The English-originating version of eight-ball pool, also known as English pool, English eight-ball, blackball, or simply reds and yellows, is a pool game played with sixteen balls (a and fifteen usually unnumbered) on a small pool table with six . It originated in the United Kingdom and is played in the Commonwealth countries such as Australia and South Africa. In the UK and Ireland it is usually called simply "pool".
The English version of eight-ball has two main sets of playing rules used in professional play; those of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), known as "blackball rules", and the code of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF), known as "international rules".
American-style eight-ball arose around 1900, derived from basic pyramid pool.[1] In 1925, the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Company began offering ball sets specifically for the game using unnumbered yellow and red balls (in contrast to the numbered and found in most pool ball sets), a black, and the white cue ball. These were introduced to make it easier for spectators to identify the two sets in early professional games held in casinos, and became known as "casino-style" sets.[2] In the years following World War II, playing eight-ball on small coin-operated pool tables became a common pub game in American bars, a pastime which spread to Britain by the early 1960s. In the years following, the British game diverged from the American in equipment (including the use of casino-style balls, which had died out in the US) and rules.[3]
The game uses unnumbered, solid-coloured object balls, typically red and yellow, with one black ball. The black ball typically bears a number "8", though numberless variants are not unknown. They are usually 2 inches (51 mm) or inches (52 mm) in diameter – the latter being the same size as the balls used in snooker and English billiards – often with a slightly smaller cue ball, e.g. inches (47.6 mm) for a 2-inch set, a convention originally created for the ball return mechanisms in coin-operated tables.
British pool tables come in 6 × 3 foot (1.8 × 0.9 m) or 7 × 3.5 ft (2.12 × 1.06 m) varieties,[4] with 7 feet being the regulation size for league play. The table has pockets just larger than the balls and rounded, as in the game of snooker, whereas the international-style (or "American-style") table has pockets significantly wider, with pointed .
Tournament rules may require the presence of more than one type of (mechanical bridge), as in snooker.
There are currently two competing standards bodies that have issued standardised rules.
The English Pool Association (EPA) uses the rules of the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF). Since 2022 the EPA and WEPF have adopted a ruleset known as "International Rules", which are used in all events organised by the Ultimate Pool Group. Prior to 2022 these organisations used a different set of rules known as "World Rules".[5]
The English Blackball Pool Federation (EBPF) uses the rules of the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) under the game name "Blackball" to better distinguish it from the American-style game (for which the WPA also promulgates the world-standardised rules).[6] Since 2013 these rules are used in all events organised by the International Professional Pool Association (IPPA).
Despite various differences between the competing rulesets, the basic objectives and rules of the game are mostly the same.
The balls are racked with (the 8 ball) on the (or "black spot"), in contrast with US-style eight-ball, nine-ball and most other pool games, in which the apex ball is placed on the foot spot.
One player begins the game with a "break shot", which involves shooting the cue ball from the baulk area towards the object balls and "splitting the pack".
The aim of the game is to pot all the balls of a certain colour (either reds or yellows), followed by the black eight-ball. The winner is usually the player who legally pots the black first, although it is possible to win the game by the opponent committing a sufficiently serious foul, such as potting the black eight-ball and the cue ball in the same shot.
A foul can be committed in numerous ways, such as potting the cue ball, potting the black eight-ball before the last colour in the set, hitting the wrong colour ball first or touching any ball with anything apart from the tip of the cue. After a foul, there is a penalty awarded to the other player. This penalty varies by ruleset, but could be winning the frame, gaining an extra shot or visit, being able to hit any ball on the table, or being able to move the cue ball to another location.
In 1976, the British Association of Pool Table Operators (BAPTO) published a standardised set of pool rules for use in their national events. With some minor changes, these rules were adopted by the newly formed UK Pool Federation (UKPF) in 1992 and known as "Federation rules". These rules were used until the UKPF adopted Blackball rules in 2004.
In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to hit a cushion. Later versions of this rule were amended to state that at least 2 balls must pass the halfway line of the table if a ball is not potted. The breaker must nominate which colour they choose following the break shot. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player, and a "free shot", whereby any ball can be played or potted on the first shot of the visit, with the exception of the black if it is not "on". The player awarded the penalty also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the "D". Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is no requirement to hit a cushion with each shot, meaning "rolling up" to a ball is a legal shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot.
In 1978, the English Pool Association (EPA) published a standardised set of pool rules which they used in their county pool structure through the 1980s and 1990s. These rules were used until 1998, when the EPA adopted World rules in line with the WEPF.
In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to hit a cushion. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player, and a "free shot" on the first shot. The incoming player also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the baulk area. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is no requirement to hit a cushion with each shot. Potting an opponent's ball is a foul except in the case of a "free shot".
Despite no longer being played at the professional level, these rules are still in use in some amateur leagues, and are referred to as "Old EPA rules" to distinguish them from later versions.
