Border barrier explained

A border barrier, border fence or border wall is a separation barrier that runs along or near an international border. Such barriers are typically constructed for border control purposes such as curbing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling.^{[1] [2]} Some such barriers are constructed for defence or security reasons. In cases of a disputed or unclear border, erecting a barrier can serve as a de facto unilateral consolidation of a territorial claim that can supersede formal delimitation. A border barrier does not usually indicate the location of the actual border, and is usually constructed unilaterally by a country, without the agreement or cooperation of the other country.

Examples of border walls include the ancient Great Wall of China, a series of walls separating China from nomadic empires to the north. The construction of border barriers increased in the early 2000s; half of all the border barriers built since World War II, which ended in 1945, were built after 2000.^[3]

List of current barriers

Note: The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Name	Countries affected	Built and maintained by	Date built	data-sort-type="number"	Length (km)	Type	Deaths during crossing attempts	References
Argentina–Paraguay		Argentina	2014	1.3	Anti-illegal immigration		^[4]
Austrian border barrier		Austria	2015	3.7	Anti-illegal immigration		^[5]
Belize–Guatemala		Belize	Proposed, agreed	N/A	Disputed territory and anti-illegal immigration
Botswana–Zimbabwe		Botswana	2003	500	Protection of livestock against disease (Botswana), anti-immigration (purported from Zimbabwe officials)	8	^[6]
Brunei–Malaysia		Brunei	2005	20	Anti-illegal immigration
Bulgaria–Turkey barrier		Bulgaria	2014	30	Anti-illegal immigration		^[7]
Calais border barrier		United Kingdom and France	2016	1	Anti-illegal immigration		^[8]
Ceuta border fence		Spain	2001	8	Anti-illegal immigration	13–18 depending on estimates.^[9]
Costa Rica–Nicaragua		Costa Rica	Proposed	N/A	Anti-illegal immigration
Green Line (Cyprus)			1964	180	Buffer Zone
Chinese–Korean border fence		China	2011	1,416	Anti-illegal immigration		^[10]
Chile–Bolivia ditch	Chile and Bolivia	Chile	2022 (Under construction)	N/A	Anti-illegal immigration		^[11]
Denmark–Germany border fence		Denmark	2019	70	Wildlife control (official), Anti-immigration (third party claims)		^[12] ^[13] ^[14]
Dominican–Haiti border fence		Dominican Republic	Under construction 2022	N/A	Anti-illegal immigration and crime		^[15] ^[16]
Egypt–Gaza barrier		Egypt	1979, subterranean barrier under construction	3.1	Anti-terrorism and anti-illegal immigration		^[17]
Estonia–Russia barrier		Estonia	2018	110	Anti-intrusion, illegal trade and illegal immigration		^[18]
Finland–Russia border barrier		Finland	2023	200	Against Russian intrusion, illegal trade and illegal immigration		^[19]
Greece–Turkey border		Greece	2012, expanded 2021^[20] ^[21]	200	Anti-illegal immigration		^[22] ^[23] ^[24] ^[25]
North Macedonia–Greece barrier		North Macedonia	2015	30	Anti-illegal immigration		^[26]
Malaysia–Thailand border		Thailand	Proposed	650	Anti-terrorism
Melilla border fence		Spain	1998	11	Anti-illegal immigration
Hungary–Serbia barrier		Hungary	2015	175	Anti-illegal immigration		^[27] ^[28] ^[29] ^[30] ^[31]
Hungary–Croatia barrier		Hungary	2015	41	Anti-illegal immigration
India–Bangladesh barrier		India	Under construction	3,268	Anti-illegal immigration
India–Myanmar barrier		India	Under construction	1,624	Anti-drug smuggling and anti-terrorism
