Battle royale game explained

A battle royale game is an online multiplayer video game genre that blends last-man-standing gameplay with the survival, exploration and scavenging elements of a survival game. Battle royale games involve dozens to hundreds of players, who start with minimal equipment and then must eliminate all other opponents while avoiding being trapped outside a shrinking "safe area", with the winner being the last player or team alive.

The name for the genre is taken from the 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale, itself based on the novel of the same name, which presents a similar theme of a last-man-standing competition in a shrinking play zone. The genre's origins arose from mods for large-scale online survival games like Minecraft and ARMA 2 in the early 2010s. By the end of the decade, the genre became a cultural phenomenon, with standalone games such as (2017), Fortnite Battle Royale (2017), Apex Legends (2019) and (2020) each having received tens of millions of players within months of their releases.

Concept

Battle royale games are played between many individual players, pairs of players, or a number of small squads (typically of 3-5 players). In each match, the goal is to be the last player or team standing by eliminating all other opponents. A match starts by placing the player-characters into a large map space, typically by having all players skydive from a large aircraft within a brief time limit. The map may have random distribution or allow players to have some control of where they start. All players start with minimal equipment, giving no player an implicit advantage at the onset. Equipment, usually used for combat, survival or transport is randomly scattered around the map, often at landmarks on the map, such as within buildings in ghost towns. Players need to search the map for these items while avoiding being killed by other players, who cannot be visually marked or distinguishable either on-screen or on the map, requiring the player to solely use their own eyes and ears to deduce their positions. Equipment from eliminated players can usually be looted as well. These games often include some mechanic to push opponents closer together as the game progresses, usually taking the form of a gradually shrinking safe zone, with players outside the zone facing elimination.

Typically, battle royale contestants are only given one life, and any players who die are rarely allowed to respawn. Games with team support may allow players to enter a temporary, not permanent, near-death state once health is depleted, giving allies the opportunity to revive them before they give out or are finished off by an opponent. The match is over when only one player or team remains, and the game typically provides some type of reward, such as in-game currency used for cosmetic items, to all players based on how long they survived. The random nature of starting point, item placement, and safe area reduction enables the battle royale genre to challenge players to think and react quickly and improve strategies throughout the match as to be the last man/team standing. In addition to standalone games, the battle royale concept may also be present as part of one of many game modes within a larger game, or may be applied as a user-created mod created for another game.[1]

There are various modifications that can be implemented atop the fundamentals of the battle royale. For example, Fortnite introduced a temporary mode in an event which is 50-versus-50 player mode in its Fortnite Battle Royale free-to-play game; players are assigned one of the two teams, and work with their teammates to collect resources and weapons towards constructing fortifications as the safe area of the game shrinks down, with the goal to eliminate all the players on the other team.[2]

History

Formulative elements of the battle royale genre had existed prior to the 2010s. Gameplay modes featuring last man standing rules has been a frequent staple of multiplayer online action games, though generally with fewer total players, as early as 1990's Bomberman, which introduced multiplayer game modes with players all starting with the same minimal abilities who collected power ups and fought until the last player was left standing.[3] The elements of scavenging and surviving on a large open-world map were popularized through survival games.[4] [5]

The 2000 Japanese film Battle Royale, along with Koushun Takami's earlier 1999 novel of the same name and its 2000 manga adaptation, set out the basic rules of the genre, including players being forced to kill each other until there is a single survivor, taking place on a shrinking map, and the need to scavenge for weapons and items.[6] It soon inspired a wave of battle royale themed Japanese manga and anime, such as Gantz (2000), Future Diary (2006), and Btooom! (2009), and then the battle royale formula eventually appeared in The Hunger Games franchise.[7] Fictional battle royale video games were depicted in Btooom!,[8] and in the Phantom Bullet (Gun Gale Online) arc of the light novel series Sword Art Online (2010 in print) as the "Bullet of Bullets" tournament.[9]

Initial attempts at adapting the Battle Royale formula into video games came in the form of Japanese visual novel games that focused on storytelling and puzzle-solving, such as (2002), Zero Escape (2009) and Danganronpa (2010). However, these visual novel games are distinct from the genre which became known as battle royale games, which emerged when Western developers later adapted the Battle Royale formula into a shooter game format.[7]

Early mods and games (2012–2016)

