Balanced set explained

K with an absolute value function | ⋅ | ) is a set S such that a S \subseteq S for all scalars a satisfying |a| \leq 1 .

The balanced hull or balanced envelope of a set

S is the smallest balanced set containing S. The balanced core of a set S is the largest balanced set contained in S.

Balanced sets are ubiquitous in functional analysis because every neighborhood of the origin in every topological vector space (TVS) contains a balanced neighborhood of the origin and every convex neighborhood of the origin contains a balanced convex neighborhood of the origin (even if the TVS is not locally convex). This neighborhood can also be chosen to be an open set or, alternatively, a closed set.

Definition

Let

X be a vector space over the field K of real or complex numbers.

Notation

If

S is a set, a is a scalar, and B \subseteq K then let a S = \{a s : s \in S\} and B S = \{b s : b \in B, s \in S\} and for any 0 \leq r \leq inf ty, let $$B\_r\; =\; \backslash \; \backslash qquad\; \backslash text\; \backslash qquad\; B\_\; =\; \backslash .$$denote, respectively, the open ball and the closed ball of radius r in the scalar field K centered at 0 where B _{0} = \varnothing, B _{\leq} = \{ 0 \}, and B _{infty} = B _{\leq} = K . Every balanced subset of the field K is of the form B _{\leq} or B _{r} for some 0 \leq r \leq inf ty.

Balanced set

A subset

S of X is called a or balanced if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:

1. Definition: a s \in S for all s \in S and all scalars a satisfying |a| \leq 1 .
2. a S \subseteq S for all scalars a satisfying |a| \leq 1 .
3. B _{\leq} S \subseteq S (where B _{\leq} : = \{a \in K : |a| \leq 1 \} ).
4. S = B _{\leq} S.
5. For every s \in S, S \cap K s = B _{\leq} (S \cap K s). K s = \operatorname{span} \{s\} is a 0 (if s = 0 ) or 1 (if s ≠ 0 ) dimensional vector subspace of X.
   • If
   R : = S \cap K s then the above equality becomes R = B _{\leq} R, which is exactly the previous condition for a set to be balanced. Thus, S is balanced if and only if for every s \in S, S \cap K s is a balanced set (according to any of the previous defining conditions).
6. For every 1-dimensional vector subspace Y of \operatorname{span} S, S \cap Y is a balanced set (according to any defining condition other than this one).
7. For every s \in S, there exists some 0 \leq r \leq inf ty such that S \cap K s = B _{r} s or S \cap K s = B _{\leq} s.
8. S is a balanced subset of \operatorname{span} S (according to any defining condition of "balanced" other than this one).
   • Thus
   S is a balanced subset of X if and only if it is balanced subset of every (equivalently, of some) vector space over the field K that contains S. So assuming that the field K is clear from context, this justifies writing "S is balanced" without mentioning any vector space.^[1]

If

S is a convex set then this list may be extended to include:

9. a S \subseteq S for all scalars a satisfying |a| = 1 .

If

K = \R then this list may be extended to include:

10. S is symmetric (meaning - S = S ) and [ 0 , 1 ) S \subseteq S.

Balanced hull

$$\backslash operatorname\; S\; ~=~\; \backslash bigcup\_$$

\leq 1

a S = B_ S

The of a subset

S of X, denoted by \operatorname{bal} S, is defined in any of the following equivalent ways:

1. Definition: \operatorname{bal} S is the smallest (with respect to \subseteq ) balanced subset of X containing S.
2. \operatorname{bal} S is the intersection of all balanced sets containing S.
3. \operatorname{bal} S = c up _{|a|} (a S).
4. \operatorname{bal} S = B _{\leq} S.

Balanced core

$$\backslash operatorname\; S\; ~=~\; \backslash begin\backslash displaystyle\backslash bigcap\_$$

\geq 1

a S & \text 0 \in S \\\varnothing & \text 0 \not\in S \\\end

The of a subset

S of X, denoted by \operatorname{balcore} S, is defined in any of the following equivalent ways:

1. Definition: \operatorname{balcore} S is the largest (with respect to \subseteq ) balanced subset of S.
2. \operatorname{balcore} S is the union of all balanced subsets of S.
3. \operatorname{balcore} S = \varnothing if 0 \not\in S while \operatorname{balcore} S = c ap _{|a|} (a S) if 0 \in S.