India-Nepal barrier		India	Under construction	?	Anti-illegal immigration Anti-terrorism
India–Pakistan barrier		India	2004	550	Anti-terrorism		^[32]
Iran–Pakistan barrier		Pakistan^[33] and Iran	Under construction	959	Anti-terrorism and Anti-drug smuggling		^[34] ^[35] ^[36]
Iran–Afghanistan border	Iran and Afghanistan	Iran	Under construction	140	Anti-illegal immigration Anti-terrorism Anti-drug smuggling
Israel-West Bank barrier	Israel and Palestine	Israel	Partially Completed	708	Anti-terrorism and disputed territory		^[37]
Israel-Egypt barrier	Israel and Egypt	Israel	2013	245	Anti-illegal immigration
Israel-Lebanon barrier	Israel and Lebanon	Israel	2018	11	Conflict zone
Israel-Gaza barrier	Israel and Gaza Strip	Israel	1994	N/A	Anti-terrorism
Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan barrier		Kazakhstan	2006	45	Anti-drug smuggling
Korean Demilitarized Zone			1953	248	Conflict zone
Kruger National Park		South Africa	1975	120	Anti-illegal immigration	89 (Army), over 200 (Various churches)
South Africa–Zimbabwe Border		South Africa	2000s	225	Anti-illegal immigration, anti-drug smuggling, anti-weapon smuggling		^[38] ^[39] ^[40] ^[41]
Kuwait–Iraq barrier		Kuwait	1991	193	Conflict zone
Latvia–Russia border fence		Latvia	2015	90	Anti-illegal immigration		^[42]
Libya–Tunisia barrier		Tunisia	TBA	460	Anti-terrorism, Anti-illegal immigration
Lithuania-Belarus barrier		Lithuania	2021^[43]	502	Anti-illegal immigration		^[44] ^[45]
Lithuania–Russia border fence		Lithuania	2017	130	Anti-smuggling, anti-illegal immigration, anti-intrusion		^[46]
Moroccan Western Sahara Wall		Morocco	1980	2,700	Conflict zone		^[47]
Norway–Russia border barrier		Norway	2016	0,2	Anti-illegal immigration		^[48]
Pakistan–Afghanistan barrier		Pakistan	ongoing	2,670	Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration, anti drug smuggling		^[49] ^[50]
Poland–Belarus barrier		Poland	2022^[51]	186	Anti-illegal immigration	21^[52]	^[53] ^[54] ^[55] ^[56] ^[57]
Saudi–Yemen barrier		Saudi Arabia	2004	75	Anti-illegal immigration
Saudi–Iraq barrier		Saudi Arabia	2014	900	Anti-illegal immigration and conflict zone		^[58] ^[59] ^[60]
Slovenia–Croatia barrier		Slovenia	2016	220	Anti-illegal immigration		^[61] ^[62] ^[63]
Serbia–North Macedonia barrier		Serbia	2020	240	Anti-illegal immigration		^[64]
Turkey–Syria border barrier		Turkey	2018	828	Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration and smuggling		^[65]
Turkey–Iran border barrier		Turkey	2019	144	Anti-terrorism, anti-illegal immigration and smuggling
Turkmen–Uzbekistan barrier		Turkmenistan	2001	1,700	Anti-illegal immigration
Ukraine–Russia barrier		Ukraine	Under construction	2,000	Anti Weapon Smuggling and Conflict zone
United Arab Emirates–Oman barrier		United Arab Emirates	2018	410	Anti-illegal immigration
Mexico–United States barrier		United States	Partially Constructed	1,000	Anti-illegal immigration and smuggling		^[66] ^[67] ^[68] ^[69] ^[70] ^[71] ^[72] ^[73] ^[74] ^[75]
Uzbek–Afghanistan barrier		Uzbekistan	2001	209	Anti-illegal immigration
Uzbek–Kyrgyzstan barrier		Uzbekistan	1999	870	Conflict zone
Hong Kong-China barrier and Forts	Hong Kong and mainland China	United Kingdom and Hong Kong	1950s	?	Anti-terrorism Anti-illegal immigration
(Gibraltar) United Kingdom-Spain barrier	(Gibraltar) United Kingdom and Spain	United Kingdom and Gibraltar	1909	1.24	Anti-terrorism Anti-illegal immigration
Ethiopia–Eritrea barrier		Ethiopia and Eritrea	1990s–2000s	?	Anti-terrorism