Shortly after the release of the 2012 film The Hunger Games, which had a similar premise to the earlier film Battle Royale, a server plug-in named Hunger Games (later changed to Survival Games) was developed for Minecraft.[10] [11] Survival Games takes inspiration from the film, initially placing players at the center of the map near a set of equipment chests. When the game commences, players can compete over the central resources or spread out to find items stored in chests scattered around the play area. Players killed are eliminated and the last surviving player wins the match.[12]

In DayZ, a mod for Arma 2, released in August 2012, players struggle alongside or against each other to obtain basic necessities to continue living in a persistent sandbox filled with various dangers. The mod was designed to include player versus player encounters, but generally these events were infrequent due to the size of the game's map and the persistence of the game world.[13] This led to the development of game mods that sacrificed DayZ open-endedness in favor of focusing on more frequent hostile interactions between players to determine an eventual winner.

The most influential battle royale mod was created by Brendan Greene, known by his online alias "PlayerUnknown", whose Battle Royale mod of DayZ first released in 2013. This mod was directly inspired by Battle Royale,[14] and introduces concepts from the film such as a shrinking play zone that forces players into closer proximity as the game goes on.[6] In contrast to Hunger Games-inspired mods, in Greene's mod weapons were randomly scattered around the map. Greene recreated this mod for Arma 3 in 2014. Greene continued to use his format as a consultant for before becoming the creative developer at Bluehole of a standalone game representing his vision of the battle royale genre, which would later be released as .

Games from other developers took inspiration from highly played battle royale-style mods, as well as the popularity of The Hunger Games film series. by Studio Wildcard introduced its "Survival of the Fittest" mode in July 2015, which was geared to be used for esports tournaments. The mode was temporarily broken off as its own free-to-play game during 2016 before the developers opted to merge it back into the main game for ease of maintenance of the overall game.[15] [16]

In 2016, a battle royale mobile game, Btooom Online, based on the 2009 manga Btooom, was developed and released in Japan.[8] Despite some initial success on the Japanese mobile charts, Btooom Online was ultimately a commercial failure in Japan.[17]

Formation of standalone games (2017–2018)

While formative elements of the battle royale genre had been established before 2017, the genre grew from two principal titles through 2017 and 2018: , which soon inspired Fortnite Battle Royale. Both games drew tens of millions of players in short periods of time, proving them as commercial successes and leading to future growth after 2018. H1Z1: King of the Kill, which predated these two titles in the genre, had become a fixture in the top most played games on Steam by the start of 2017, but was not able to maintain its playerbase.[18] [19] [20] [21]

PUBG: Battlegrounds was created by Brendan Greene, its title based on his online alias "PlayerUnknown". The game was based on his previous Battle Royale mod for ARMA 2 and DayZ first released in 2013.[22] [23] Building on his earlier work, Greene went to work at Bluehole in South Korea, becoming the creative developer of a standalone game representing his vision of the battle royale genre, PUBG: Battlegrounds. While Battlegrounds was not the first battle royale game, its release to early access in March 2017 drew a great deal of attention, selling over twenty million copies by the end of the year,[24] [25] and is considered the defining game of the genre.[26] In September 2017, the game broke the previous record for highest number of concurrent players on Steam, with over 1.3 million users playing the game simultaneously.[27] Battlegrounds explosive growth and how it established the battle royale genre was considered one of the top trends in the video game industry in 2017.[28] [29] Battlegrounds popularity created a new interest in the battle royale genre. Numerous games that copied the fundamental gameplay of Battlegrounds appeared in China, shortly after Battlegrounds release.[30]

Epic Games had released Fortnite, a cooperative survival game, into early access near the release of Battlegrounds. Epic saw the potential to create their own battle royale mode, and by September 2017, released the free-to-play Fortnite Battle Royale which combined some of the survival elements and mechanics from the main Fortnite game with the Battle Royale gameplay concept.[31] [32] The game saw similar player counts as Battlegrounds, with twenty million unique players reported by Epic Games by November 2017.[33] Bluehole expressed concern at this move, less due to being a clone of Battlegrounds, but more so that they had been working with Epic Games for technical support of the Unreal Engine in Battlegrounds, and thus they were worried that Fortnite may be able to include planned features to their battle royale mode before they could release those in Battlegrounds.[13] [34] [30] Battleground developer, PUBG Corporation, filed a lawsuit against Epic in South Korea in January 2018 claiming Fortnite Battle Royale infringements on Battlegrounds copyrights.[35] [36] Market observers predicted that there would be little likelihood of Bluehole winning the case, as it would be difficult to establish the originality of PUBG in court due to itself being derived from Battle Royale.[37] By the end of June 2018, the lawsuit had been closed by PUBG, under undisclosed reasons.[38]