In 1998, the EPA adopted "World Rules", as published by the World Eightball Pool Federation (WEPF). These rules were used at all levels in EPA and WEPF tournaments until 2022, when both organisations adopted "International Rules".
In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 4 object balls to hit a cushion. If the breaker pots a ball on the break from one group, they must nominate a colour. If they nominate a colour which was potted on the break, then that group become theirs, while if the group chosen did not have any balls potted on the break, the table remains open until a ball is legally potted. The standard penalty for a foul is 2 visits to the table for the incoming player. There is no "free shot" rule. The cue ball cannot be moved, unless the incoming player has been left in a foul snooker, in which case they may nominate a free ball or move the cue ball to baulk. Unlike most other rulesets, deliberate fouls do not result in loss of frame, and are treated as a standard foul. Jump shots are illegal. Push shots are allowed provided no double contact or sustained push can be seen clearly by the referee. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot, meaning it is illegal to "roll up" to a ball. Potting an opponent's ball is a foul.
Despite no longer being played at the professional level, these rules remain popular as amateur league rules in the UK, Ireland, Australia, some other Commonwealth countries, and a few European nations.
In 2004, the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) sanctioned a variant of eight-ball pool called "blackball". The UKPF adopted these rules, and renamed themselves the European Blackball Association (EBA). These rules are now used at all levels in WPA tournaments and by the professional International Pool Association.
In these rules, for a fair break the player must pocket a ball or cause at least 2 balls to cross the halfway point of the table. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 1 "free shot" for the incoming player, followed by one visit to the table. The incoming player also has the option of moving the cue ball anywhere in the baulk area following a foul. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot.[7]
In 2022, the EPA and the WEPF adopted the "International Rules" which are now used at all levels in EPA and WEPF tournaments, and by the Ultimate Pool Group.
In these rules, for a fair break the player must score 3 points, where a point is scored for each ball pocketed and for each ball which passes the halfway point of the table. The first legally potted ball decides the colours. The standard penalty for a foul is 1 visit to the table for the incoming player. There is no "free shot" rule, but the cue ball can be moved anywhere on the table following a foul. Deliberate fouls result in loss of frame, and jump shots and push shots are illegal. There is a requirement to either pot a ball or hit a cushion after first contact on each shot. Provided a player pots at least one of their own colours, it is legal to pot any number of their opponent's colour in the same shot, but this will result in loss of turn.
The World Eightball Pool Federation has held a World Championships since 1993, and the World Pool-Billiard Association since 2006.
See main article: WEPF World Eightball Championship. The following is a list of WEPF world eightball champions, sanctioned by the WEPF (World Eightball Pool Federation).
| Date | Location | Winner[8] | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Killarney, Ireland | Ronan McCarthy | Chris Day | ||
| Barbara Taylor (2) | Sarah Coxon | ||||
| 2019 | Blackpool, England | Mick Hill (6) | Dom Cooney | ||
| Amy Beauchamp (3)[9] | Sharon James | ||||
| 2018[10] | Mick Hill (5) | Phil Harrison | |||
| Barbara Taylor[11] | Sharon James | ||||
| 2017[12] | Mick Hill (4) | Phil Harrison | |||
| Amy Beauchamp (2) | Kerry Griffiths | ||||
| 2016[13] | Shaun Chipperfield | Karl Sutton | |||
| Sabrilla Brunet | Amy Beauchamp | ||||
| 2015 | Mick Hill (3) | Nigel Clarke | |||
| Amy Beauchamp | Emma Wilkinson | ||||
| 2014 | Tom Cousins (2) | Giuseppe d'Imperio | |||
| Kirsty Lee Davis | Amy Beauchamp | ||||
| 2013[14] | Tom Cousins | Craig Waddingham | |||
| Emma Cunningham (3) | Barbara Taylor | ||||
| 2012[15] [16] | John Roe | Lee Kendall | |||
| Sue Thompson (11) | Sharon Wright | ||||
| 2011[17] [18] | Adam Davis | Phil Harrison | |||