Examples

The empty set is a balanced set. As is any vector subspace of any (real or complex) vector space. In particular,

\{ 0 \} is always a balanced set.

Any non-empty set that does not contain the origin is not balanced and furthermore, the balanced core of such a set will equal the empty set.

Normed and topological vector spaces

The open and closed balls centered at the origin in a normed vector space are balanced sets. If

p is a seminorm (or norm) on a vector space X then for any constant c > 0 , the set \{x \in X : p(x) \leq c\} is balanced.

If

S \subseteq X is any subset and B _{1} : = \{a \in K : |a| < 1 \} then B _{1} S is a balanced set. In particular, if U \subseteq X is any balanced neighborhood of the origin in a topological vector space X then $$\backslash operatorname\_X\; U\; ~\backslash subseteq~\; B\_1\; U\; ~=~\; \backslash bigcup\_\; a\; U\; ~\backslash subseteq~\; U.$$

Balanced sets in

\R and \Complex

Let

K be the field real numbers \R or complex numbers \Complex, let | ⋅ | denote the absolute value on K , and let X : = K denotes the vector space over K . So for example, if K : = \Complex is the field of complex numbers then X = K = \Complex is a 1-dimensional complex vector space whereas if K : = \R then X = K = \R is a 1-dimensional real vector space.

The balanced subsets of

X = K are exactly the following:

1. \varnothing
2. X
3. \{ 0 \}
4. \{x \in X : |x| < r\} for some real r > 0
5. \{x \in X : |x| \leq r\} for some real r > 0 .

Consequently, both the balanced core and the balanced hull of every set of scalars is equal to one of the sets listed above.

The balanced sets are

\Complex itself, the empty set and the open and closed discs centered at zero. Contrariwise, in the two dimensional Euclidean space there are many more balanced sets: any line segment with midpoint at the origin will do. As a result, \Complex and \R ^{2} are entirely different as far as scalar multiplication is concerned.

Balanced sets in

\R ^{2}

Throughout, let

X = \R ^{2} (so X is a vector space over \R ) and let B _{\leq} is the closed unit ball in X centered at the origin.

If

x _{0} \in X = \R ^{2} is non-zero, and L : = \R x _{0,} then the set R : = B _{\leq} \cup L is a closed, symmetric, and balanced neighborhood of the origin in X. More generally, if C is closed subset of X such that ( 0 , 1 ) C \subseteq C, then S : = B _{\leq} \cup C \cup ( - C) is a closed, symmetric, and balanced neighborhood of the origin in X. This example can be generalized to \R ^{n} for any integer n \geq 1 .

Let

B \subseteq \R ^{2} be the union of the line segment between the points ( -1 , 0 ) and ( 1 , 0 ) and the line segment between ( 0 , -1 ) and ( 0 , 1 ). Then B is balanced but not convex. Nor is B is absorbing (despite the fact that \operatorname{span} B = \R ^{2} is the entire vector space).

For every

0 \leq t \leq \pi, let r _{t} be any positive real number and let B ^{t} be the (open or closed) line segment in X : = \R ^{2} between the points (\cos t, \sin t) and - (\cos t, \sin t). Then the set B = c up _{0} r _{t} B ^{t} is a balanced and absorbing set but it is not necessarily convex.

The balanced hull of a closed set need not be closed. Take for instance the graph of

x y = 1 in X = \R ^{2.}

The next example shows that the balanced hull of a convex set may fail to be convex (however, the convex hull of a balanced set is always balanced). For an example, let the convex subset be

S : = [ -1 , 1 ] x \{ 1 \}, which is a horizontal closed line segment lying above the x - axis in X : = \R ^{2.} The balanced hull \operatorname{bal} S is a non-convex subset that is "hour glass shaped" and equal to the union of two closed and filled isosceles triangles T _{1} and T _{2,} where T _{2} = - T _{1} and T _{1} is the filled triangle whose vertices are the origin together with the endpoints of S (said differently, T _{1} is the convex hull of S \cup \{( 0 , 0 )\} while T _{2} is the convex hull of ( - S) \cup \{( 0 , 0 )\} ).