In 2018, Fortnite Battle Royale rivaled Battlegrounds in player numbers[39] and surpassed it in revenue,[40] which was attributed to its free-to-play business model and cross-platform support, as well as its accessibility to casual players.[41] Battlegrounds creator Brendan Greene credited it with further growing the battle royale genre.[42] Its mainstream publicity further increased following a stream by Tyler "Ninja" Blevins with Drake, JuJu Smith-Schuster and Travis Scott.[43] which set a Twitch record for concurrent viewership.[44] [45] It accumulated a total playerbase of 45 million in January and 3.4 million concurrent players in February. Polygon labeled it "the biggest game of 2018" and "a genuine cultural phenomenon",[46] with "everyone from NFL players to famous actors" playing it,[41] including Red Sox player Xander Bogaerts and Bayern Munich's youth team borrowing celebrations from the game.[47] In Asia, however, PUBG remains the most popular battle royale game.[48]

Other popular battle royale games released in 2017, inspired by the success of PUBG: Battlegrounds, include two NetEase titles, Rules of Survival which was discontinued on 2022 July and the mobile game Knives Out, and the mobile game Free Fire by Garena which has over 150 Million daily active players as of 2021.[49] Each of these games has received hundreds of millions of downloads, mostly in Asia, by 2018.[50] [51]

Mainstream popularity (2018–present)

With the success of Battlegrounds and Fortnite, the battle royale genre expanded greatly. Major publishers, including Electronic Arts[52] Activision,[53] and Ubisoft[54] acknowledged the impact of the growing genre on their future plans and on the industry as a whole. Activision's Call of Duty series features a battle royale mode titled Blackout in its 2018 installment, ,[55] as does EA's Battlefield V.[56] Other established games added battle royale-inspired game modes in updates, such as Grand Theft Auto Online,[57] Paladins,[58] Dota 2,[59] Battlerite,[60] and .[61] In February 2019, EA released the free-to-play Apex Legends, which exceeded 50 million player accounts within a month.[62] The second main battle royale installment in the Call of Duty franchise, titled , was released in March 2020, as a part of the Call of Duty: Modern Warfare video game but does not require purchase of it;[63] the game reached more than 50 million players in its first month of release.[64]

The battle royale approach has also been used in games from genres not normally associated with shooter games. Tetris 99 is a 2019 game released by Nintendo for the Nintendo Switch that has 99 players simultaneously competing in a game of Tetris. Players can direct "attacks" on other players for each line they complete, attempting to remain the last player standing.[65] Tetris 99 served as a template for the Switch games Super Mario Bros. 35, Pac-Man 99,[66] and F-Zero 99. Blizzard Entertainment added a battle royale-inspired "Battlegrounds" mode to its digital card game Hearthstone, where eight players vie to win over the others through several rounds of drafting new cards and fighting in one-on-one events.[67] The racing game Forza Horizon 4 from Playground Games added a battle royale mode called "The Eliminator" where players all start with the same car, but can gain upgrades by beating other players and discovering "drops" around the map;[68] Microsoft stated in 2021 that it was the most popular multiplayer mode in the game.[69] Babble Royale is a game developed by Frank Lantz that uses Scrabble as a basis for a word-based battle royale game.[70]

dozens of battle royale games have debuted but, similar to the MOBA genre, only two or three titles have maintained mainstream popularity at the same time. Other games and battle royale modes had briefly become popular before their concurrent player count dropped and players returned to Fortnite or Battlegrounds; Apex Legends was the year's only new successful battle royale game.[71] In contrast to other multiplayer-only games, the large number of players typically involved in battle royale games generally require a large enough concurrent player base for matchmaking in a reasonable amount of time. The Culling, by Xaviant Studios, was released in early access in 2016, and was designed to be a streaming-friendly battle royale mode for 16 players.[72] However, following the release of Battlegrounds, The Culling lost much of its player base, and a few months after releasing the full version of the game, Xaviant announced they were ending further development on it to move onto other projects.[73] Radical Heights by Boss Key Productions was launched in April 2018 but within two weeks had lost 80% of its player base.[74] SOS, a battle royale game released by Outpost Games in December 2017, had its player counts drop into the double-digits by May 2018, leading Outpost to announce the game's closure by November 2018.[75] While several major battle royale announcements occurred at E3 in 2018, only Fallout 76s battle royale mode appeared at the trade show in 2019.

