Ba space explained

In mathematics, the ba space

ba(\Sigma) of an algebra of sets \Sigma is the Banach space consisting of all bounded and finitely additive signed measures on \Sigma . The norm is defined as the variation, that is \|\nu\| = |\nu|(X).

If Σ is a sigma-algebra, then the space

ca(\Sigma) is defined as the subset of ba(\Sigma) consisting of countably additive measures. The notation ba is a mnemonic for bounded additive and ca is short for countably additive.

If X is a topological space, and Σ is the sigma-algebra of Borel sets in X, then

rca(X) is the subspace of ca(\Sigma) consisting of all regular Borel measures on X.

Properties

All three spaces are complete (they are Banach spaces) with respect to the same norm defined by the total variation, and thus

ca(\Sigma) is a closed subset of ba(\Sigma) , and rca(X) is a closed set of ca(\Sigma) for Σ the algebra of Borel sets on X. The space of simple functions on \Sigma is dense in ba(\Sigma) .

The ba space of the power set of the natural numbers, ba(2^N), is often denoted as simply

ba and is isomorphic to the dual space of the ℓ^∞ space.

Dual of B(Σ)

Let B(Σ) be the space of bounded Σ-measurable functions, equipped with the uniform norm. Then ba(Σ) = B(Σ)* is the continuous dual space of B(Σ). This is due to Hildebrandt and Fichtenholtz & Kantorovich. This is a kind of Riesz representation theorem which allows for a measure to be represented as a linear functional on measurable functions. In particular, this isomorphism allows one to define the integral with respect to a finitely additive measure (note that the usual Lebesgue integral requires countable additivity). This is due to Dunford & Schwartz, and is often used to define the integral with respect to vector measures, and especially vector-valued Radon measures.

The topological duality ba(Σ) = B(Σ)* is easy to see. There is an obvious algebraic duality between the vector space of all finitely additive measures σ on Σ and the vector space of simple functions (

\mu(A) = \zeta\left( 1 _{A\right)} ). It is easy to check that the linear form induced by σ is continuous in the sup-norm if σ is bounded, and the result follows since a linear form on the dense subspace of simple functions extends to an element of B(Σ)* if it is continuous in the sup-norm.

Dual of L^∞(μ)

If Σ is a sigma-algebra and μ is a sigma-additive positive measure on Σ then the Lp space L^∞(μ) endowed with the essential supremum norm is by definition the quotient space of B(Σ) by the closed subspace of bounded μ-null functions:

N _{\mu:=\{f\in} B(\Sigma) : f = 0 \mu -almosteverywhere \}. The dual Banach space L^∞(μ)* is thus isomorphic toN ^{\perp = \{\sigma\in} _{\mu} ba(\Sigma) : \mu(A) =0 ⇒ \sigma(A) = 0 forany A\in\Sigma\}, i.e. the space of finitely additive signed measures on Σ that are absolutely continuous with respect to μ (μ-a.c. for short).

When the measure space is furthermore sigma-finite then L^∞(μ) is in turn dual to L¹(μ), which by the Radon–Nikodym theorem is identified with the set of all countably additive μ-a.c. measures.In other words, the inclusion in the bidual

L ^{1(\mu)\subset} L ^{1(\mu)} ^{**} = L ^{infty} (\mu) ^{*} is isomorphic to the inclusion of the space of countably additive μ-a.c. bounded measures inside the space of all finitely additive μ-a.c. bounded measures.

See also

• List of Banach spaces

References

• Book: Dunford . N. . Schwartz . J.T. . 1958 . Linear operators, Part I . Wiley-Interscience.

Further reading

• Book: Diestel, Joseph . 1984 . Sequences and series in Banach spaces . Springer-Verlag . 0-387-90859-5 . 9556781 . registration .
• Yosida . K. . Hewitt . E. . 1952 . Finitely additive measures . Transactions of the American Mathematical Society . 72 . 1 . 46–66 . 10.2307/1990654 . 1990654 . free.
• Book: Kantorovitch . Leonid V. . Akilov . Gleb P. . Functional Analysis . 1982 . Pergamon . 978-0-08-023036-8 . 10.1016/C2013-0-03044-7.