Sufficient conditions

A set

T is balanced if and only if it is equal to its balanced hull \operatorname{bal} T or to its balanced core \operatorname{balcore} T, in which case all three of these sets are equal: T = \operatorname{bal} T = \operatorname{balcore} T.

The Cartesian product of a family of balanced sets is balanced in the product space of the corresponding vector spaces (over the same field

K ).

• The balanced hull of a compact (respectively, totally bounded, bounded) set has the same property.
• The convex hull of a balanced set is convex and balanced (that is, it is absolutely convex). However, the balanced hull of a convex set may fail to be convex (a counter-example is given above).
• Arbitrary unions of balanced sets are balanced, and the same is true of arbitrary intersections of balanced sets.
• Scalar multiples and (finite) Minkowski sums of balanced sets are again balanced.
• Images and preimages of balanced sets under linear maps are again balanced. Explicitly, if
  L : X \to Y is a linear map and B \subseteq X and C \subseteq Y are balanced sets, then L(B) and L ^{-1} (C) are balanced sets.

Balanced neighborhoods

In any topological vector space, the closure of a balanced set is balanced. The union of the origin

\{ 0 \} and the topological interior of a balanced set is balanced. Therefore, the topological interior of a balanced neighborhood of the origin is balanced.^[2] However, \left\{(z, w) \in \Complex ^{2} : |z| \leq |w|\right\} is a balanced subset of X = \Complex ^{2} that contains the origin ( 0 , 0 ) \in X but whose (nonempty) topological interior does not contain the origin and is therefore not a balanced set. Similarly for real vector spaces, if T denotes the convex hull of ( 0 , 0 ) and (\pm 1 , 1 ) (a filled triangle whose vertices are these three points) then B : = T \cup ( - T) is an (hour glass shaped) balanced subset of X : = \Reals ^{2} whose non-empty topological interior does not contain the origin and so is not a balanced set (and although the set \{( 0 , 0 )\} \cup \operatorname{Int} _{X} B formed by adding the origin is balanced, it is neither an open set nor a neighborhood of the origin).X contains a balanced (respectively, convex and balanced) open neighborhood of the origin. In fact, the following construction produces such balanced sets. Given W \subseteq X, the symmetric set c ap _{|u|=1} u W \subseteq W will be convex (respectively, closed, balanced, bounded, a neighborhood of the origin, an absorbing subset of X ) whenever this is true of W. It will be a balanced set if W is a star shaped at the origin,^[3] which is true, for instance, when W is convex and contains 0 . In particular, if W is a convex neighborhood of the origin then c ap _{|u|=1} u W will be a convex neighborhood of the origin and so its topological interior will be a balanced convex neighborhood of the origin.

Suppose that

W is a convex and absorbing subset of X. Then D : = c ap _{|u|=1} u W will be convex balanced absorbing subset of X, which guarantees that the Minkowski functional p _{D} : X \to \R of D will be a seminorm on X, thereby making \left(X, p _{D\right)} into a seminormed space that carries its canonical pseduometrizable topology. The set of scalar multiples r D as r ranges over \left\{\tfrac{ 1 }{ 2 }, \tfrac{ 1 }{ 3 }, \tfrac{ 1 }{ 4 }, \ldots\right\} (or over any other set of non-zero scalars having 0 as a limit point) forms a neighborhood basis of absorbing disks at the origin for this locally convex topology. If X is a topological vector space and if this convex absorbing subset W is also a bounded subset of X, then the same will be true of the absorbing disk D : = { style c ap\limits _{|u|=1} } u W; if in addition D does not contain any non-trivial vector subspace then p _{D} will be a norm and \left(X, p _{D\right)} will form what is known as an auxiliary normed space. If this normed space is a Banach space then D is called a .

