Bandicoot Explained

Bandicoots are a group of more than 20 species of small to medium-sized, terrestrial, largely nocturnal marsupial omnivores in the order Peramelemorphia.^[1] They are endemic to the Australia–New Guinea region, including the Bismarck Archipelago to the east and Seram and Halmahera to the west.

Etymology

The bandicoot is a member of the order Peramelemorphia, and the word "bandicoot" is often used informally to refer to any peramelemorph, such as the bilby.^[2] The term originally referred to the unrelated Indian bandicoot rat from the Telugu word pandikokku (పందికొక్కు) wherein pandi means pig and kokku means rat.^[3]

Characteristics

Bandicoots have V-shaped faces, ending with their prominent noses similar to proboscis. These noses make them, along with bilbies, similar in appearance to elephant shrews and extinct leptictids, and they are distantly related to both mammal groups. With their well-attuned snouts and sharp claws, bandicoot are fossorial diggers. They have small but fine teeth that allow them to easily chew their food.^[4]

Like most marsupials, male bandicoots have bifurcated penises.^[5]

The embryos of bandicoots have a chorioallantoic placenta that connects them to the uterine wall, in addition to the choriovitelline placenta that is common to all marsupials.^[6] However, the chorioallantoic placenta is small compared to those of the Placentalia, and lacks chorionic villi.

Bandicoots can reach 11to in length, and 0.4to in weight. A bandicoot has a long, pointed snout, large ears, a short body, and a long tail. Its body is covered with fur that can be brown, black, golden, white, or grey in colour. Bandicoots have strong hind legs well adapted for jumping.

Bandicoots also have low body temperatures and low basal metabolic rates which aides their survival in hot and dry climates. They also have low total water evaporative rate and effective panting mechanisms which further aide their survival in hotter temperatures. ^[7]

Classification

Classification within the Peramelemorphia was previously thought to be straightforward, with two families in the order—the short-legged and mostly herbivorous bandicoots, and the longer-legged, nearly carnivorous bilbies. In recent years, however, the situation clearly has become more complex. First, the bandicoots of the New Guinean and far-northern Australian rainforests were deemed distinct from all other bandicoots and were grouped together in the separate family Peroryctidae. More recently, the bandicoot families were reunited in the Peramelidae, with the New Guinean species split into four genera in two subfamilies, Peroryctinae and Echymiperinae, while the "true bandicoots" occupy the subfamily Peramelinae. The only exception is the now-extinct pig-footed bandicoot, which has been given its own family, Chaeropodidae.

• Order Peramelemorphia
  • Superfamily Perameloidea^[8]
    • Unclassified family
      • Genus †Galadi: 4 species^{[9] [10]}
      • Genus †Bulungu: 3 species^{[11] [12]}
      • Genus †Madju: 2 species^[13]
    • Family Thylacomyidae
      • Genus Macrotis: 2 species
      • Genus †Ischnodon: 1 species^[14]
      • Genus †Liyamayi: 1 extinct species^[15]
    • Family †Chaeropodidae: Pig-footed bandicoot
      • Genus †Chaeropus: 1 species
    • Family Peramelidae
      • Subfamily Peramelinae
        • Genus Isoodon: short-nosed bandicoots, 3 species
        • Genus Perameles: long-nosed bandicoots, 3 extant species
      • Subfamily Peroryctinae
        • Genus Peroryctes: New Guinean long-nosed bandicoots, 2 species
      • Subfamily Echymiperinae
        • Genus Echymipera: New Guinean spiny bandicoots, 5 species
        • Genus Microperoryctes: New Guinean mouse bandicoots, 5 species
        • Genus Rhynchomeles: Seram bandicoot, 1 species
  • Superfamily †Yaraloidea
    • Family †Yaralidae
      • Genus †Yarala: 2 species

Vernacular names

The name bandicoot is an Anglicised version of a word from the Telugu language of South India which translates as 'pig-rat'.^[16] What are now called bandicoots are not found in India and bandicoot was originally applied to completely unrelated mammals—several species of large rats (rodents). Today, these species, belonging to the genera Bandicota and Nesokia, are referred to as bandicoot rats.

Blust^{[17] [18] [19] [20]} reconstructs the form *mansar or *mansər 'bandicoot' for Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (i.e., the reconstructed most recent common ancestor of the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages) from related words like Oceanic Motu mada and Fijian Fijian: gwaca,^[21] but the validity of this reconstruction is doubted by Schapper (2011).^[22] It is known as aine in the Abinomn language of Papua, Indonesia.^[23]

Bandicoots have different names by the indigenous peoples of the Australia-New Guinea region. For example, the Kaurna people refer to the southern brown bandicoot as the bung or the marti.^{[24] [25]}

