Birch bark explained

Birch bark or birchbark is the bark of several Eurasian and North American birch trees of the genus Betula.

The strong and water-resistant cardboard-like bark can be easily cut, bent, and sewn, which has made it a valuable building, crafting, and writing material, since pre-historic times. Today, birch bark remains a popular type of wood for various handicrafts and arts.

Birch bark also contains substances of medicinal and chemical interest. Some of those products (such as betulin) also have fungicidal properties that help preserve bark artifacts, as well as food preserved in bark containers.

Collection and storage

Removing birch bark from live trees is harmful to tree health and should be avoided. Instead, it can be removed fairly easily from the trunk or branches of dead wood, by cutting a slit lengthwise through the bark and pulling or prying it away from the wood. The best time for collection is spring or early summer, as the bark is of better quality and most easily removed.

Removing the outer (light) layer of bark from the trunk of a living tree may not kill it, but probably weakens it and makes it more prone to infections. Removal of the inner (dark) layer, the phloem, kills the tree by preventing the flow of sap to the roots.

To prevent it from rolling up during storage, the bark should be spread open and kept pressed flat.

Working

Birch bark can be cut with a sharp knife, and worked like cardboard. For sharp bending, the fold should be scored (scratched) first with a blunt stylus.

Fresh bark can be worked as is; bark that has dried up (before or after collection) should be softened by steaming, by soaking in warm water, or over a fire.

Uses

Birch bark was a valuable construction material in any part of the world where birch trees were available. Containers such as wrappings, bags, baskets, boxes, or quivers were made by most societies well before pottery was invented. Other uses include:

• In various Asian countries (including Siberia) birch bark was used to make storage boxes, paper, tinder, canoes, roof coverings, tents, and waterproof covering for composite bows, such as the Mongol bow, the Chinese bow, Korean bow, Turkish bows, Assyrian bow, the Perso-Parthian bow. It is still being used. More than one variety of birch is used.
• In North America, the native population used birch bark for canoes,^[1] wigwams, scrolls, ritual art (birch bark biting), maps (including the oldest maps of North America^[2]), torches,^[3] fans, musical instruments, clothing, and more.
• In Scandinavia and Finland, it was used as the substratum of sod roofs and birch-bark roofs, for making boxes, casks and buckets, fishing implements, and shoes (as used by the Egtved Girl) similar to bast shoes.
• In Russia, many birch bark manuscripts have survived from the Middle Ages.
• Birch bark knife handles are popular tools to be made currently.
• In India, birch-bark, along with dried palm leaves, were the primary writing supports before the widespread advent of paper in the second millennium CE.^[4] The oldest known Buddhist manuscripts (some of the Gandharan Buddhist Texts), from Afghanistan, were written on birch bark.^[5]
• Neanderthals used birch bark to make a tar adhesive through the process of dry or destructive distillation.^{[6] [7]}

Birch bark also makes an outstanding tinder, as the inner layers will stay dry even through heavy rainstorms.

Medical uses

See main article: Birch triterpenes. Filsuvez is a topical medication with birch bark extract as its active ingredient.^[8] It is used to treat two types of epidermolysis bullosa, dystrophic and junctional, targeting partial-thickness skin wounds. Common side effects include wound complications, skin reactions, infections, itching, and allergic reactions.^[8] Filsuvez was approved in the European Union in June 2022^{[9] [10]} and in the United States in December 2023.^{[11] [12]} It is considered a first-in-class medication by the US Food and Drug Administration.^[13]

Further reading

• Book: McPhee J . The Survival of the Bark Canoe . Farrar, Straus and Giroux . New York . 1975 .
• Book: Adney ET, Chapelle H . Bark Canoes and Skin Boats of North America . Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. . 2014 .
• Book: Jennings J . Bark Canoes: The Art and Obsession of Tappan Adney . Firefly Books Ltd. . 2004 .
• Book: Behne CT . The Travel Journals of Tappan Adney, 1887-1890 . Estate of Tappan Adney . 2010 .
• Book: Goode FW . Ojibwe Birch Bark Canoes: Anishinaabe Wigwassi-Jiimaan . Beaver Bark Canoes . 2012 .