The Chinese government, through its Audio and Video and Numeral Publishing Association, stated in October 2017 that it will discourage its citizens from playing battle royale games as they deem them too violent, which "deviates from the values of socialism and is deemed harmful to young consumers", as translated by Bloomberg.[76] Gaming publications in the west speculated that this would make it difficult or impossible to publish battle royale within the country.[77] In November 2017, PUBG Corporation announced its partnership with Tencent to publish the game in China, making some changes in the game to "make sure they accord with socialist core values, Chinese traditional culture and moral rules" to satisfy Chinese regulations and censors.[78] [79] However, during mid-2018, the Chinese government revamped how it reviewed and classified games that are to be published in China, and by December 2018, after the formation of the new Online Ethics Review Committee, several battle royale titles, including Fortnite and PUBG, were listed as prohibited or must be withdrawn from play.[80] While PUBG Corporation was working with Tencent on a Chinese release, many clones of Battlegrounds were released in China, and created a new genre called "chicken-eating game", named based on the congratulatory line to the last player standing in Battlegrounds, "Winner Winner Chicken Dinner!"[81]

Impact

The rapid growth and success of the battle royale genre has been attributed to several factors, including the way all players start in the same vulnerable state and eliminating any intrinsic advantage for players, and being well-suited for being a spectator esport. Other factors including specific games' business models, such as Fortnite Battle Royale being free and available across computers, consoles, and mobile devices.[82] A University of Utah professor also considers that battle royale games realize elements of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a scheme to describe human motivation, more-so than video games have in the past. While the lowest tiers of Maslow's hierarchy, physiological and safety, are met by the survival elements of battle royales, the love/belonging and esteem tiers are a result of the battle royale being necessarily a social and competitive game, and the final tier of self-actualization comes from becoming skilled in the game to win frequently.[83]

Business Insider projected that battle royale games would bring in over during 2018 alone, and would generate a total of by the end of 2019.[84] SuperData Research reported that, in 2018, the three top-grossing battle royale games (Fortnite, PUBG and Call of Duty: Black Ops 4) generated nearly in combined digital revenue that year.[85] SuperData Research reported that the top four highest-grossing battle royale games of 2020 (PUBG Mobile, Garena Free Fire, and Fortnite) generated more than worldwide in combined digital revenue that year.[86] Fortnite grossed over worldwide by 2019,[87] while PUBG Mobile grossed over by early 2022.[88]

Sensor Tower reported that 2018's top three most-downloaded mobile battle royale games (PUBG Mobile, Garena Free Fire and Fortnite) received over 500million downloads combined that year.[89], the most-played battle royale games include PUBG Mobile with 600million players,[90] Fortnite with 350million players,[91] NetEase's mobile game Knives Out with over 250million players,[51] Rules of Survival with 230million players,[50] and Garena Free Fire with over 180million players.[89]

Turtle Beach Corporation, a manufacturer of headphones and microphones for gaming, reported an increase of over 200% in net revenues for the second quarter of 2018 over the same quarter in 2017, which they attributed to the popularity of the battle royale genre.[92]

In a 2022 study conducted on Japanese students who regularly play online games, battle royale gameplay was shown to have statistically significant correlations with gaming addiction and a sense of underachievement. The study also suggested that the battle royale genre requires more attention than other esports genres, particularly in terms of its link with aggressive feelings.[93]

