Β-Thromboglobulin Explained

β-Thromboglobulin
Symbol:CXCL7
Altsymbols:CTAP3, CXCL7, SCYB7, TGB1, THBGB1
Entrezgene:5473
Hgncid:9240
Omim:121010
Refseq:NP_002695
Uniprot:P02775
Chromosome:4
Arm:q
Band:13.3

β-Thromboglobulin (β-TG), or beta-thromboglobulin, is a chemokine protein secreted by platelets.[1] [2] It is a type of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7.[3] Along with platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-TG is one of the best-characterized platelet-specific proteins.[4] β-TG and PF4 are stored in platelet alpha granules and are released during platelet activation.[5] As a result, they are useful markers of platelet activation. β-TG also has multiple biological activities, for instance being involved in maturation of megakaryocytes.[6]

Biological actions

β-TG is a chemoattractant, strongly for fibroblasts and weakly for neutrophils. It is a stimulator of mitogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis, glucose metabolism, and plasminogen activator synthesis in human fibroblasts.[5]

β-TG also affects megakaryocyte maturation, and thus helps in regulating platelet production.[5]

Clinical uses

Levels of β-TG is used to index platelet activation. It is measured by ELISA in blood plasma or urine, and often in conjunction with PF4.[5]

Influences

β-TG levels may increase with age.[7] It is elevated in diabetes mellitus.[8]

β-TG levels have been found to be increased by treatment with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol, though were not significantly increased by the natural estrogen estradiol valerate.[9] [10] [11] [12] Levels of β-TG have also been found to be increased or unchanged during normal pregnancy.[13]

Notes and References

  1. Sharma G, Berger JS . Platelet activity and cardiovascular risk in apparently healthy individuals: a review of the data . J Thromb Thrombolysis . 32 . 2 . 201–8 . August 2011 . 21562837 . 10.1007/s11239-011-0590-9 . 23686294 .
  2. Kaplan KL, Owen J . Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo . Blood . 57 . 2 . 199–202 . February 1981 . 6160890 . 10.1182/blood.V57.2.199.199. free .
  3. Pillai MM, Iwata M, Awaya N, Graf L, Torok-Storb B . Monocyte-derived CXCL7 peptides in the marrow microenvironment . Blood . 107 . 9 . 3520–6 . May 2006 . 16391012 . 1895768 . 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4285 .
  4. Cella G, Scattolo N, Girolami A, Sasahara AA . Are platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin markers of cardiovascular disorders? . Ric Clin Lab . 14 . 1 . 9–18 . 1984 . 6203164 . 10.1007/BF02905035 . 58519828 .
  5. http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=Beta-Thromboglobulin Cytokines & Cells Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia → Beta-Thromboglobulin
  6. Book: Chung-Eun Ha . N. V. Bhagavan . 24 April 2015 . Essentials of Medical Biochemistry: With Clinical Cases . 2 . Academic Press . 652– . 978-0-12-416697-4 . 1006915388 .
  7. Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Mannucci PM . Thrombotic risk factors: basic pathophysiology . Crit Care Med . 38 . 2 Suppl . S3–9 . February 2010 . 20083911 . 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c9cbd9 . 34486553 .
  8. Page 121 in: Book: Sterne, Jonathan . Kirkwood, Betty R. . Essential medical statistics . Blackwell Science . Oxford . 2003 . 0-86542-871-9 . registration .
  9. Farris M, Bastianelli C, Rosato E, Brosens I, Benagiano G . Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 2. effects on hemostasis . Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol . 10 . 10 . 1129–1144 . October 2017 . 28712325 . 10.1080/17512433.2017.1356718 . 205931204 .
  10. Kluft C, Lansink M . Effect of oral contraceptives on haemostasis variables . Thromb Haemost . 78 . 1 . 315–26 . July 1997 . 9198173 . 10.1055/s-0038-1657546.
  11. Book: Kuhl . H . Adverse effects of estrogen treatment: natural vs. synthetic estrogens . Lippert . T. H. . Mueck . A. O. . Ginsburg . J. . Sex Steroids and the Cardiovascular System: The Proceedings of the 1st Interdisciplinary Workshop, Tuebingen, Germany, October 1996 . 201–210 . 1998 . London/New York . Parthenon . 9781850709565 .
  12. Lindberg UB, Crona N, Stigendal L, Teger-Nilsson AC, Silfverstolpe G . A comparison between effects of estradiol valerate and low dose ethinyl estradiol on haemostasis parameters . Thromb Haemost . 61 . 1 . 65–9 . February 1989 . 2526387 . 10.1055/s-0038-1646528.
  13. Hellgren M . Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium . Semin Thromb Hemost . 29 . 2 . 125–30 . April 2003 . 12709915 . 10.1055/s-2003-38897 .

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