Boron arsenide explained

Boron arsenide (or Arsenic boride) is a chemical compound involving boron and arsenic, usually with a chemical formula BAs. Other boron arsenide compounds are known, such as the subarsenide . Chemical synthesis of cubic BAs is very challenging and its single crystal forms usually have defects.

Properties

BAs is a cubic (sphalerite) semiconductor in the III-V family with a lattice constant of 0.4777 nm and an indirect band gap of 1.82 eV. Cubic BAs is reported to decompose to the subarsenide B12As2 at temperatures above 920 °C.[1] Boron arsenide has a melting point of 2076 °C. The thermal conductivity of BAs is exceptionally high, recently measured in single-crystal BAs to be around 1300 W/(m·K) at room temperature, making it the highest among all metals and semiconductors.[2]

The basic physical properties of cubic BAs have been experimentally measured[3] : Band gap (1.82 eV), optical refractive index (3.29 at wavelength 657 nm), elastic modulus (326 GPa), shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient (3.85×10−6/K), and heat capacity. It can be alloyed with gallium arsenide to produce ternary and quaternary semiconductors.[4]

BAs has high electron and hole mobility, >1000 cm2/V/second, unlike silicon which has high electron mobility, but low hole mobility.[5]

In 2023, a study in journal Nature reported that subjected to high pressure BAs decrease its thermal conductivity contrary to the typical increase seen in most materials.[6] [7] [8]

Boron subarsenide

Boron arsenide also occurs as subarsenides, including the icosahedral boride . It belongs to Rm space group with a rhombohedral structure based on clusters of boron atoms and two-atom As–As chains. It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor (3.47 eV) with the extraordinary ability to "self-heal" radiation damage.[9] This form can be grown on substrates such as silicon carbide.[10] Another use for solar cell fabrication[11] was proposed, but it is not currently used for this purpose.

Applications

Boron arsenide is most attractive for use in electronics thermal management. Experimental integration with gallium nitride transistors to form GaN-BAs heterostructures has been demonstrated and shows better performance than the best GaN HEMT devices on silicon carbide or diamond substrates. Manufacturing BAs composites was developed as highly conducting and flexible thermal interfaces.[12]

First-principles calculations have predicted that the thermal conductivity of cubic BAs is remarkably high, over 2,200 W/(m·K) at room temperature, which is comparable to that of diamond and graphite.[13] Subsequent measurements yielded a value of only 190 W/(m·K) due to the high density of defects.[14] [15] More recent first-principles calculations incorporating four-phonon scattering predict a thermal conductivity of 1400 W/(m·K).[16] Later, defect-free boron arsenide crystals have been experimentally realized and measured with an ultrahigh thermal conductivity of 1300 W/(m·K), consistent with theory predictions. Crystals with small density of defects have shown thermal conductivity of 900–1000 W/(m·K).[17] [18]

The cubic-shaped boron arsenide has been discovered to be better at conducting heat and electricity than silicon, as well as reportedly better than silicon at conducting both electrons and its positively charged counterpart, the "electron-hole."[19]