Border barriers in history

Antiquity

• Antonine Wall (began in AD 142 by the Roman province in Britain)
• Anastasian Wall (built from AD 469, west of Istanbul, Turkey)
• Great Wall of China (parts were built as early as the 7th century BC by the Qi dynasty in China)
• Great Wall of Gorgan (built in 5th or 6th century AD)
• Hadrian's Wall (begun in AD 122)
• Madukkarai Wall (may have been built as early as the 1st century AD in India)
• Southern Great Wall, southern counterpart wall to the Great Wall, erected to protect and divide the Chinese from the "southern barbarians" called Miao (meaning barbaric and nomadic)^[76]

Middle Ages

• Cheolli Jangseong
• The fortifications, castles and border walls between the Emirate of Granada and the Crown of Castile, later Spain between 1238 and 2 January 1492 although it continued as the internal border of the Crown of Castile, then Spain as Kingdom of Granada from 2 January 1492 to 29 September 1833. A large part of the fortifications, castles and walls is currently in good condition.
• Asilah

The King Alfonso V of Portugal built walls on the outskirts of the city of Asilah, serving as a border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Marinid dynasty (1471–1472), the Saadi Sultanate (1472–1550), the Wattasid dynasty (1577–1589), in the area of the sea there are still cannons next to a Portuguese square tower. Currently the Wall is in good condition.

• Macau

Ming dynasty (currently China) built a wall around Macau in 1570.

Early modern period

• Great Hedge of India, built by the British in 1803
• The border forts between the Captaincy General of Chile later Chile and the Mapuche territory that served as the border between the two from 1598 to 1883, which was delimited mainly by the Biobío river, the route passed through the Province of Biobío, Region of Biobío and the Region of Araucanía.
• Zanja de Alsina, built in the 1870s along the southern frontier of Argentina
• The points, forts and border barriers that functioned between the French Conchinchina and the Nguyễn dynasty that functioned between 1862 and 1887.

Defunct barriers in modern times

• The posts and barriers between Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory and Qing dynasty later China between 1898 and 1914 and later served as the border between the Empire of Japan and the China, that worked between November 7, 1914, and December 10, 1922, and reoccupied in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 and 1945.
• The posts and border barriers between Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan and Qing dynasty later China that worked between 1898 and 1945.
• The Czechoslovak border fortifications and fortified defensive lines built between 1935 and 1938 as a defensive countermeasure against the rising threat of Nazi Germany.
• The Maginot Line, built between 1929 and 1938 by France on the French–German border as a defensive structure.
• The border posts and barriers between the (Empire of Japan) through the (Karafuto Prefecture) and the (Russian Empire after Russian SSR after USSR) through the Sakhalin Oblast that operated between 5 September 1907 and 25 August 1945.
• The border posts, forts and walls between the Russian Dalian (Russian Empire) and the Qing dynasty between 27 March 1898 – 5 September 1905 and between the Kwantung Leased Territory (Empire of Japan) and the (Qing dynasty 5 September 1905 – 10 October 1911 and the Republic of China 10 October 1911 – 1932), later Manchukuo (1932 – 14 August 1945) later by the USSR as the Soviet occupation of Manchuria between August 14, 1945, and May 3, 1946, when it was returned to the Republic of China.
• The posts, forts and border barriers that operated between the British Burma (1824–1858, 1947–1948) later British Raj through the province of British Burma and French Indochina, Kingdom of Siam and Qing dynasty later China).
• The frontier posts, forts and barriers that operated between the colony and overseas territory of the French India and (Mughal Empire after Maratha Empire after Company Rule in India after British Raj after India) which operated between 1664 and 1 November 1954.
• The posts, forts and border barriers between Finland and the former Soviet Union, in the Hanko peninsula (1940–1941) and in the Porkkala peninsula (1945–1956).
• The frontier posts, forts and barriers that operated between the colony and overseas province of the Portuguese India and (Mughal Empire after Bijapur Sultanate after Maratha Empire after Company Rule in India after British Raj after India) which functioned between 15 August 1505 and 19 December 1961.
• The coastal posts, forts and walls that were in Dutch New Guinea (27 December 1949 – 1 October 1962) after United Nations Provisional Executive Authority (1 October 1962 – 1 May 1963) and served to ward off the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950) and after Indonesia (17 August 1950 – 1 May 1963).
• The frontier posts, forts and barriers that operated between the colony and overseas province of the Portuguese Timor, (Independent East Timor between November 1975 to December 7, 1975) and (Dutch East Indies (15 August 1702 – 27 December 1949) later United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950) later Indonesia (17 August 1950 – 7 December 1975) which functioned between 15 August 1702 and 7 December 1975, the border continues to function but is currently free passage.
• The border posts, forts and barriers between the (Panama Canal Zone) United States and Panama in operation between November 18, 1903, until October 1, 1979, partially and totally the July 1, 1999.
• The former Soviet Union had a security barrier (see С-175 "curtain") along its entire border from Norway and Finland to North Korea and China. The barrier also existed along to direct border to Soviet allies, e.g. Poland. In Europe, the more than long direct border between the Soviet Union and Finland/Norway was of particular importance during the Cold War. Along the Finnish border, the barrier was not so well guarded however since Finland agreed to send back all Soviet citizens who escaped. The fence was located a few kilometers (miles) from the border, and still partly remains. Russian law still forbids crossing the border outside of a border station.
• Iron Curtain in Europe and Asia: apart from the direct border between the former Soviet Union and Norway/Finland, this former barrier includes:
  • Berlin Wall
  • Inner German border
  • Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone
  • German–Czech Border
  • Inner Yemen border

