Bagna[1] càuda (ˈbɑɲɐ ˈkɑʊ̯dɐ/;), also spelled bagna caouda[2] in Alpes-Maritimes, is a hot dish made with garlic and anchovies, typical of Lower Piedmont, a geographical region of Piedmont, Italy,[3] [4] and Provence, France. The dish is served and consumed in a manner similar to fondue, sometimes as an appetizer, with raw or cooked vegetables typically used to dip into it.[5]
Bagna càuda is a hot dish and dipping sauce in Piedmontese and Provençal cuisine that is used to dip vegetables in. It is prepared using olive oil, chopped anchovies and garlic. Additional ingredients sometimes used include truffle and salt. Raw or cooked vegetables are dipped into the sauce, which is typically kept hot on a serving table using a heat source such as a candle or burner.
Cardoon (edible thistle) is often dipped in the sauce. Additional foods used to dip into it include cabbage, celery, carrot, Jerusalem artichoke, pepper, fennel, and bread. It is sometimes served as an appetizer.
In the past, walnut or hazelnut oil would have been used.[6] Sometimes, truffles are used in versions around the Italian comune (municipality) of Alba, in the Piedmont region.[7] It is traditionally eaten during the autumn and winter months, particularly at Christmas and New Year's, and must be served hot, as the name suggests.
It is also a popular winter dish in central Argentina and prevalent in Clinton, Indiana; Rock Springs, Wyoming; and Benld, Illinois; as there were many northern Italian immigrants to those places. Bagna càuda was also prepared in the coal-mining community of Madison County, Illinois[8] (including Collinsville,[9] Edwardsville and Maryville), due to the numerous Italian immigrants that came there to work in the mines.
Bagna càuda has been a part of Piedmontese cuisine since the 16th century. The recipe is typical of Lower Piedmont, a geographical region of Piedmont, Italy, as in past centuries in that area it was very easy to obtain the salted anchovy, the fundamental ingredient, still used today in many typical Piedmontese recipes, especially among appetizers, for example, the anciove al bagnet verd or al bagnèt ross. Ancient Piedmont obtained its salt from the saline of Provence and the mouths of the Rhône, through a series of commercial routes crossing the passes of the Maritime Alps and known as "salt roads"; in fact at the time Nice and its surroundings were territory Savoyard. Legend has it that the trade in salted anchovies was a way to trade salt, thus avoiding paying the high duties: tubs full of salt presented a layer of salted anchovies in the upper part to the control of the tax collectors. In reality, throughout the Piedmont of the old regime, the salt gabelle was a compulsory tax and not linked to consumption. Not only that, salted anchovies were much more expensive and their price was sustainable only in relation to the modest purchase quantities. The "anchovy seller" (ancióaire in Piedmontese language) was the itinerant merchant who with the typical cart pulled by horses or oxen brought the anchovies in barrels and wooden casks.
The bagna càuda was rejected for a long time by the wealthier classes, who considered it a coarse food and unsuitable for a refined diet, in particular, due to the presence of garlic and the effects of its intake on the breath, where it remains for a considerable time (in some cases even up to twenty-four hours). For this reason, written information about this dish is rather rare in Piedmontese gastronomic texts. The first detailed description of the bagna càuda in its current version is due to Roberto Sacchetti and dates back to 1875.[10]
Pinzimonio is a similar dipping sauce prepared using olive oil, salt, pepper and occasionally wine vinegar, which is served with raw vegetables and is typically served cold.
Anchoïade is a similar dish served in France.