External links

• Birchbark articles from the NativeTech site.
• Birch and Birch Bark, an article by John Zasada at a University of Minnesota site.
• Birch Bark Canoe page on the site of the Algonquins of Pikwàganagàn.
• César's Bark Canoe—Watch a documentary on how to build a Birch bark canoe
• Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions Digital Image Collection at Marquette University; keyword: birch bark.
• Wiigwaasi-Jiimaan: These Canoes Carry Culture—Short documentary featuring the building of an Anishinaabe-Ojibwe birchbark canoe in Wisconsin.
• Web site: Birch, Betula pendula, ext. . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Drug Information Portal .
• Web site: Birch, Betula pubescens, ext. . U.S. National Library of Medicine . Drug Information Portal .

Notes and References

1. Smithsonian Center for Folklife Programs and Cultural Studies . Vennum T, Weber C, Nyholm E . Earl's Canoe: A Traditional Ojibwe Craft . 3 December 2012 . 1999 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130104164108/http://www.library.arizona.edu/help/how/find/films/indian/e.html. 4 January 2013 .
2. Book: Hayes D . Historical Atlas of Canada: Canada's History Illustrated with Original Maps. . Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre Ltd . 2002 . 152 .
3. Book: Boszhardt RF . Deep Cave Rock Art in the Upper Mississippi Valley. 2003. Prairie Smoke Press. St. Paul. 0-9704482-3-6. 54–55.
4. Book: The art of the book in India. Losty JP . 1982. British Library. British Library. Reference Division.. 0904654788. London. 8653520.
5. Book: Ancient Buddhist scrolls from Gandhāra: the British Library Kharoṣṭhī fragments. Salomon R, Barnard M, Allchin FR . 1999. The British Library. 0712346112. London. en. 263439456.
6. Kozowyk PR, Soressi M, Pomstra D, Langejans GH . Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology . En . Scientific Reports . 7 . 1 . 8033 . August 2017 . 28860591 . 5579016 . 10.1038/s41598-017-08106-7 . 2017NatSR...7.8033K .
7. Schmidt P, Blessing M, Rageot M, Iovita R, Pfleging J, Nickel KG, Righetti L, Tennie C . 6 . Birch tar production does not prove Neanderthal behavioral complexity . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 116 . 36 . 17707–17711 . September 2019 . 31427508 . 6731756 . 10.1073/pnas.1911137116 . amp . free . 2019PNAS..11617707S .
8. Web site: Filsuvez EPAR . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 13 April 2022 . 6 July 2022 . 6 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706033550/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/filsuvez . live . Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
9. Web site: Filsuvez EPAR . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 13 April 2022 . 6 July 2022 . 6 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220706033550/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/filsuvez . live . Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
10. Web site: Filsuvez Product information . Union Register of medicinal products . 3 March 2023 . 4 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230304070505/https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/html/h1652.htm . live .
11. Chiesi Global Rare Diseases Receives FDA Approval for Filsuvez (birch triterpenes) topical gel for the Treatment of Epidermolysis Bullosa . Chiesi Global Rare Diseases . 19 December 2023 . 22 December 2023 . 22 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231222000828/https://chiesirarediseases.com/media/fda-approval-for-filsuvez-topical-gel . live .
12. Web site: Novel Drug Approvals for 2023 . U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . 19 December 2023 . 22 December 2023 . 21 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121035617/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/new-drugs-fda-cders-new-molecular-entities-and-new-therapeutic-biological-products/novel-drug-approvals-2023 . live .
13. New Drug Therapy Approvals 2023 . U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) . January 2024 . PDF . 9 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240110032419/https://www.fda.gov/media/175253/download . 10 January 2024 . live .