| Conflict: | Bombing of Vienna |
| Partof: | World War II |
| Date: | 4 September 1942 - 16 April 1945 |
| Place: | Vienna, Nazi Germany |
| Combatant1: |  United StatesSoviet Union United Kingdom |
| Combatant2: | Germany |
The city of Vienna in Austria was bombed 52 times during World War II, and 37,000 houses of the city were lost, 20% of the entire city. Only 41 civilian vehicles survived the raids, and more than 3,000 bomb craters were counted.
After a lone Soviet air raid conducted on 4 September 1942,[1] Vienna was reached by western Allied bombers in 1944, when the Allied invasion of Italy allowed them to establish an air base at Foggia. Following the Normandy Invasion the greater part of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) was transferred to the West. Remaining Luftwaffe shot down one-tenth of 550 bombers in June 1944.
The air defences of Vienna were aided by a ring of anti-aircraft batteries set up around the city and three pairs of Flak towers. These were large anti-aircraft gun blockhouses built in the city. Due to the increasing lack of fuel, by autumn 1944, artillery on the ground was the only defence against air raids. It typically took some 5,000 small-calibre and 3,400 large-calibre shells to bring down one bomber. During the day, one out of 125 planes was shot down on average. During the night, this dropped to only one out of 145. However, roughly one-third of the bombers and escorts suffered heavy damage. Some Vienna factories were moved to bomb-proof sites such as caves (e.g. the Seegrotte near Hinterbrühl) or hidden in other ways. The military industry boosted its production, also by use of forced labour of concentration camp inmates and POWs. Bypasses for traffic junctions had been established before the bombings and traffic did not come to a halt until the very last days of the war.
By early 1945 Vienna had already faced 1,800 bombs. In February and March 1945, 80,000 tons of bombs were dropped by US and British aircraft, destroying more than 12,000 buildings, and 270,000 people were left homeless.
| Date | width=15% | Target/Topic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First air raid on Vienna during World War II | Petlyakov Pe-8 bombers flew a 2000miles round trip also reaching Budapest, Königsberg and Breslau | |||||
| Floridsdorf | The first American air raid on Vienna targeted the Floridsdorf refinery and mined the Danube. | |||||
| Floridsdorf | B-17s bombed the oil refinery On this date the 464 BG bombed an oil-blending plant at Vienna. | |||||
| Kagran | B-17s bombed the oil refinery[3] | |||||
| Lobau | B-24s bombed the Lobau oil refinery. | |||||
| Schwechat | B-24s bombed the oil refinery at Schwechat in Vienna (Schwechat became a separate city in 1954). | |||||
| Winterhafen | B-24s bombed the Winterhafen oil depot. An underground storage installation was just west of Mainz. | |||||
| Floridsdorf | The Floridsdorf oil refinery and marshalling yard were bombed. | |||||
| Korneuburg | The 461 BG bombed "a refinery in the open country near the small town of Korneuburg".[4] | |||||
| Lobau | ||||||
| Schwechat | The Heinkel firm's Heinkel-Süd Schwechat aircraft factory, and Schwechat oil refinery were bombed. | |||||
| Winterhafen | Winterhafen oil refinery bombed. | |||||
| Floridsdorf | The 464http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/usaaf7.html and 465th Bombardment Groups earned Distinguished Unit Citations.[5] | |||||
| Floridsdorf & Zwolfaxing | The 464 BG[6] and 465 BG earned Distinguished Unit Citations, as the Heinkel-Süd plant in Floridsdorf was hit, destroying the third prototype of the He 177B four engined bomber, and possibly damaging the incomplete fourth prototype He 177B airframe.[7] | |||||
| The 32 BS bombed a Vienna oil refinery. | ||||||
| The 484 BG received its second DUC for bombing an underground oil storage installation at Vienna.http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/usaaf7.html | ||||||
| Korneuburg | B-24s bombed the oil refinery at Korneuburg. The 485 BG bombed the " Oil Storage". | |||||
| Lobau | B-24s bombed the oil refinery at Lobau. The 461 BG bombed the underground oil storage at the refinery. | |||||
| Vösendorf | 472 B-24s and B-17s supported by P-51s and P-38s bombed the South industrial area of Vienna, including the Vösendorf oil refinery. | |||||
| 344 B-17s and B-24s bomb 5 ordnance depots and the SE industrial area in Vienna and 2 oil refineries in the area. | ||||||
| Schwechat | The 32 BS bombed the Schwechat oil refinery. | |||||
| Lobau | The Lobau oil refinery was bombed. On this date, the 741st Bombardment Squadron flew over Vienna to hit an oil refinery.[8] | |||||