| Emma Cunningham (2) | Renata Delahunty | ||||
| 2010[19] | Mick Hill (2) | Gareth Potts | |||
| Sue Thompson (10) | Emma Cunningham | ||||
| 2009[20] | Phil Harrison | Mick Hill | |||
| Sue Thompson (9) | Emma Cunningham | ||||
| 2008[21] | Gareth Potts (3) | Jason Twist | |||
| Lynette Horsburgh | Barbara Taylor | ||||
| 2007[22] | Gareth Potts (2) | Mick Hill | |||
| Sue Thompson (8) | Emma Cunningham | ||||
| 2006[23] | Mark Selby | Darren Appleton | |||
| Sue Thompson (7) | Emma Cunningham | ||||
| 2005[24] | Gareth Potts | Chris Melling | |||
| Emma Cunningham | Sue Thompson | ||||
| 2004[25] | Mick Hill | Darren Appleton | |||
| Sue Thompson (6) | Emma Cunningham | ||||
| 2003 | Chris Melling (2) | Jason Twist | |||
| Sue Thompson (5) | Lisa Quick | ||||
| 2002[26] | Jason Twist (2) | Yannick Beaufils | |||
| Sue Thompson (4) | Lisa Quick | ||||
| 2001[27] | Chris Melling | Rob McKenna | |||
| Lisa Quick (2) | Linda Leadbetter | ||||
| 2000 | Jason Twist | Carl Morris | |||
| Sue Thompson (3) | Linda Leadbitter | ||||
| 1999 | Quinten Hann | Terry Hunt | |||
| Lisa Quick | Linda Leadbitter | ||||
| 1998 | Carl Morris | Keith Brewer | |||
| Linda Leadbitter (3) | Sue Thompson | ||||
| 1997 | Manchester, England | Rob McKenna (2) | Lee Kendall | ||
| Sue Thompson (2) | Linda Leadbitter | ||||
| 1996 | Greg Farren | Tony Holgate | |||
| Sue Thompson | Rosalia Diliberto | ||||
| 1995 | Chorley, England | Daz Ward | Jason Twist | ||
| Linda Leadbitter (2) | Sue Thompson | ||||
| 1994 | Manchester, England | Rob McKenna | Greg Farren | ||
| Linda Leadbitter | Sue Thompson | ||||
| 1993 | Kevin Wright | Nigel Davis | |||
| Linda Moffat | Natalie Froling | ||||
The following is a list of WPA world blackball champions, sanctioned by the WPA (World Pool-Billiard Association).
| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Tangier, Morocco | Senzo Gumede[28] | Wade Morley | ||
| Beatrice Monyake[29] | Yoursa Baomar | ||||
| 2018[30] | Bridlington, England | Scott Gillespie | Dean Shields | ||
| Ashley Marie Bird | Emma Reeves | ||||
| 2016 | Killarney, Ireland | Liam Dunster | Jon McAllister | ||
| Sabrilla Brunet (3) | Sandra Bryan | ||||
| 2014 | Perth, Scotland | Claudio Cassar | Paul Vincent Bennett | ||
| Sabrilla Brunet (2) | Aspra Panchoo | ||||
| 2012[31] | Blackpool, England | Gavin Phillips | Jimmy Carney | ||
| Sabrilla Brunet | Claire Dempster | ||||
| 2010[32] | Limoges, France | Jayson Shaw | Sébastien Ramier | ||
| Claire Dempster | Emillie Gilberto | ||||
| 2008[33] | Mbabane, Eswatini | Wetsi Morake | Yulan Govender | ||
| Apsra Panchoo | Amanda Watson | ||||
| 2006 | Cork, Ireland | Andy Lucas | Simon Ward | ||
| Amanda Watson | Shona Lucas |
The following is a list of IPA world blackball champions, sanctioned by the IPA (International Professional Pool Association)[34]
| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | Bradford, England | Liam Dunster | Gareth Hibbott | ||
| Harriet Haynes | Deb Burchell | ||||
| 2020 | Jon McAllister | Aaron Davies | |||
| Amy Beauchamp[35] | Emma Cunningham | ||||
| 2019 | Marc Farnsworth | Tom Cousins | |||
| Emma Cunningham[36] | Kerry Griffiths | ||||
| 2018 | Ben Davies | Simon Ward | |||
| Michelle Roonay[37] | Collette Henriksen | ||||
| 2017 | Craig Marsh | Simon Fitzsimmons | |||
| Collette Henriksen[38] | Leanne Evans | ||||
| 2016[39] [40] | Gareth Hibbott | Craig Marsh | |||
| Deb Burchell (2) | Shona Lucas | ||||
| 2015[41] | Jack Whelan | Jason Twist | |||
| Deb Burchell | Shona Lucas | ||||
| 2014[42] | Gareth Potts | Clint I'Anson |
The following is a list of PPPO world eightball champions, sanctioned by the PPPO (Professional Pool Players Organisation).
| Date | Location | Winner | Nationality | Runner-up | Nationality | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005[43] | Bridlington, England | Ben Davies | Derek Murphy | |||
| 2004[44] | Andy Lucas (2) | Rob Hill | ||||
| 2003[45] | Rob Hill | Antz Morrison | ||||
| 2002[46] | Lerwick, Scotland | Steve Sanders | Andy Lucas | |||
| 2001 | Morecambe, England | Ross McInnes (4) | Rob Chambers | |||
| 2000 | Bridlington, England | Ross McInnes (3) | Steve Sanders | |||
| 1999 | Morecambe, England | Andy Lucas | Ronan McCarthy | |||
| 1998 | Ross McInnes (2) | Steve Sanders | ||||
| 1997 | Kevin Treanor | Ronan McCarthy | ||||
| 1996 | Ross McInnes | Mark White | ||||
| 1985 | London, England | Jim Rempe | Joe Barbara |