Other

• Danevirke
• Gates of Alexander
• Götavirke
• Limes Germanicus
• Limes Saxoniae
• Offa's Dyke
• Willow Palisade
• Zasechnaya cherta

See also

• Buffer zone
• Canada–United States border
• Canal
• Citadel
• Defense line
• Peace lines
• Demilitarised zone
• Defensive walls
• List of cities with defensive walls
• List of fortifications
• List of walls
• Second Amendment sanctuary
• Trump wall
• Fences in Rio de Janeiro

External links

• News: Around Globe, Walls Spring Up to Divide Neighbors. Reuters. April 30, 2007.
• Web site: Border to Border, Wall to Wall, Fence to Fence. Subtopia.
• Web site: CityWalls . https://web.archive.org/web/20120206221142/http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=181&Itemid=83 . dead . 2012-02-06 . Erasmuspc.
• News: Obama's Border Fence. NOW . PBS. July 3, 2009.
• News: Security Fences. The Atlantic Monthly.

Notes and References

1. News: Return of the Fence: Immigration crisis spurs renewed calls for border barrier . . 2014-07-09 . 2016-05-21.
2. News: Border Barrier . Frontline . 2016-05-21.
3. News: Friedman. Uri. A World of Walls . 20 May 2016. The Atlantic. 19 May 2016.
4. Web site: A Wall Divides Latin America — but Not the One You're Thinking of. BuzzFeed News. 5 March 2017 .
5. Web site: Mikl-Leitner baut "Grenz-Zaun" . Oe24.at . 2015-01-12 . 2016-05-21.
6. News: BBC News. Zimbabwe crisis spills over border. Phillips. Barnaby. 2004-03-30 . January 4, 2010.
7. Caroline Mortimer. Bulgaria builds final part of razor wire fence to keep out refugees. The Independent. 4 August 2015.
8. News: McAuley. James. 29 September 2016. France and Britain just beat Donald Trump to building a border wall. Washington Post. 29 September 2016.
9. Web site: Op-Ed - Ceuta, the Border-fence of Europe - Worldpress.org. 2021-12-25. www.worldpress.org.
10. Web site: JURIST – Paper Chase: China building border fence facing North Korea . October 23, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120820005602/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php . August 20, 2012 .
11. Web site: 2022-03-05 . Chile construirá nueva zanja en la frontera con Bolivia para frenar migración . 2023-06-11 . SWI swissinfo.ch . es.
12. Web site: Denmark builds a border fence but it has nothing to do with migrants. 2021-12-25. NBC News. 29 January 2019 . en.
13. Web site: Denmark building wild boar fence along border with Germany. Politico. Kait. Bolongari. 28 January 2019.
14. Web site: Welle (www.dw.com). Deutsche. Denmark to build controversial German border fence DW 14.08.2018. 2021-12-25. DW.COM. en-GB.
15. News: Dominican Republic to construct fence along border with Haiti . February 28, 2021 . news.yahoo.com . Reuters . February 27, 2021.
16. Web site: Archive.ph . . 2022-10-11 . 2022-09-29 . https://archive.today/20220929183515/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-09-28/big-take-why-the-dominican-republic-is-building-a-border-wall-between-haiti . bot: unknown .
17. News: Fraser. Christian. Egypt starts building steel wall on Gaza Strip border. 17 February 2017. BBC. 9 December 2009.
18. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34085926 Estonia 'plans Russia border fence' amid Ukraine tensions
19. News: Finland starts construction of Russia border fence. 1 March 2023. www.bbc.co.uk.
20. Web site: Greece finishes fence at Turkey border amid warnings of Afghan migrant surge . August 21, 2021 . . October 24, 2021.
21. Web site: Picheta . Rob . Liakos . Chris . Greece finishes wall on border with Turkey, amid fears of Afghan migrant crisis . August 21, 2021 . . October 24, 2021.