| Schwechat | ||||||
| Winterhafen | The 485 BG bombed the "Winterhafen Oil Storage". | |||||
| Floridsdorf | ||||||
| Floridsdorf | The 463 BG bombed the Floridsdorf oil refinery. Eighteen B-17s were sent on this mission and two were lost. | |||||
| The industrial area of Vienna was bombed. | ||||||
| Floridsdorf | The 32 BS bombed. | |||||
| Floridsdorf | The 485 BG bombed the oil refinery. | |||||
| US intelligence reported in February 1945 that the Vienna area had no fuel since November 15.[9] | ||||||
| The 32 BS bombed a Vienna oil refinery. | ||||||
| Winterhafen | The 32 BS bombed the "Winterhafen" oil storage. | |||||
| Floridsdorf | ||||||
| Floridsdorf | ||||||
| Vösendorf | ||||||
| The Lipizzan horses of the Spanish Riding School were evacuated. | ||||||
| [''Expand''] | Floridsdorf | Kagran | Korneuburg | Schwechat--> | 680 B-17s and B-24s bombed oil refineries at Schwechat, Floridsdorf, Korneuburg, and Kagran refineries in the Vienna, Austria area. | |
| Floridsdorf oil refinery | ||||||
| Kagran | The Kagran oil refinery was bombed "in the Vienna, Austria area". | |||||
| Korneuburg | The Korneuburg oil refinery was bombed "in the Vienna, Austria area". | |||||
| Lobau | The 32 BS bombed the Lobau oil refinery. | |||||
| Schwechat oil refinery | ||||||
| Floridsdorf | ||||||
| Lobau | ||||||
| Schwechat | ||||||
| Korneuburg | ||||||
| Schwechat | ||||||
| Lobau | The Lobau oil refinery and the Floridsdorf marshalling yard at Vienna were bombed. "The attack was outstandingly successful, resulting in severe damage to the boiler house, virtual destruction of the distillation unit pump house, the fractionating tower probably hit, and serious damage to tankage and rail sidings.[10] | |||||
| Floridsdorf | B-24s and B-17s bombed the Floridsdorf oil refinery. The 747 bombers and 229 fighter planes caused heavy damage to the city centre and the Vienna State Opera and the Burgtheater burnt, and the Albertina, the Heinrichshof (on Ringstraße) and the Messepalast (Trade Fair Palace) were heavily damaged. The Philipphof (a block of apartments opposite to the Albertina and the State Opera House) collapsed, burying some 200 people who had sought shelter from the raid in its cellars. Most of the victims have never been unearthed and the Mahnmal gegen Krieg und Faschismus (English: Memorial against War and Fascism) has been erected there. | |||||
| During the briefing for bombing the Vienna oil refinery, the briefing officer told crews to avoid the St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Vienna State Opera, the Schönbrunn Palace and other historic buildings and schools. Due to weather, the alternate target (Wiener Neustadt marshaling yards) was bombed. | ||||||
| [''Expand''] | 109 B-17s bomb the oil refinery at Ruhland (the Fifteenth's deepest penetration into Germany). 103 others bomb the alternate target, the refinery at Kolín, Czechoslovakia. 470+ other bombers attack targets in Austria, including Moosbierbaum, Schwechat, and Vienna/Floridsdorf oil refineries. | |||||
| Floridsdorf | ||||||
| Korneuburg | ||||||
| 300 bombs were dropped on the Tiergarten Schönbrunn, the world's oldest zoo. 2,000 animals out of 3,500 died including a bull rhino, a favourite of the zoo-keepers. | ||||||
| Schwechat | ||||||
| [''Expand''] | In Austria, 760+ B-17s and B-24s, with fighter escort, hit the Korneuburg and Kagran oil refineries. | |||||
| 3 oil refineries and a goods depot bombed at Vienna. | ||||||
| Floridsdorf | The 32 BS bombed. | |||||
| 2 Vienna oil refineries were bombed. | ||||||
| Vienna oil refinery(ies) bombed. On April 2, Soviet troops began the Vienna Offensive. | ||||||
| North Goods Depot | In the last Lone Wolf mission, 11 x aircraft using PFF strike Wien North Goods yard between 1034 ~ 1220 hrs. | |||||
| "The advances of our ground forces have brought to a close the strategic air war waged by the United States Strategic Air Forces and the Royal Air Force Bomber Command." (Spaatz dispatch to Doolittle and Twining).[11] | |||||
301 BG/"32 BS": Web site: 301st Bomb Group Mission Summary of the: 32nd, 352nd, 353rd and 419th Bomb Squadrons. Thompson. Boyd. 32nd Bomb Squadron, 1942 -1945. 9 February 2015. 11 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150211020644/http://32ndbombsquadron.com/32ndmissns.html. dead.
"461 BG": Web site: Chapter IX Target: German Oil, June 1944.. 461st.org.
"464 BG": Web site: Our Missions: The 464 BG Mission List.
"486 BG": Web site: Prologue: The Stories Behind the Numbers. 9 February 2015.
"487 BG": Web site: 487th Bomb Group (H): Combat Missions. 9 February 2015.