . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722181214/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/common-bowling-ball-terms . July 22, 2023 . June 1, 2012 . live.
• Web site: Common Bowling Lane Terms . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161001220028/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/common-bowling-lane-terms . October 1, 2016 . October 2012 . live.
• Web site: Understanding Key Terms Used In Bowling Pro Shops . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150907052115/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/understanding-key-terms-used-in-bowling-pro-shops . September 7, 2015 . July 27, 2015 . live.
• Web site: The PRS Of Bowling Terminology . BowlingBall.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20191026174457/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/the-prs-of-bowling-terminology?bowlversityarticleid=15314 . October 26, 2019 . live .
• Web site: Bowling Term Glossary . Bowling.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20190121021751/https://www.bowling.com/article_bowling_term_glossary.aspx . January 21, 2019 . live .
• Web site: Bowling Terms . TheBowlingUniverse.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20200824201128/https://www.thebowlinguniverse.com/blogs/guides-and-tips/94641217-bowling-terms . August 24, 2020 . March 25, 2016 . live.
• Web site: Bowling Glossary . Bowling2u.com . 17 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190507175003/http://www.bowling2u.com/trivia/glossary/glossary.asp?OpMode=List&Key=ALL . May 7, 2019 . live .
• Web site: The Bowler's Bowling Dictionary . tripod.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20210418091200/https://members.tripod.com/tips_4_tenpin/coaching/General/bowling_dictionary.htm . April 18, 2021 . live.

Other sources

• Book: Freeman . James . Hatfield . Ron . Bowling Beyond the Basics: What's Really Happening on the Lanes, and What You Can Do about It . Glossary . July 15, 2018 . BowlSmart . 978-1 73 241000 8 .
• Web site: Rich . Carrubba . How Long Are Bowling Lanes . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150909211215/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/how-long-are-bowling-lanes . September 9, 2015 . August 24, 2011 . live. (review of lane specifications and dimensions)

References

See "Links to other online glossaries" and "Other sources" for sourcing for entries not specifically sourced below.

Notes and References

1. News: New Rules For Bowlers / The National Congress Makes Radical Changes . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . September 10, 1895 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180615033627/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7232491/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/ . June 15, 2018 . 5 . live . Accessed via Newspapers.com.
2. News: New Bowling Rules / They Have Been Revised and Radical Changes made . The Topeka State Journal . Kansas . September 21, 1895 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190505033027/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016014/1895-09-21/ed-1/seq-8/ . May 5, 2019 . 8 . live. Accessed via the U.S. Library of Congress online.
3. News: American Bowling Congress Meeting . The Daily Morning Journal and Courier . New Haven, Connecticut . January 21, 1896 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190505041749/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020358/1896-01-21/ed-1/seq-3/ . May 5, 2019 . 3 . live . Accessed via the U.S. Library of Congress online.
4. Web site: USBC, ABC, WIBC and Team USA Bowling . Bowl.com (United States Bowling Congress) . March 13, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170311002354/http://www.bowl.com/About/About_Home/USBC,_ABC,_WIBC_and_Team_USA_Bowling/ . March 11, 2017 . live.
5. Web site: Crockett . Zachary . The Rise and Fall of Professional Bowling . Priceonomics . https://web.archive.org/web/20180316115254/https://priceonomics.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-professional-bowling/ . March 16, 2018 . March 21, 2014 . live.
6. Web site: How Do I Make Bowling Adjustments With My Spot And Feet? . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20151024054058/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/how-do-i-make-bowling-adjustments-with-my-spot-and-feet . October 24, 2015 . January 13, 2015 . live.
7. Web site: Bowling Lane Play Adjustments . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150906211116/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-lane-play-adjustments . September 6, 2015 . March 5, 2013 . live .
8. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Line Up To The Bowling Pocket . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802043038/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/line-up-to-the-bowling-pocket . August 2, 2020 . 2012 . live .
9. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Ball Angle Of Entry . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220808072252/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-ball-angle-of-entry . August 8, 2022 . February 1, 2013 . live.
10. Web site: Low . Wesley . How To Prepare Your Best 6 Bowling Ball Arsenal . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20211209132708/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/how-to-prepare-your-best-6-bowling-ball-arsenal . December 9, 2021 . December 8, 2021 . live .