See also

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Fortnite: Battle Royale gets a new 50-versus-50 team mode . Charlie . Hall . December 7, 2017 . December 12, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171213010918/https://www.polygon.com/2017/12/7/16748276/fortnite-battle-royale-50-vs-50-trailer-date-tga-2017 . December 13, 2017. mdy-all .
  3. Web site: Remembering Dyna Blaster, the first Battle Royale game I played . Ian . Hagton . October 17, 2017 . November 18, 2018 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20190704154054/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-10-17-remembering-dyna-blaster-the-first-battle-royale-game-i-played . July 4, 2019 . dead .
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  5. Web site: Playerunknown's Battlegrounds could have a bright future in the battle royale genre he created. PC Gamer. Christopher. Livingston. February 28, 2017. June 9, 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170617164755/http://www.pcgamer.com/playerunknowns-battlegrounds-could-have-a-bright-future-in-the-battle-royale-genre-he-created/. June 17, 2017.
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  42. Web site: PUBG creator says it's great Fortnite is growing the battle royale genre. Nick. Statt. March 23, 2018. March 23, 2018. The Verge. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180323211703/https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/23/17156952/pubg-creator-brendan-greene-epic-games-fortnite-battle-royale-genre-gdc-2018. March 23, 2018.
  43. Web site: The rise and rise (and rise) of 'Fortnite'. Matt. Brian. March 17, 2018. March 23, 2018. Engadget. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041607/https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/17/fortnite-battle-royale-record-breaker/. March 24, 2018.
  44. Web site: Drake sets records with his Fortnite: Battle Royale Twitch debut. Patrick Gill, Christopher Grant, Ross Miller, and Julia Alexander. Polygon. March 15, 2018. March 19, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180315101436/https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/15/17123162/drake-ninja-fortnite-stream. March 15, 2018. mdy-all.
  45. Web site: From Drake to porn, everyone wants a piece of Fortnite . Ben . Kuchera . March 20, 2018 . March 20, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230606/https://www.polygon.com/2018/3/20/17143948/fortnite-ninja-drake-pornhub-yes-really . March 20, 2018 . mdy-all .
  46. Web site: Why is Fortnite Battle Royale so wildly popular?. Colin. Campbell. March 30, 2018. April 11, 2018. Polygon. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180408060713/https://www.polygon.com/fortnite-battle-royale/2018/3/30/17177068/why-is-fortnite-popular. April 8, 2018.
  47. Web site: Fortnite is taking over the sports world. Nick. Schwartz. March 31, 2018. April 11, 2018. USA Today. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082552/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2018/03/fortnite-is-taking-over-the-sports-world. April 12, 2018.
  48. News: Camarao . Dan . Move Over Fortnite, Asian Gamers Know Why PUBG Is Better . 24 May 2020 . Vice . 27 December 2019.
  49. Web site: Obedkov . Evgeny . 2021-08-17 . Mobile battle royale Free Fire surpasses 150 million peak daily active players . 2022-11-11 . Game World Observer . en-US.
  50. Web site: Rules of Survival. NetEase. 2019-04-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20181030024643/http://www.rulesofsurvivalgame.com/. October 30, 2018. live.
  51. News: NetEase Games' Knives Out battlefield is spreading to PlayStation 4 . . September 11, 2018 . October 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181026222633/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/326197/NetEase_Games_Knives_Out_battlefield_is_spreading_to_PlayStation_4.php . October 26, 2018 . live.
  52. Web site: EA Responds To PUBG's Massive Success, Teases "New And Innovative" Modes For Its Own Games . Eddie . Makuch . January 30, 2018 . May 17, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180518055051/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ea-responds-to-pubgs-massive-success-teases-new-an/1100-6456453/ . May 18, 2018 . mdy-all .
  53. Web site: Activision Blizzard Not Worried About 'Fortnite' Competition . Stefanie . Fogel . May 4, 2018 . May 17, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180517090407/http://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/activision-blizzard-battle-royale-1202799186/ . May 17, 2018 . mdy-all .
