Biofertilizer Explained

A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.[1] Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Biofertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, but they are not yet able to replace their use. As of 2024, more than 340 biofertilizer products have been approved for commercial use in the US.[2]

Composition

Biofertilizers provide "eco-friendly" organic agro-input. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirilium and blue green algae(BGA) have been in use a long time. Rhizobium inoculant is used for leguminous crops. Azotobacter can be used with crops like wheat, maize, mustard, cotton, potato and other vegetable crops. Azospirillum inoculations are recommended mainly for sorghum, millets, maize, sugarcane and wheat. Blue green algae belonging to the general cyanobacteria genera, Nostoc, Anabaena, Tolypothrix and Aulosira, fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculations for paddy crop grown both under upland and low-land conditions. Anabaena in association with water fern Azolla contributes nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and also enriches soils with organic matter.[3] [4] Seaweeds are rich in various types of mineral elements (potassium, phosphorus, trace elements etc.) hence they are extensively used as manure-replacement by people of coastal districts. Seaweed-fertilizer also helps in breaking down clays. Fucus is used by Irish people as biofertilizer on a large scale. In tropical countries bottom mud of dried up ponds which contain abundant blue green algae is regularly used as biofertilizer in fields.

Bacteria

Plant-Growth Promoting Microorganisms

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium with legumes contribute substantially to total nitrogen fixation. Rhizobium inoculation is a well-known agronomic practice to ensure adequate nitrogen.[5] [6] One of the most widespread specie is R. leguminosarum.

Fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi such as:

Archaea

Organic matter

Seaweed and blue green algae:

Cyanobacteria

Mechanisms

Biofertilizers work through multiple mechanisms. Plant-Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mycorrhiza are generally thought to increase the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen,[17] increase bioavailability of minerals in the soil and synthesize phytohormones that promote growth, such as Gibberellin and Auxin. Another mechanism proposed is the AAC-deaminase production of Bacillus species, which prevents excessive increases in the synthesis of ethylene under various stress conditions.[18]

Benefits

Biofertilizers are cost-effective and ecofriendly in nature, and their continuous usage has been shown to enhance soil fertility.[19] Besides promoting growth by multiple mechanisms, biofertilizers produces substances suppressing phytopathogens, guarding plants from abiotic and biotic stresses and detoxification of belowground pollutants. Extensive use of agrochemicals in agricultural practices has been found to cause environmental disturbances and public health hazards affecting food security and sustainability in agriculture. Biofertilizers offers an alternative solution for such agrochemicals, and show yield increase of up to about 10–40% by increasing protein contents, essential amino acids, and vitamins, and by nitrogen fixation.

Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can symbiotically associate with plant roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material into simple compounds, so that they are easily taken up by the plants. Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 30%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases. It has also been shown that to produce a larger quantity of crops, biofertilizers with the ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphorus solubilizing would lead to the greatest possible effect.[20] They advance shoot and root growth of many crops versus control groups.[21] This can be important when implementing new seed growth.

