Black tar heroin explained

Black tar heroin, also known as black dragon, is a form of heroin that is sticky like tar or hard like coal. Its dark color is the result of crude processing methods that leave behind impurities. Despite its name, black tar heroin can also be dark orange or dark brown in appearance.^[1]

Black tar heroin is impure diacetylmorphine. Other forms of heroin require additional steps of purification post acetylation. With black tar, the product's processing stops immediately after acetylation. Its unique consistency however is due to acetylation without a reflux apparatus. As in homebake heroin in Australia and New Zealand the crude acetylation results in a gelatinous mass.

Black tar as a type holds a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is another result of crude acetylation. The lack of proper reflux during acetylation fails to remove much of the moisture retained in the acetylating agent, acetic anhydride. The acetic anhydride reacts with the moisture to produce the milder acetylating agent glacial acetic acid which is unable to acetylate the 3 position of the morphine molecule.

Black tar heroin is often produced in Latin America,^{[2] [3]} and is most commonly found in the western and southern parts of the United States, while also being occasionally found in Western Africa. It has a varying consistency depending on manufacturing methods, cutting agents, and moisture levels, from tarry goo in the unrefined form to a uniform, light-brown powder when further processed and cut with a variety of agents. One of the more notable compounds added to heroin is lactose.^[4]

Composition

Pure morphine and heroin are both fine white powders. Black tar heroin's unique appearance and texture are due to its acetylation without the benefit of the usual reflux apparatus.^[5]

The assumption that tar has fewer adulterants and diluents is a misconception.^[6] The most common adulterant is lactose,^[7] which is added to tar via dissolving of both substances in a liquid medium, reheating and filtering, and then recrystallizing. This process is very simple and can be accomplished in any kitchen with no level of expertise needed.

The price per kilogram of black tar heroin has increased from one-tenth that of South American powder heroin in the mid-1990s to between one-half and three-quarters in 2003 due to increased distributional acumen combined with increased demand in black tar's traditional realm of distribution. Black tar heroin distribution has steadily risen in recent years, while that of U.S. East Coast powder varieties has dropped; heroin production in Colombia decreased from the late 1990s into the early 2000s.^[8]

Adverse effects

People who intravenously inject black tar heroin are at higher risk of venous sclerosis than those injecting powder heroin. In this condition, the veins narrow and harden which makes repeated injection there nearly impossible.^[9]

The presence of 6-monoacetylcodeine found in tar heroin has not been tested in humans but has been shown to be toxic alone and more toxic when mixed with mono- or di- acetyl morphine, potentially making tar more toxic than refined diamorphine.^[10]

Black tar heroin injectors can be at increased risk of life-threatening bacterial infections, in particular necrotizing soft tissue infection.^[11] The practice of "skin-popping" or subcutaneous injection predisposes to necrotizing fasciitis or necrotizing cellulitis from Clostridium perfringens, while deep intramuscular injection predisposes to necrotizing myositis.^[12]

Tar heroin injection can also be associated with Clostridium botulinum infection. Since the final stage of black tar heroin production would kill any spores (a combination of high temperature and strong acid), contamination is likely due to choice of cutting agent.^[13] Almost all cases occur in users who inject intramuscularly or subcutaneously, rather than injecting intravenously.^[14]

Black tar heroin users can also be at increased risk of bone and joint infections that stem from hematogenous seeding or local extension of the skin and soft tissue infections. Any joint can be infected, though previous studies have shown that the knee and hip are most commonly affected in heroin injectors. Associated bone infections can include septic bursitis, septic tenosynovitis, and osteomyelitis. Septic arthritis and skin and soft tissue infections often present visible and/or systematic symptoms, while osteomyelitis usually presents localized pain.^[15]

Alternative routes of administration

In some parts of the United States, black tar may be the only form of heroin that is available. Many users do not inject.

• Grinding into a powder form: This is one of the more popular ways of consuming black tar for those who do not wish to use needles. The black tar heroin is put into some sort of blender and mixed in with lactose. This creates a fine black powder product that can be easily snorted.^[16]
• Water looping: Water looping is when a user places the heroin in an empty eye dropper bottle, or a syringe with the needle removed. The user allows the heroin to completely dissolve into water and the solution is dropped into the nose. This at times can be wasteful if a user allows too much of the solution to go down the throat.
• Vaporizing (Chasing the dragon): A user puts the heroin on a piece of foil and heats the foil with a lighter underneath it. The user uses a straw or similar apparatus and inhales the vapor.^[17]
• Drinking: This is done similar to the water looping method. Instead of being delivered through the nose, the solution is swallowed.^[18]
• Suppository: The most effective route of administration which does not require a needle, is accomplished by delivering a solution (via syringe) or lubricated mass of the narcotic deep into the rectum or vagina.^[19]

See also

• Black cocaine

External links

• National Drug Threat Assessment 2005, National Drug Intelligence Center. Accessed 30 December 2019.
• . Accessed 15 December 2005.