  54. Web site: Ubisoft Responds To Fortnite's Massive Popularity, Teases It May Follow The Trend . Eddie . Makuch . May 17, 2018 . May 17, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180518033245/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ubisoft-responds-to-fortnites-massive-popularity-t/1100-6459040/ . May 18, 2018 . mdy-all .
  55. Web site: Call Of Duty: Black Ops 4 Has A Battle Royale Mode. Knezevic. Kevin. May 17, 2018. GameSpot. en-US. May 17, 2018.
  56. Web site: Battlefield 5 Battle Royale Mode: DICE Discusses How It Happened . Eddie . Makuch . June 11, 2018 . June 11, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180610091712/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/battlefield-5-battle-royale-mode-dice-discusses-ho/1100-6459565/ . June 10, 2018 . mdy-all .
  57. Web site: GTA Online gets a PUBG-style Battle Royale mode in the Smuggler's Run update . Andy . Chalk . August 29, 2017 . September 12, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170913043922/http://www.pcgamer.com/gta-online-gets-a-pubg-style-battle-royale-mode-in-the-smugglers-run-update/ . September 13, 2017 . mdy-all .
  58. Web site: Hi-Rez president explains why 'Battlegrounds' name was chosen for Paladins' new mode . Joe . Donnelly . January 5, 2018 . January 5, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233645/http://www.pcgamer.com/hi-rez-president-explains-why-battlegrounds-name-was-chosen-for-paladins-new-mode/ . January 5, 2018 . mdy-all .
  59. Web site: Stewart. Sam. Dota 2 Is Getting a Battle Royale Game Mode. IGN. May 9, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180509023603/http://www.ign.com/articles/2018/05/08/dota-2-is-getting-a-battle-royale-game-mode. May 9, 2018. May 8, 2018.
  60. Web site: Wood. Austin. MOBA brawler Battlerite is getting a battle royale mode. PC Gamer. May 9, 2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115244/https://www.pcgamer.com/moba-brawler-battlerite-is-getting-a-battle-royale-mode/. May 10, 2018. May 3, 2018.
  61. Web site: Counter-Strike: Global Offensive goes free-to-play . Rebekah . Valentine . December 6, 2018 . December 6, 2018 . .
  62. Web site: Apex Legends Reaches 50 Million Players In Its First Month. Tailby. Stephen. Push Square. March 4, 2019. March 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190304142048/http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/03/apex_legends_reaches_50_million_players_in_its_first_month. March 4, 2019. live. mdy-all.
  63. Web site: Call of Duty: Warzone confirmed as a standalone, free-to-play battle royale. PCGamesN. en-GB. 2020-04-21.
  64. Web site: Call of Duty: Warzone hits 50M players in first month. McWhertor. Michael. 2020-04-10. Polygon. en. 2020-04-21.
  65. Web site: Tetris is now a battle royale game with Tetris 99 . Julia . Alexander . February 13, 2019 . February 13, 2019 . .
  66. Web site: 99 Pac-Men enter, one Pac-Man leaves in new Switch freebie Pac-Man 99 . Sam . Mackovich . April 7, 2021 . April 15, 2021 . .
  67. Web site: Why the Hearthstone devs wanted to make an auto battler . Bryant . Francis . November 11, 2019 . December 11, 2019 . .
  68. Web site: Forza Horizon 4 is getting a battle royale mode called The Eliminator . Matt . Wales . December 11, 2019 . December 11, 2019 . .
  69. Web site: Carey . Sean . 2021-11-09 . Forza Horizon 5 devs talk multiplayer, social gaming, and how to win The Eliminator . 2021-11-14 . TrueAchievements . en.
  70. News: Carpenter. Nicole. December 16, 2021. A battle royale where you fight to the death with words, not bullets. Polygon. December 18, 2021.
  71. Livingston . Christopher . 2019-12-11 . How battle royale changed the last decade of games (and the next one) . PC Gamer . en-US . 2020-01-04.
  72. Web site: Making a battle royale for players and viewers alike in The Culling . Joel . Couture . April 13, 2016 . September 22, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170923095513/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/270158/Making_a_battle_royale_for_players_and_viewers_alike_in_The_Culling.php . September 23, 2017 . mdy-all .
  73. Web site: Development of The Culling has come to a halt . Andy . Chalk . December 18, 2017 . December 18, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171219041946/http://www.pcgamer.com/development-of-the-culling-has-come-to-a-halt/ . December 19, 2017 . mdy-all .
  74. Web site: Radical Heights seems to be hemorrhaging players . Peter . Glagowski . April 28, 2018 . October 12, 2018 . .
  75. Web site: SOS, the battle royale you can win with your voice, is closing in November . Andy . Chalk . October 12, 2018 . October 12, 2018 . .
  76. Web site: World's Hottest PC Game Could Get Locked Out of China . Lulu Yilun . Chen . October 29, 2017 . October 31, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171030091807/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-30/world-s-hottest-pc-game-could-be-banned-in-china-due-to-violence . October 30, 2017 . mdy-all .