22. Danae Leivada. Why Greece Shut The Shortest, Safest Route For Migrants And Refugees. The Huffington Post. Published on 09/24/2015.
23. Web site: Turkey – Greece to put up anti-migrant wall on Turkish border . Hurriyetdailynews.com . 2011-01-02 . 2013-09-22.
24. Web site: Συντάχθηκε απο τον/την theInsider . Τείχος κατά μεταναστών στον Έβρο! . Theinsider.gr . 2010-03-14 . 2013-09-22 . 2013-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927232412/http://www.theinsider.gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9282:wall-against-immigrants-in-evros&catid=3:society&Itemid=41 . dead .
25. Web site: Frontex signs seat agreement with Greece . September 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120316180115/http://www.frontex.europa.eu/newsroom/news_releases/art74.html . March 16, 2012 .
26. Yannis Behrakis. Police, migrants clash on Macedonia border; soldiers build fence . Reuters. November 28, 2015.
27. News: Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants . 2015-06-17 . June 18, 2015 . Reuters . 2015-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220554/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/17/us-hungary-immigration-idUSKBN0OX17I20150617 . live .
28. Web site: Reinforcement of temporary border barrier starts on the Hungarian–Serbian border. 26 January 2017. 29 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200729115815/https://www.kormany.hu/en/ministry-of-defence/news/reinforcement-of-temporary-security-barrier-starts-on-the-hungarian-serbian-border. dead.
29. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/26/hungarys-pm-plans-more-massive-fence-to-keep-out-migrants Hungary's PM plans 'more massive' fence to keep out migrants
30. Web site: Hungary Completes 2nd Border Fence Meant to Stop Migrants . April 28, 2017 . Fox News (from the Associated Press) . September 13, 2017.
31. Web site: Hungary Completes Second Fence to Keep Out Migrants . April 28, 2017 . . September 13, 2017.
32. Web site: BSF activates 'laser walls' along India-Pakistan border.
33. Web site: Pakistan army says border fencing with Iran to be completed by end of 2021. 2020-08-14. IRNA.
34. Web site: Debate on Iran border wall disallowed . May 27, 2007 . dawn.com . 2013-09-22 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222401/http://www.dawn.com/2007/05/27/top8.htm . September 27, 2007 .
35. Web site: BAE Systems to deliver 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers to the Indian Army . September 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232752/http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2911 . November 18, 2012 .
36. News: South Asia | World's barriers: Pakistan–Iran . BBC News . 2009-11-05 . 2013-09-22.
37. Web site: Behind the Wall – Shuafat Refugee Camp. Ir Amim . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120523114441/http://www.ir-amim.org.il/eng/?CategoryID=330 . May 23, 2012 .
38. Web site: RSA – Mozambique Border Fence . Home.telkomsa.net . 2013-09-22 . 2013-09-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927175952/http://home.telkomsa.net/leveypa/Kruger/imagepages/Dsc00042.html . dead .
39. Web site: Monteiro . Tania . 'Hundreds killed' by South Africa's border fence . . 1990-01-27 . 2016-05-21.
40. Web site: Cross-Border Park is Africa's Largest Wildlife Refuge . September 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120523181629/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0211_030211_limpopo.html . May 23, 2012 .