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2014 . Types of Heroin . Indiana Prevention Resource Center.
2. https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/criminal-commodities-series-black-tar-heroin "Mexican Drug Exports"
3. http://heroin.net/types-of-heroin/by-area-of-origin/ "Heroin by Area of Origin"
4. Web site: 2020-07-08 . What Is Heroin Cut With? - Sunshine Behavioral Health . 2023-07-01 . Sunshine Behavioral Health . en-US.
5. Web site: 1992 . Opium Poppy' Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231216202229/https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/141189NCJRS.pdf . 2023-12-16 . PDF . 2023-12-16 . . 32–34 . en .
6. Book: Coomber, Ross . Pusher myths: re-situating the drug dealer . 2006 . Free Association Books . 978-1-85343-948-3 . London.
7. Kumar . Virkeshwar . Dash . Susmita . 2021-10-07 . Evaporation-Based Low-Cost Method for the Detection of Adulterant in Milk . ACS Omega . 6 . 41 . 27200–27207 . 10.1021/acsomega.1c03887 . 2470-1343 . 8529649 . 34693139.
9. Pieper . Barbara . Templin . Thomas N. . Kirsner . Robert S. . Birk . Thomas J. . 2009 . Impact of injection drug use on distribution and severity of chronic venous disorders . Wound Repair and Regeneration . 17 . 4 . 485–491 . 10.1111/j.1524-475X.2009.00513.x . 1067-1927 . 2748060 . 19614913.
10. Jones . Joseph T. . Jones . Mary . Jones . Brian . Sulaiman . Kristin . Plate . Charles . Lewis . Douglas . 2015 . Detection of Codeine, Morphine, 6-Monoacetylmorphine, and Meconin in Human Umbilical Cord Tissue: Method Validation and Evidence of In Utero Heroin Exposure . Therapeutic Drug Monitoring . 37 . 1 . 45–52 . 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000104 . 0163-4356 . 4297219 . 24901495.
11. Saldana . Carlos S. . Vyas . Darshali A. . Wurcel . Alysse G. . 2020-08-08 . Soft Tissue, Bone, and Joint Infections in People Who Inject Drugs . Infectious Disease Clinics of North America . 34 . 3 . 495–509 . 10.1016/j.idc.2020.06.007 . 0891-5520 . 8757538 . 32782098.
12. Gonzales y Tucker . Richard Diego . Frazee . Bradley . 2014-12-01 . View from the front lines: An emergency medicine perspective on clostridial infections in injection drug users . Anaerobe . 30 . 108–115 . 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.09.005 . 25230330 . 1075-9964.
13. Passaro. Douglas J.. 1998-03-18. Wound Botulism Associated with Black Tar Heroin Among Injecting Drug Users. JAMA. en. 279. 11. 859–863. 10.1001/jama.279.11.859. 9516001. 0098-7484. free.
14. Web site: 2018-10-09. Injection Drug Use and Wound Botulism . 2021-06-19 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . en-us.
15. Saldana, Carlos S. . Vyas, Darshali, A. . Wurcel, Alysse G. . Soft Tissue, Bone, and Joint Infections in People Who Inject Drugs . Infectious Disease Clinics of North America . 1 September 2020 . 34 . 3 . 495–509 . Elsevier Inc.. 10.1016/j.idc.2020.06.007 . 32782098 . 8757538 .
16. Maxwell . Jane Carlisle . Spence . Richard T. . 2006-01-01 . An Exploratory Study of Inhalers and Injectors Who Used Black Tar Heroin . Journal of Maintenance in the Addictions . 3 . 1 . 61–82 . 10.1300/J126v03n01_06 . 1091-1332 . 3088121 . 21552428.
17. Strang . J. . Griffiths . P. . Gossop . M. . June 1997 . Heroin smoking by 'chasing the dragon': origins and history . Addiction . 92 . 6 . 673–683; discussion 685–695 . 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1997.9266734.x . 2024-07-01 . 0965-2140 . 9246796.
18. Ciccarone . Daniel . May 2009 . Heroin in brown, black and white: Structural factors and medical consequences in the US heroin market . The International Journal on Drug Policy . 20 . 3 . 277–282 . 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.08.003 . 0955-3959 . 2704563 . 18945606.
19. Mars . Sarah G. . Ondocsin . Jeff . Ciccarone . Daniel . 2018-05-16 . Toots, tastes and tester shots: user accounts of drug sampling methods for gauging heroin potency . Harm Reduction Journal . 15 . 1 . 26 . 10.1186/s12954-018-0232-z . 1477-7517 . 5956544 . 29769132 . free .