  77. Web site: The Chinese government is discouraging the development of battle royale games . Ali . Jones . October 30, 2017 . October 30, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171030185708/https://www.pcgamesn.com/playerunknown-battlegrounds/pubg-china . October 30, 2017 . mdy-all .
  78. Web site: Tencent to publish PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds in China . Matthew . Handrahan . November 22, 2017 . November 22, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044018/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-11-22-tencent-to-publish-playerunknowns-battlegrounds-in-china . December 1, 2017 .
  79. News: Tencent to bring world's hottest video game to China, promises socialist values . November 22, 2017 . December 15, 2017 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034938/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tencent-videogames/tencent-to-bring-worlds-hottest-video-game-to-china-promises-socialist-values-idUSKBN1DM192?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews . December 16, 2017 . mdy-all .
  80. Web site: Fortnite, PUBG, and Paladins have reportedly been banned by the Chinese government . Ali . Jones . December 11, 2018 . December 11, 2018 . .
  81. Web site: Inside the PUBG-fueled rise of 'chicken eating games' in China. Alex. Wawro. November 28, 2017. December 18, 2017. Gamasutra. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122651/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/310581/Inside_the_PUBGfueled_rise_of_chicken_eating_games_in_China.php. December 27, 2017.
  82. How Fortnite Captured Teens' Hearts and Minds . Nick . Paumgarten . May 15, 2018 . May 15, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180515040304/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/05/21/how-fortnite-captured-teens-hearts-and-minds . May 15, 2018 . mdy-all .
  83. WHY BATTLE ROYALE GAMES LIKE FORTNITE ARE EVERYWHERE (IT'S NOT JUST MONEY) . Carter . Melrose . June 14, 2018 . June 14, 2018 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180615011914/https://www.wired.com/story/fortnite-battlefield-rise-of-battle-royale/ . June 15, 2018 . mdy-all .
  84. Web site: Analysts Predict Battle Royale Games Could Make $20 Billion Next Year . Jessie . Wade . July 20, 2018 . July 20, 2018 . .
  85. Web site: Market Brief 2018 Digital Games & Interactive Entertainment Industry Year In Review . SuperData Research . January 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190121010757/https://www.superdataresearch.com/market-data/market-brief-year-in-review/ . January 21, 2019 . dead .
  86. Web site: Games and interactive media earnings rose 12% to $139.9B in 2020 . . . 6 January 2021 . registration . 6 January 2021 . January 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210106144257/https://www.superdataresearch.com/blog/2020-year-in-review . dead .
  87. Web site: Clark . Mitchell . May 3, 2021 . Fortnite made more than $9 billion in revenue in its first two years . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210503180540/https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/3/22417447/fortnite-revenue-9-billion-epic-games-apple-antitrust-case . May 3, 2021 . . May 3, 2021.
  88. News: May 2022 . PUBG Mobile Shoots Past $8 Billion in Lifetime Revenue . Sensor Tower . 15 May 2022.
  89. Web site: Q4 and Full Year 2018: Store Intelligence Data Digest . Sensor Tower . January 16, 2019 . January 19, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190210221540/https://s3.amazonaws.com/sensortower-itunes/Quarterly+Reports/Sensor-Tower-Q4-2018-Data-Digest.pdf . February 10, 2019 . live .
  90. News: PUBG Mobile Gets 600 Million Downloads . 20 March 2020 . . 3 December 2019.
  91. Web site: Fortnite is now one of the biggest games ever with 350 million players . Nick. Statt . May 6, 2020 . May 6, 2020. . https://web.archive.org/web/20200506180958/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/6/21249497/fortnite-350-million-registered-players-hours-played-april . May 6, 2020 . live.
  92. Web site: The battle royale boom helped Turtle Beach achieve a record quarter . Alissa . McAloon . August 7, 2018 . August 7, 2018 . .
  93. Ohno . Shiroh . 2022 . The Link Between Battle Royale Games and Aggressive Feelings, Addiction, and Sense of Underachievement: Exploring eSports-Related Genres . International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction . en . 20 . 3 . 1873–1881 . 10.1007/s11469-021-00488-0 . 231670120 . 1557-1874.

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