Notes and References

1. Book: Bandicoot . 7 October 2020 . Encyclopaedia Britannica . 29 June 2021.
2. Web site: Definition of bandicoot from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 7 September 2011.
3. News: A tea party with Topiwalla and Alice. Satpathy. Sumanyu. 2017-09-30. The Hindu. 2019-06-19. en-IN. 0971-751X.
4. Web site: 2009-09-17. Bandicoots. live. 2021-03-02. Department of Environment and Science, Queensland. en-AU. https://web.archive.org/web/20200308065936/https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/bandicoots . 8 March 2020 .
5. Web site: Natural History Collections: Anatomical Differences . Nhc.ed.ac.uk . 2014-03-07.
6. Book: Feldhamer, George A. . Mammalogy: adaptation, diversity, ecology. 2007. JHU Press. 978-0-8018-8695-9 . 232.
7. Metabolic and ventilatory physiology of the Barrow Island golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus barrowensis) and the northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) . Journal of Thermal Biology . August 2008 . 33 . 6 . 337 -344.
8. Strahan, R. (1995). Mammals of Australia. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
9. 10.1080/02724634.2010.501463. An exceptionally well-preserved short-snouted bandicoot (Marsupialia; Peramelemorphia) from Riversleigh's Oligo-Miocene deposits, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30. 5. 1528. 2010. Travouillon. K. J.. Gurovich. Y.. Beck. R. M. D.. Muirhead. J.. 2010JVPal..30.1528T . 86726840.
10. 10.1080/02724634.2012.713416. The genus Galadi: Three new bandicoots (Marsupialia, Peramelemorphia) from Riversleigh's Miocene deposits, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33. 153–168. 2013. Travouillon. K. J.. Gurovich. Y.. Archer. M.. Hand. S. J.. Muirhead. J.. 1 . 2013JVPal..33..153T . 11336/5382 . 53525712. free.
11. 10.1080/14772019.2013.776646. Biogeographical implications of a new mouse-sized fossil bandicoot (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia) occupying a dasyurid-like ecological niche across Australia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 12. 3. 265. 2013. Gurovich. Yamila. Travouillon. Kenny J.. Beck. Robin M. D.. Muirhead. Jeanette. Archer. Michael. 140187280. 11336/5406. free.
12. Travouillon, K.J., Beck, R.M.D., Hand, S.J., Archer, M.. 2013. The oldest fossil record of bandicoots (Marsupialia; Peramelemorphia) from the late Oligocene of Australia. Palaeontologia Electronica . 16. 2. 13A.1–13A.52.
13. 10.1007/s10914-014-9271-8. Sexually Dimorphic Bandicoots (Marsupialia: Peramelemorphia) from the Oligo-Miocene of Australia, First Cranial Ontogeny for Fossil Bandicoots and New Species Descriptions. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 22. 2. 141. 2014. Travouillon. Kenny J.. Archer. Michael. Hand. Suzanne J.. Muirhead. Jeanette. 14643777.
14. Stirton, R.A. (1955). "Late tertiary marsupials from South Australia". Records of the South Australian Museum 11, 247–268.
15. 10.1080/02724634.2013.799071. Earliest modern bandicoot and bilby (Marsupialia, Peramelidae and Thylacomyidae) from the Miocene of the Riversleigh World Heritage Area, northwestern Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34. 2. 375. 2014. Travouillon. K. J.. Hand. S. J.. Archer. M.. Black. K. H.. 2014JVPal..34..375T . 85622058.
16. Web site: Bandicoots . 2024-03-14 . BushHeritageMVC . en.
17. [Robert Blust|Blust, Robert]
18. Blust, Robert. 1993. Central and Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Oceanic Linguistics 32:241–93.
19. Blust, Robert. 2002. The history of faunal terms in Austronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics 41:89–139.
20. Blust, Robert. 2009. The position of the languages of eastern Indonesia: A Reply to Donohue and Grimes. Oceanic Linguistics 48:36–77.
21. Web site:
    • mansar: bandicoot, marsupial rat
    . Blust. Robert. Trussel. Stephen. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. 2010. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 8 November 2022.
22. Schapper . Antoinette . 2011 . Phalanger Facts: Notes on Blust's Marsupial Reconstructions . Oceanic Linguistics . 50 . 1 . 258–272 . 10.1353/ol.2011.0004. 145482148 .
23. Book: Foley, William A. . Palmer . Bill . 2018 . The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide . The languages of Northwest New Guinea . The World of Linguistics . 4 . Berlin . De Gruyter Mouton . 433–568 . 978-3-11-028642-7.
24. Web site: 2016-07-28. Five facts about bandicoots. live. 2021-03-02. landscape.sa.gov.au. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20210820053126/https://www.landscape.sa.gov.au/hf/plants-and-animals/native-plants-animals-and-biodiversity/native-animals/mammals/southern-brown-bandicoot/five-facts-about-bandicoots . 20 August 2021 .
25. Web site: CLICS³ - Concept BANDICOOT. 2021-03-02. clics.clld.org.