Biohydrometallurgy Explained

Biohydrometallurgy is a technique in the world of metallurgy that utilizes biological agents (bacteria) to recover and treat metals such as copper. Modern biohydrometallurgy advances started with the bioleaching of copper more efficiently in the 1950s^[1]

Important Definitions

• Bio: Shortened form of Biology;^[2] refers to usage of bacteria.
• Hydro: Term referring to the usage of water;^[3] process occurs in aqueous environments
• Metallurgy: A process involving the separating and refining of metals from other substances;^[4]
• Bioleaching: Using biological agents (bacteria) to extract metals or soils;^[5] general term used to encompass all forms biotechnological forms of extraction (hydrometallurgy, biohydrometallurgy, biomining, etc)

General Information

• Interdisciplinary field involving processes that
  • make use of microbes, usually bacteria and archaea
  • mainly take place in aqueous environment
  • deal with metal production and treatment of metal containing materials and solutions
• "Biohydrometallurgy may generally referred to as the branch of biotechnology dealing with the study and application of the economic potential of the interactions between microbes and minerals. It concerns, thus, all those engaged, directly or indirectly, in the exploitation of mineral resources and in environmental protection: geologists, economic geologists, mining engineers, metallurgists, hydrometallurgists, chemists and chemical engineers. In addition to these specialists, there are the microbiologists whose work is indispensable in the design, implementation and running of biohydrometallurgical processes."^[6]
• Biohydrometallurgy was first used more than 300 years ago to recover copper. The uses have evolved to extracting gold, uranium, and other metals.^[7]

Hydrometallurgy

Hydrometallurgy refers to a specific process involving the chemical properties of water to create an aqueous solution for metal extraction through a series of chemical reactions^[8]

Biohydrometallurgy as a Science

Biohydrometallurgy represents the overlap of the world of microorganisms to the process of hydrometallurgy. The usage of microorganisms can be used for recovery and extraction of metals. ^[9]

Applications

Biohydrometallurgy is used to perform processes involving metals, for example, microbial mining, oil recovery, bioleaching, water-treatment and others. Biohydrometallurgy is mainly used to recover certain metals from sulfide ores. It is usually utilized when conventional mining procedures are too expensive or ineffective in recovering a metal such as copper, cobalt, gold, lead, nickel, uranium and zinc.^[10]

See also

• Bacterial oxidation

External links

• BioMineWiki –a wiki on biohydrometallurgy

Notes and References

1. Book: Komnitsas . Kostas . Recent Advances in Hydro- and Biohydrometallurgy . July 2019 . Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute . 978-3-03921-299-6 . ix . April 25, 2021.
2. Web site: bio, n.2. . OED Online . Oxford University Press . May 13, 2021.
3. Web site: hydro-, comb. form . OED Online . Oxford University Press . May 13, 2021.
4. Web site: metallurgy, n . OED Online . Oxford University Press . May 13, 2021.
5. Web site: Bioleaching . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster . May 13, 2021.
6. Rossi, G. (1990). Biohydrometallurgy, Hamburg: McGraw-Hill.
7. Web site: Biohydrometallurgy. Blanchfield. Deirdre. January 21, 2018. galeapps.gale.com. Environmental Encyclopedia. subscription. 2020-04-12.
8. Book: Free . Michael . Hydrometallurgy : Fundamentals and Applications . October 7, 2013 . John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated . 9781118230770 . 13–14 . April 25, 2021.
9. Book: Free . Michael . Treatise on Process Metallurgy . 2014 . Elsevier . 9780080969879 . 983–993 . April 26, 2021.
10. Kundu et al. 2014 "Biochemical Engineering Parameters for Hydrometallurgical Processes: Steps towards a Deeper Understanding"