Future Research

Biofertilizers have been shown to have varying effects in different environments,[22] and even within the same environment. This is something that many scientists have been working on, however there is no perfect solution at this time. They however, have been shown to have the most profound effects in drier climates. In the future, it is hoped that biofertilizers effects will be better controlled and regulated in all environments, as well as analysis targeted at specific species.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers . 10.1023/A:1026037216893. 2003. Vessey. J. Kevin. Plant and Soil. 255. 2. 571–586. 37031212.
  2. Web site: Microbe-containing Products Advertised to Enhance Crop Growth Vegetable Production Systems Laboratory . 2024-08-02 . u.osu.edu.
  3. Web site: Listing 17 bio-fertilizer microbes and their effects on the soil and plant health functions. Explogrow . 15 June 2016.
  4. Web site: Archived copy . 2010-05-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172735/http://eprints.ru.ac.za/36/1/Kiguli.PDF . 2011-07-18 . dead .
  5. Soe . Khin Myat . Yamakawa . Takeo . 2013-06-01 . Evaluation of effective Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strains isolated from Myanmar soybean and effects of coinoculation with Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 for nitrogen fixation . Soil Science and Plant Nutrition . 59 . 3 . 361–370 . 10.1080/00380768.2013.794437 . 2013SSPN...59..361S . 0038-0768 . 85207082.
  6. John RP, Tyagi RD, Brar SK, Surampalli RY, Prévost D . September 2011 . Bio-encapsulation of microbial cells for targeted agricultural delivery . Critical Reviews in Biotechnology . 31 . 3 . 211–226 . 10.3109/07388551.2010.513327 . 20879835 . 207467630.
  7. Brambilla . Silvina . Stritzler . Margarita . Soto . Gabriela . Ayub . Nicolas . 2022-12-01 . A synthesis of functional contributions of rhizobacteria to growth promotion in diverse crops . Rhizosphere . 24 . 100611 . 10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100611 . 2022Rhizo..2400611B . 2452-2198.
  8. Aasfar . Abderrahim . Bargaz . Adnane . Yaakoubi . Kaoutar . Hilali . Abderraouf . Bennis . Iman . Zeroual . Youssef . Meftah Kadmiri . Issam . 2021-02-25 . Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter Species as Potential Soil Biological Enhancers for Crop Nutrition and Yield Stability . Frontiers in Microbiology . en . 12 . 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628379 . free . 1664-302X . 7947814 . 33717018.
  9. Ahmed . Sohail . Hassan . Babar . Farooq . Muhammad Umer . December 2018 . Effect of biofertilizers and diatomaceous earth on life and movement of subterranean termites under laboratory conditions . International Journal of Tropical Insect Science . en . 38 . 4 . 348–352 . 10.1017/S1742758418000103 . 1742-7584 . 91596645.
  10. Klinsukon . Chaiya . Ekprasert . Jindarat . Boonlue . Sophon . December 2021 . Using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Gigaspora margarita) as a growth promoter and biocontrol of leaf blight disease in eucalyptus seedlings caused by Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum . Rhizosphere . 20 . 100450 . 10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100450 . 2021Rhizo..2000450K . 2452-2198.
  11. Wang . Xueling . Chi . Yongkuan . Song . Shuzhen . 2024-03-25 . Important soil microbiota's effects on plants and soils: a comprehensive 30-year systematic literature review . Frontiers in Microbiology . en . 15 . 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1347745 . free . 1664-302X . 10999704 . 38591030.
  12. Song . Geun Cheol . Im . Hyunjoo . Jung . Jihye . Lee . Soohyun . Jung . Man-Young . Rhee . Sung-Keun . Ryu . Choong-Min . March 2019 . Plant growth-promoting archaea trigger induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pseudomonas syringae . Environmental Microbiology . en . 21 . 3 . 940–948 . 10.1111/1462-2920.14486 . 30461142 . 2019EnvMi..21..940S . 1462-2912.
  13. Web site: JADAM Organic Farming . 2024-08-02 . en.jadam.kr . ko.
  14. Guo . Jia . Cheng . Yulin . January 2022 . Advances in Fungal Elicitor-Triggered Plant Immunity . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . en . 23 . 19 . 12003 . 10.3390/ijms231912003 . free . 1422-0067 . 9569958 . 36233304.
  15. Li . Jun . Otero-Gonzalez . Lila . Lens . Piet N.L. . Ferrer . Ivet . Du Laing . Gijs . December 2022 . Assessment of selenium and zinc enriched sludge and duckweed as slow-release micronutrient biofertilizers for Phaseolus vulgaris growth . Journal of Environmental Management . 324 . 116397 . 2022JEnvM.32416397L . 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116397 . 0301-4797 . 36208519.
  16. Xu . Qiyu . Zhu . Tao . Zhao . Ruifeng . Zhao . Yang . Duan . Yangkai . Liu . Xiang . Luan . Guodong . Hu . Ruibo . Tang . Sanyuan . Ma . Xinrong . Liu . Yan . Li . Shengjun . Lu . Xuefeng . 2023-12-05 . Arthrospira promotes plant growth and soil properties under high salinity environments . Frontiers in Plant Science . en . 14 . 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293958 . free . 1664-462X . 10728656 . 38116155.
  17. Zakry . Fitri Abdul Aziz . Shamsuddin . Zulkifli H. . Abdul Rahim . Khairuddin . Zawawi Zakaria . Zin . Abdul Rahim . Anuar . 2012 . Inoculation of Bacillus sphaericus UPMB-10 to Young Oil Palm and Measurement of Its Uptake of Fixed Nitrogen Using the 15N Isotope Dilution Technique . Microbes and Environments . 27 . 3 . 257–262 . 10.1264/jsme2.ME11309 . 4036051 . 22446306.
  18. Orozco-Mosqueda . Ma. del Carmen . Glick . Bernard R. . Santoyo . Gustavo . 2020-05-01 . ACC deaminase in plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB): An efficient mechanism to counter salt stress in crops . Microbiological Research . 235 . 126439 . 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126439 . 32097862 . 0944-5013.
  19. Daniel . Augustine Innalegwu . Fadaka . Adewale Oluwaseun . Gokul . Arun . Bakare . Olalekan Olanrewaju . Aina . Omolola . Fisher . Stacey . Burt . Adam Frank . Mavumengwana . Vuyo . Keyster . Marshall . Klein . Ashwil . June 2022 . Biofertilizer: The Future of Food Security and Food Safety . Microorganisms . en . 10 . 6 . 1220 . 10.3390/microorganisms10061220 . free . 2076-2607 . 9227430 . 35744738.
  20. Schütz. Lukas. Gattinger. Andreas. Meier. Matthias. Müller. Adrian. Boller. Thomas. Mäder. Paul. Mathimaran. Natarajan. 2018-01-12. Improving Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency via Biofertilization—A Global Meta-analysis. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. 2204. 10.3389/fpls.2017.02204. 1664-462X. 5770357. 29375594. free.
  21. Htwe. Aung Zaw. Moh. Seinn Moh. Soe. Khin Myat. Moe. Kyi. Yamakawa. Takeo. February 2019. Effects of Biofertilizer Produced from Bradyrhizobium and Streptomyces griseoflavus on Plant Growth, Nodulation, Nitrogen Fixation, Nutrient Uptake, and Seed Yield of Mung Bean, Cowpea, and Soybean. Agronomy. en. 9. 2. 77. 10.3390/agronomy9020077. free.
  22. Brookshire . E. N. J. . Wurzburger . Nina . Currey . Bryce . Menge . Duncan N. L. . Oatham . Michael P. . Roberts . Carlton . Symbiotic N fixation is sufficient to support net aboveground biomass accumulation in a humid tropical forest . Scientific Reports . 7571 . 20 May 2019. 9 . 1 . 10.1038/s41598-019-43962-5 . 31110241 . 6527854 . 2019NatSR...9.7571B .

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