Properties

Properties of balanced sets

A balanced set is not empty if and only if it contains the origin. By definition, a set is absolutely convex if and only if it is convex and balanced. Every balanced set is star-shaped (at 0) and a symmetric set.If

B is a balanced subset of X then:

• for any scalars c and d, if |c| \leq |d| then c B \subseteq d B and c B = |c| B. Thus if c and d are any scalars then (c B) \cap (d B) = min \{|c|, |d|\} B.
• B is absorbing in X if and only if for all x \in X, there exists r > 0 such that x \in r B.
• for any 1-dimensional vector subspace Y of X, the set B \cap Y is convex and balanced. If B is not empty and if Y is a 1-dimensional vector subspace of \operatorname{span} B then B \cap Y is either \{ 0 \} or else it is absorbing in Y.
• for any x \in X, if B \cap \operatorname{span} x contains more than one point then it is a convex and balanced neighborhood of 0 in the 1-dimensional vector space \operatorname{span} x when this space is endowed with the Hausdorff Euclidean topology; and the set B \cap \R x is a convex balanced subset of the real vector space \R x that contains the origin.

Properties of balanced hulls and balanced cores

For any collection

l{S} of subsets of X, $$\backslash operatorname\; \backslash left(\backslash bigcup\_\; S\backslash right)\; =\; \backslash bigcup\_\; \backslash operatorname\; S\; \backslash quad\; \backslash text\; \backslash quad\; \backslash operatorname\; \backslash left(\backslash bigcap\_\; S\backslash right)\; =\; \backslash bigcap\_\; \backslash operatorname\; S.$$

In any topological vector space, the balanced hull of any open neighborhood of the origin is again open. If

X is a Hausdorff topological vector space and if K is a compact subset of X then the balanced hull of K is compact.

If a set is closed (respectively, convex, absorbing, a neighborhood of the origin) then the same is true of its balanced core.

For any subset

S \subseteq X and any scalar c, \operatorname{bal} (c S) = c \operatorname{bal} S = |c| \operatorname{bal} S.

For any scalar

c ≠ 0 , \operatorname{balcore} (c S) = c \operatorname{balcore} S = |c| \operatorname{balcore} S. This equality holds for c = 0 if and only if S \subseteq \{ 0 \}. Thus if 0 \in S or S = \varnothing then $$\backslash operatorname\; (c\; \backslash ,\; S)\; =\; c\; \backslash operatorname\; S\; =\; |c|\; \backslash operatorname\; S$$ for every scalar c.

Related notions

A function

p : X \to [ 0 , inf ty) on a real or complex vector space is said to be a if it satisfies any of the following equivalent conditions:

1. p(a x) \leq p(x) whenever a is a scalar satisfying |a| \leq 1 and x \in X.
2. p(a x) \leq p(b x) whenever a and b are scalars satisfying |a| \leq |b| and x \in X.
3. \{x \in X : p(x) \leq t\} is a balanced set for every non-negative real t \geq 0 .

If p is a balanced function then p(a x) = p(|a| x) for every scalar a and vector x \in X; so in particular, p(u x) = p(x) for every unit length scalar u (satisfying |u| = 1 ) and every x \in X. Using u : = -1 shows that every balanced function is a symmetric function.

A real-valued function

p : X \to \R is a seminorm if and only if it is a balanced sublinear function.

References

Proofs

Sources

• • • • • • • • • • • • Book: Schechter . Eric . Handbook of Analysis and Its Foundations . 24 October 1996 . Academic Press . 978-0-08-053299-8 . en.

Notes and References

1. Assuming that all vector spaces containing a set S are over the same field, when describing the set as being "balanced", it is not necessary to mention a vector space containing S. That is, "S is balanced" may be written in place of "S is a balanced subset of X ".
2. Let B \subseteq X be balanced. If its topological interior \operatorname{Int} _{X} B is empty then it is balanced so assume otherwise and let |s| \leq 1 be a scalar. If s ≠ 0 then the map X \to X defined by x \mapsto s x is a homeomorphism, which implies s \operatorname{Int} _{X} B = \operatorname{Int} _{X} (s B) \subseteq s B \subseteq B; because s \operatorname{Int} _{X} B is open, s \operatorname{Int} _{X} B \subseteq \operatorname{Int} _{X} B so that it only remains to show that this is true for s = 0 . However, 0 \in \operatorname{Int} _{X} B might not be true but when it is true then \operatorname{Int} _{X} B will be balanced. \blacksquare
3. W being star shaped at the origin means that 0 \in W and r w \in W for all 0 \leq r \leq 1 and w \in W.