41. Web site: IOL: News for South Africa and the World . September 22, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090124235523/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=31&art_id=vn20050327135740672C194658%2F . January 24, 2009 .
42. Jeremy Bender. A nation bordering Russia is building a fence along a third of its border. Business Insider. Published on December 16, 2015.
43. Web site: 2022-08-29 . Lithuania completes building fence along border with Belarus . 2023-03-08 . . en.
44. Web site: Lithuania on Monday said it had finished building a fence along its border with Belarus to fight illegal immigration which the West accuses Minsk of orchestrating. . Vilnius . 2022-08-29 . . France 24 . AFP . 2023-03-08 . en.
45. Web site: Lithuania Finishes Building Wall On Belarusian Border To Stem Flow Of Illegal Migrants . RFE/RL . 2022-08-29 . . RFE/RL . 2023-03-08 . en.
46. https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/lithuania-builds-russian-border-fence-as-nato-boosts-baltic-defences-1.2941948 Lithuania builds Russian border fence as Nato boosts Baltic defences
47. Web site: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . UNHCR – Western Sahara Atlas Map – June 2006 . Unhcr.org . 2016-05-21.
48. News: Osborne. Samuel. Norway to build border fence with Russia to keep out refugees. The Independent. 25 August 2016.
49. Web site: Pakistan doing all it can in terror war – Musharraf . 2006-12-03 . February 28, 2006 . Turkish weekly . Washington (Reuters) – Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf said on Monday his country was doing all it could in the U.S.-led war against terrorism and offered to fence and mine its border with Afghanistan to stem Taliban infiltration. "I have been telling Karzai and the United States, 'Let us fence the border and let us mine it.' Today I say it again. Let us mine their entire border. Let us fence it. It's not difficult", Musharraf said, referring to Afghan President Hamid Karzai. . https://web.archive.org/web/20061009092416/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=26761 . October 9, 2006 . dead .
50. News: Musharraf interview: Full transcript . 2006-12-03 . Plett . Barbara . March 1, 2006 . . Now the other thing that I've said: if he thinks everyone is crossing from here, I've been saying let us fence the border and let us also mine the border. We are experts at mining, they should mine the border on their side. We will fence it on our side. If that is all right I am for it, so that they are not allowed to go across at all. And then let us see what is happening in Afghanistan. Why don't they agree to this, I've said this openly many times before, they don't do it, for whatever are their reasons. I know how effective the fence, the Indian fence which is about 1,800 kilometres, and they are fencing the Kashmir mountains also, it is so difficult. Why are they doing that, are they mad, they are spending billions of rupees. Because it is effective. Let's fence this border so that this blame game is killed once for ever. .
51. Web site: 2022-06-30 . Poland completes 186-kilometre border wall with Belarus . 2022-09-11 . euronews . en.
52. Web site: Europe Missing Migrants Project. 2021-12-25. missingmigrants.iom.int.
53. Web site: Patrząc na inne płoty fortecy Europa, ten polski będzie z rozmachem. Tak wyglądają pozostałe [ZDJĘCIA] . Kucharczyk . Maciek . 2021-10-16 . . 2021-10-16 . pl.
54. Web site: Mur na granicy z Białorusią powstanie. Rząd przyjął projekt ustawy . WZI . 2021-10-12 . Money.pl . 2021-10-16 . pl.
55. Web site: Huemer . Sarah . Polish MPs approve €350M wall on Belarusian border as migrant death toll rises . October 14, 2021 . . 24 October 2021.