External links

Notes and References

  1. 10.1149/1.2401826. Preparation and Properties of Boron Arsenide Films. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 121. 3. 412. 1974. Chu. T. L. Hyslop. A. E. 1974JElS..121..412C.
  2. 10.1126/science.aat5522. Experimental observation of high thermal conductivity in boron arsenide. Science. 2018. 361. 6402. 575-578. Kang. J.. Li. M.. Wu. H.. Nguyen. H.. Hu. Y.. 29976798. free. 2018Sci...361..575K.
  3. 10.1063/1.5116025. Basic physical properties of cubic boron arsenide. Applied Physics Letters. 2019. 115. 12. 122103. 1911.11281.
  4. 10.1063/1.126058. BGaInAs alloys lattice matched to GaAs. Applied Physics Letters. 76. 11. 1443. 2000. Geisz. J. F. Friedman. D. J. Olson. J. M. Kurtz. Sarah R. Sarah Kurtz . Reedy. R. C. Swartzlander. A. B. Keyes. B. M. Norman. A. G. 2000ApPhL..76.1443G.
  5. Shin . Jungwoo . Gamage . Geethal Amila . Ding . Zhiwei . Chen . Ke . Tian . Fei . Qian . Xin . Zhou . Jiawei . Lee . Hwijong . Zhou . Jianshi . Shi . Li . Nguyen . Thanh . 2022-07-22 . High ambipolar mobility in cubic boron arsenide . Science . en . 377 . 6604 . 437–440 . 10.1126/science.abn4290 . 35862526 . 2022Sci...377..437S . 250952849 . 0036-8075.
  6. News: 2023-01-27 . Surprising heat transfer behaviour seen in new semiconductor under pressure . 2023-01-30 . Physics World . en-GB.
  7. Li . Suixuan . Qin . Zihao . Wu . Huan . Li . Man . Kunz . Martin . Alatas . Ahmet . Kavner . Abby . Hu . Yongjie . 23 November 2022 . Anomalous thermal transport under high pressure in boron arsenide . . en . 612 . 7940 . 459–464 . 10.1038/s41586-022-05381-x . 36418403 . 2022Natur.612..459L . 253838186 . 1476-4687.
  8. Remmel . Ariana . Boron arsenide breaks the rules under pressure . . 2 January 2023 . 101 . 1 . 6 . 10.1021/cen-10101-scicon3 . 2 April 2023.
  9. 10.1103/PhysRevB.51.11270. 9977852. Defect clustering and self-healing of electron-irradiated boron-rich solids. Physical Review B. 51. 17. 11270–11274. 1995. Carrard. M. Emin. D. Zuppiroli. L. 1995PhRvB..5111270C.
  10. 10.1063/1.2945635 . Chen . H. . 2008 . Wang . G. . Dudley . M. . Xu . Z. . Edgar . J. H. . Batten . T. . Kuball . M. . Zhang . L. . Zhu . Y. . Single-Crystalline B12As2 on m-plane (100) 15R-SiC . Applied Physics Letters . 92 . 23 . 231917 . 2008ApPhL..92w1917C . 2097/2186 . free .
  11. Boone, J. L. and Vandoren, T. P. (1980) Boron arsenide thin film solar cell development, Final Report, Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., Miami, OK. abstract.
  12. 10.1038/s41467-021-21531-7 . Flexible thermal interface based on self-assembled boron arsenide for high-performance thermal management . Nature Communications . 12 . 1284 . 2021 . Cui . Ying . Qin . Zihao . Wu . Huan . Li . Man . Hu . Yongjie . 1 . 33627644 . 7904764 . 2021NatCo..12.1284C . .
  13. http://phys.org/news/2013-07-competitor-diamond-thermal-conductor.html An unlikely competitor for diamond as the best thermal conductor
  14. 10.1063/1.4913441 . Experimental study of the proposed super-thermal-conductor: BAs . Applied Physics Letters . 106 . 7 . 074105 . 2015 . Lv . Bing . Lan . Yucheng . Wang . Xiqu . Zhang . Qian . Hu . Yongjie . Jacobson . Allan J . Broido . David . Chen . Gang . Ren . Zhifeng . Chu . Ching-Wu . 2015ApPhL.106g4105L . 1721.1/117852 . 1387754 . 54074851 . free.
  15. Zheng . Qiang . Polanco . Carlos A. . Du . Mao-Hua . Lindsay . Lucas R. . Chi . Miaofang . Miaofang Chi . Yan . Jiaqiang . Sales . Brian C. . 6 September 2018 . Antisite Pairs Suppress the Thermal Conductivity of BAs . Physical Review Letters . 121 . 10 . 105901 . 1804.02381 . 2018PhRvL.121j5901Z . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.105901 . 30240242 . 206316624.
  16. 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.161201 . Four-phonon scattering significantly reduces intrinsic thermal conductivity of solids . Physical Review B . 96 . 16 . 161201 . 2017 . Feng . Tianli . Lindsay . Lucas . Ruan . Xiulin . 2017PhRvB..96p1201F . free.
  17. 10.1126/science.aat8982 . 29976796 . High thermal conductivity in cubic boron arsenide crystals . Science . 361 . 6402 . 579–581 . 2018 . Li . Sheng . Zheng . Qiye . Lv . Yinchuan . Liu . Xiaoyuan . Wang . Xiqu . Huang . Pinshane Y. . Cahill . David G. . Lv . Bing . 2018Sci...361..579L . free.
  18. 10.1126/science.aat7932 . 29976797 . Unusual high thermal conductivity in boron arsenide bulk crystals . Science . 361 . 6402 . 582–585 . 2018 . Tian . Fei . Song . Bai . Chen . Xi . Ravichandran . Navaneetha K . Lv . Yinchuan . Chen . Ke . Sullivan . Sean . Kim . Jaehyun . Zhou . Yuanyuan . Liu . Te-Huan . Goni . Miguel . Ding . Zhiwei . Sun . Jingying . Gamage . Geethal Amila Gamage Udalamatta . Sun . Haoran . Ziyaee . Hamidreza . Huyan . Shuyuan . Deng . Liangzi . Zhou . Jianshi . Schmidt . Aaron J . Chen . Shuo . Chu . Ching-Wu . Huang . Pinshane Y . Broido . David . Shi . Li . Chen . Gang . Ren . Zhifeng . 2018Sci...361..582T . free.
  19. News: General . Ryan . Chinese MIT professor helps discover 'game changer' months after espionage charges . en . NextShark . 18 August 2022 . 19 August 2022 .

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