11. Web site: Goodger . Jef . Baker Team Competition Format / The Pros and Cons of Bowling's Baker Scoring System . ThoughtCo.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20190318210621/https://www.thoughtco.com/baker-team-competition-format-420911 . March 18, 2019 . February 11, 2019 . live .
12. Web site: Bigham . Terry . Bowling Technology Study Conclusion / Research Summary and Specification Updates . Bowl.com . United States Bowling Congress (USBC) . https://web.archive.org/web/20190526210733/https://www.bowl.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?id=23622331019 . May 26, 2019 . April 24, 2018 . live .
13. Web site: Why Use A Bowling Ball Balance Hole . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20170120112225/https://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/why-use-a-bowling-ball-balance-hole . January 20, 2017 . 2012 . live .
14. Web site: Bowling Hand At Release . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20170313053425/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-hand-at-release . March 13, 2017 . March 1, 2017 . live .
15. Web site: Is Your Hand Behind Your Bowling Ball? . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20211010221300/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/is-your-hand-behind-your-bowling-ball . October 10, 2021 . June 17, 2017 . live .
16. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Selecting A Benchmark Bowling Ball . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20110930134004/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/selecting-a-benchmark-bowling-ball . September 30, 2011 . 2011 . live .
17. Web site: What Is a Benchmark Reaction? . Bowling This Month . https://web.archive.org/web/20230119203142/https://www.bowlingthismonth.com/quick-tips/what-is-a-benchmark-reaction/ . January 19, 2023 . January 17, 2023 . live.
18. Web site: Bowling Lane Blended Oil Condition . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103184838/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-lane-blended-oil-condition . January 3, 2023 . January 2, 2014 . live .
19. Web site: What Are Bowling Brackets . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023204402/http://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/what-are-bowling-brackets . October 23, 2016 . May 2012 . live .
20. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Lane Oil Carry Down And Break Down . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20120611000200/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-lane-oil-carry-down-and-break-down . June 11, 2012 . 2012 . live.
21. Web site: Common Bowling Ball Terms . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230722181214/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/common-bowling-ball-terms . July 22, 2023 . June 1, 2012 . live.
22. Web site: Bowling Ball Motion Hook Phase . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20201026005630/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-ball-motion-hook-phase . October 26, 2020 . February 14, 2017 . live .
23. Web site: Bowling Pro Shop Terms . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161204/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-pro-shop-terms . March 31, 2016 . September 5, 2014 . live.
24. Web site: Cupped Vs. Broken Wrist Bowling Hand Positions . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220110230055/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/cupped-vs-broken-wrist-bowling-hand-positions . January 10, 2022 . November 5, 2016 . live .
25. Web site: Bowling Release Variables . Bowlingball.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230512220830/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-release-variables . May 12, 2023 . April 3, 2013 . live.
26. Web site: Pohl . Scott . Ball Motion: Burn Out or Burn Up . National Bowling Academy . https://web.archive.org/web/20220521070221/https://www.nationalbowlingacademy.com/video/ball-motion-burn-out-burn-up-021901/ . May 21, 2022 . 2021 . live.
27. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . What Is Bowling Lane Oil Carrydown . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230509073647/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/what-is-bowling-lane-oil-carrydown . May 9, 2023 . February 2, 2012 . live.
28. Web site: Bowling On A Christmas Tree Pattern . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20160522082354/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-on-a-christmas-tree-pattern . May 22, 2016 . January 7, 2012 . live.
29. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Ball Coverstock Choices . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20210117181824/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-ball-coverstock-choices . January 17, 2021 . October 5, 2012 . live .
30. Web site: Crank Your Bowling Ball . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230513172022/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/crank-your-bowling-ball . May 13, 2023 . April 3, 2013 . live.
31. Web site: New scoring system introduced for World Bowling Tour finals to try to help sport's Olympic ambitions . Mackay . Duncan . insidethegames.com . February 20, 2016. July 16, 2021.
32. Web site: Bowling Ball Delivery Angle . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20130608085921/https://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ball-delivery-angle . June 8, 2013 . June 2013 . live .
33. Web site: Bowling Lane Adjustment - An Angle Change . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630175800/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-lane-adjustment--an-angle-change . June 30, 2022 . February 21, 2015 . live .
34. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Stroker Delivery Style . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20211019120637/https://www.bowlingball.com/t-BB_Custom-Drilling-Service.html.aspx . October 19, 2021 . April 3, 2012 . live .
35. Web site: Bowling Ball Differential Ratings . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230619224358/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-ball-differential-ratings . June 19, 2023 . November 5, 2012 . live .
36. Web site: McEwen . Jason . Do you 'Drift' on the Approach? . USBC Bowling Academy . https://web.archive.org/web/20190301202132/https://www.usbcbowlingacademy.com/post/drift-on-approach/ . March 1, 2019 . live.
37. Viale, Christopher (February 15, 2022), "NEBA President Christopher Viale (interview)" at 15:25. New England Bowlers Association (NEBA).
38. Web site: Padilla . Stephen . Choosing A Bowling Ball That Is Right For Your Arsenal (USBC Moderator's Discussion) . usbcbowlingacademy.com . United States Bowling Congress . https://web.archive.org/web/20160724012333/http://www.usbcbowlingacademy.com/video/choosing-a-bowling-ball-thats-right-for-your-arsenal-008630/#tab-reviews . July 24, 2016 . September 17, 2015 . live .
39. Web site: Gravity Bowling Swing . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20160102215557/http://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/gravity-bowling-swing . January 2, 2016 . 2013 . live.
40. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Carry Your Own Bowling Ball Surface Grit Pads . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20191102042424/https://www.bowlingball.com/wordpress/carry-your-own-bowling-ball-surface-grit-pads . November 2, 2019 . live .
41. Web site: Gorches . Steve T. . Chicago . Post-Tribune . Stone Talks Hambone . https://web.archive.org/web/20190227060542/http://content.pba.com/post/2008/02/29/Stone-Talks-Hambone.aspx . February 27, 2019 . February 29, 2008 . live .
42. Web site: Take Some Hand Out Of Your Bowling Release . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031145441/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/take-some-hand-out-of-your-bowling-release . October 31, 2016 . 2013 . live.
43. Web site: Understanding The Hybrid Bowling Ball Coverstock . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220104044804/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/understanding-the-hybrid-bowling-ball-coverstock . January 4, 2022 . November 21, 2016 . live .
44. Web site: Finger Inserts & New Bowlers . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150918183903/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/finger-inserts-new-bowlers . September 18, 2015 . July 2, 2014 . live.
45. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Using Bowling Finger Inserts . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161029234339/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/using-bowling-finger-inserts . October 29, 2016 . February 2, 2013 . live .
46. Web site: Add Bowling Revs By Adding Lag . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230119195301/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/add-bowling-revs-by-adding-lag . January 19, 2023 . December 4, 2013 . live .
47. Web site: Hinkland . Ronald Jr. . Lane Shine: Why Is It Important? . National Bowling Academy . https://web.archive.org/web/20200920034749/https://www.nationalbowlingacademy.com/video/lane-shine-important-017681/ . September 20, 2020 . September 20, 2020 . live.
48. Rose . Tyrel . Introduction to Loft Manipulation . Bowling This Month . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222838/https://www.bowlingthismonth.com/bowling-tips/introduction-to-loft-manipulation/ . August 6, 2020 . 2020 . live .
49. Web site: Davis . John . The Long and Short of It . Kegel.net . https://web.archive.org/web/20190731180918/http://www.kegel.net/wpa/jd10 . July 31, 2019 . May 31, 2005 . live.
50. Web site: Are You Really Hitting Your Bowling Mark . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20160526145918/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/are-you-really-hitting-your-bowling-mark . May 26, 2016 . June 4, 2012 . live .
51. Web site: Bowling Ball Mass Bias . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223641/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-ball-mass-bias . February 2, 2023 . December 1, 2013 . live.
52. Web site: Bowling Lane Oil Information . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220115183729/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-lane-oil-information . January 15, 2022 . October 4, 2016 . live .
53. Web site: Carruba . Rich . Bowling Lane Oil Facts . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230621021842/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-lane-oil-facts . June 21, 2023 . August 14, 2012 . live.
54. Web site: PBA Oil Patterns (AKA Lane Conditions) . PBA.com (Professional Bowlers Association) . https://web.archive.org/web/20190819151751/https://www.pba.com/OilPatterns . August 19, 2019 . live .
55. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Over/Under Ball Reaction . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20230620161448/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-overunder-ball-reaction . June 20, 2023 . April 26, 2011 . live.
56. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Your Bowling Ball Positive Axis Point . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20210303025913/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/your-bowling-ball-positive-axis-point . March 3, 2021 . November 3, 2012 . live.
57. Web site: The Game >> History . 2004 . TenpinBowling.org . March 31, 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060415013813/http://www.tenpinbowling.org/view.php?page=the_game.history . April 15, 2006 .
58. Web site: Bowling Ball Drilling & Layout Terms . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150906204121/http://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-ball-drilling-layout-terms . September 6, 2015 . August 5, 2014 . live .
59. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Pin Carry . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161018064100/http://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/bowling-pin-carry . October 18, 2016 . 2013 . live .
60. Web site: Forward And Reverse Bowling Ball Finger Pitches . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20170130150306/https://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/forward-and-reverse-bowling-ball-finger-pitches . January 30, 2017 . 2014 . live .
61. Web site: Benner . Donald . Mours . Nicole . Ridenour . Paul . USBC, Equipment Specifications and Certifications . Pin Carry Study: Bowl Expo 2009 . bowl.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20101207110519/http://usbcongress.http.internapcdn.net/usbcongress/bowl/equipandspecs/pdfs/pinCarryStudy.pdf . December 7, 2010 . Slide show presentation . 2009 . live .
62. Web site: Light, Solid, And High Bowling Pocket Strikes . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150501103354/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/light-solid-and-high-bowling-pocket-strikes . May 1, 2015 . June 5, 2013 . live.
63. Web site: Goodger . Jef . Position Round in Bowling . ThoughtCo.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20180414141200/https://www.thoughtco.com/position-round-in-bowling-420579 . April 14, 2018 . March 6, 2017 . live .
64. Web site: It's Bowling Post Time . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20201014210358/https://www.bowlingball.com/BowlVersity/its-bowling-post-time . October 14, 2020 . June 30, 2017 . live .
65. Web site: Bowling's Power Step . National Bowling Academy (USBC) . https://web.archive.org/web/20220521055224/https://www.nationalbowlingacademy.com/video/bowling-power-step-021894/ . May 21, 2022 . 2021 . live .
66. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Your Bowling Balance Leg . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20200811162438/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/your-bowling-balance-leg . August 11, 2020 . 2012 . Updated 8/10/2020 . live.
67. Web site: The PRS Of Bowling Terminology . BowlingBall.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20191026174457/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/the-prs-of-bowling-terminology?bowlversityarticleid=15314 . May 4, 2014 . October 26, 2019 . live .
68. Web site: Develop A Bowling Pre-Shot Routine . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20190502154121/https://www.bowlingball.com/wordpress/develop-a-bowling-preshot-routine . May 2, 2019 . 2016 . live .
69. Web site: Ball Dynamics and Hook Potential . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20200812113514/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/ball-dynamics-and-hook-potential . August 12, 2020 . 2011 . live .
70. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Bowling Ball RG Numbers . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20170111031824/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/bowling-ball-rg-numbers . January 11, 2017 . January 3, 2013 . live.
71. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Reactive Bowling Balls . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806065244/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/reactive-bowling-balls . August 6, 2020 . January 1, 2013 . live .
72. Web site: Your Bowling Eyes Have It . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20150912112120/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/your-bowling-eyes-have-it . September 12, 2015 . January 14, 2014 . live .
73. Web site: Carrubba . Rich . Your Bowling Roll And Turn Gripping Fingers . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20160816063217/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/your-bowling-roll-and-turn-gripping-fingers . August 16, 2016 . October 4, 2012 . live.
74. Web site: Reading the Lane . bowl.com . United States Bowling Congress . https://web.archive.org/web/20161211005920/http://www.bowl.com/Source/Source_Home/Reading_The_Lane/ . December 11, 2016 . 2014 . live.
75. Web site: How To Bring Dead Bowling Balls Back To Life . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20111121214255/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/how-to-bring-dead-bowling-balls-back-to-life . November 21, 2011 . 2011 . live. Credited to article from Storm Bowling Products.
76. Web site: Sighting At The Bowling Lane Arrows . BowlingBall.com (Bowlversity educational section) . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031150149/https://www.bowlingball.com/bowlversity/sighting-at-the-bowling-lane-arrows . October 31, 2016 . 2013 . live .
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