56. Web site: Porter . Fred . oland parliament authorizes border wall with Belarus . October 16, 2021 . Jurist . 24 October 2021.
57. Web site: Plucinska . Joanna . Pempel . Kacper . On the EU's eastern border, Poland builds a fence to stop migrants . August 26, 2021 . . 24 October 2021.
58. Web site: Saudis plan to fence off border with chaos. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060929222846/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,7374-2126835,00.html/. 29 September 2006. Michael. Theodoulou . Timesonline.co.uk . 6 April 2006 .
59. News: Spencer . Richard . Revealed: Saudi Arabia's 'Great Wall' to keep out Isil . Telegraph . 2015-01-14 . 2016-05-21.
60. http://infoprod.co.il/main/siteNew/index.php?langId=1&mod=article&action=article&Admin=qwas&stId=275
61. News: Surk. Barbara. Slovenia Starts Building Border Fence to Stem Flow of Migrants. 11 November 2015. New York Times. 11 November 2015.
62. News: 40 kilometres of new fences will be built in Slovenia in 2019. 28 July 2019. 24ur.com. sl.
63. News: One third of south border in fences. 3 March 2020. 24ur. sl.
64. News: RFE: Serbia builds wire fence on border with North Macedonia. 18 August 2020. N1. rs.n1info.com/. en. 18 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200918134040/http://rs.n1info.com/English/NEWS/a630957/RFE-Serbia-builds-wire-fence-on-border-with-North-Macedonia.html. dead.
65. Web site: Turkey-Syria border wall to be completed by spring – Turkey News. 19 December 2017 .
66. Web site: Trump-O-Meter: PolitiFact. politifact.com. 2020-02-24.
67. News: Davis. Julie Hirschfeld. Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees. 2017-01-25. The New York Times. 2020-02-24. en-US. 0362-4331.
68. Web site: New polling proves President Trump is right – 'Americans are #Dreamers, too'. The Hill. News Communication. 2018-02-03. Jen. Kerns. 61 percent think that current border security is inadequate, and ... 54 percent support a physical barrier .
69. Web site: Most Americans support DACA, but oppose border wall – CBS News poll. CBS. 20 January 2018. Jennifer. De Pinto. Fred. Backus. Kabir . Khanna. Anthony. Salvanto. Most Americans ... oppose building a border wall, but seven in 10 Republicans support it..
70. Web site: Most Americans don't support building the wall. CBS. 21 December 2018. Anthony. Salvanto . Jennifer. De Pinto. 59 percent of Americans oppose building a wall... A large majority of Republicans support the wall – 79 percent. A majority of independents – 66 percent – oppose the wall, and 84 percent of Democrats are also against it..
71. Web site: What The Latest Immigration Polls Do (And Don't) Say . NPR. Danielle. Kurtzleben. 23 January 2018. Given the choice between "open borders" ... and a "secure border," 79 percent of Americans agreed that the U.S. needs "secure borders." ... In a different poll, 58 percent of Americans support "building a combination of physical and electronic barriers across the U.S.-Mexico border.".
72. Web site: Government Shutdown 2019. Politico. en. 2020-02-24.
73. News: Baker. Peter. Trump Declares a National Emergency, and Provokes a Constitutional Clash. 2019-02-15. The New York Times. 2020-02-24. en-US. 0362-4331.
74. Web site: Gramlich . John . How Americans see illegal immigration, the border wall and political compromise . Pew Research Center . 1 August 2019.
75. Web site: Norman . Jim . Solid Majority Still Opposes New Construction on Border Wall . Gallup News . 4 February 2019 . Gallup . 1 August 2019.
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