Athlete biological passport explained

An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances.[1]

Although the terminology athlete passport is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the Federation Internationale de Ski, to deter the abuse of recombinant erythropoietin that was undetectable by direct means at that time.

In 2002 the concept of using biological markers to detect doping became known by the term "athlete passport". The advantages were listed in a science journal paper.[2] and the terminology adopted by the World Anti-Doping agency.[3]

While a new drug test must be developed and validated for each new drug, the advantage of the athlete passport is that it is based on the natural stability of the physiology of the human being. There can be a lag of between the availability of a new drug and the development of an effective test. In contrast, the physiology of the human being remains the same through several generations and all biomarkers developed today in the athlete passport will remain valid for at least several decades. For example, the blood module of the passport is already sensitive today to any new future form of recombinant erythropoietin, as well as to any form of gene doping that will enhance oxygen transfer to the muscles. Also, while a negative drug test does not necessarily mean that the athlete did not dope, the athlete can present his/her passport at the beginning of a competition to attest that he/she will compete in his/her natural, unaltered condition.

The athlete passport was widely covered in the media when the blood module was established at the beginning of the 2008 racing season by the world cycling federation, the UCI.[4] In May 2008 the UCI revealed that 23 riders were under suspicion of doping following the first phase of blood tests conducted under the new biological passport.[5]

The blood module of the athlete passport aims to detect any form of blood doping, the steroid module any form of doping with anabolic steroid and the endocrine module any modification of the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis. Each of these modules are however at different steps of development, validation and application in sports.

Athlete biological passport testing

According to the World Anti-Doping Agency, the athlete biological passport is administered to establish whether an athlete is manipulating his/her physiological variables without detecting a particular substance or method. The biological passport uses the standardized approach of urine sampling to determine steroid abuse. The objective of this testing is to identify athletes in a haematological module and a steroidal module.

The haematological module tests for certain markers in the body that identify the enhancement of oxygen transport. The specific markers the module tests for include haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, percentage of reticulocytes, reticulocytes count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean red cell distribution width, and immature reticulocyte fraction.

The steroidal module collects information on markers for steroid doping and aims to identify endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. The specific markers the module tests for include testosterone, epitestosterone, the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.[6]

The World Anti-Doping Agency recently released the 2014 Prohibited Substances list and it will take effect on 1 January. In the new list, the agency modified the definitions of exogenous and endogenous steroids being tested for in the steroidal module of the biological passport.[7]

Cycling

Whereabouts rules

Under the new rules, registered riders have to give the Union Cycliste Internationale daily information about their location and provide a one-hour window for possible testing. They have to submit a form every quarter-year saying where they will be every day of the next quarter and they must notify the UCI if they change their whereabouts on any day. This means the whereabouts information provided in the whereabouts filings is accurate and sufficient in detail to enable any relevant Anti-Doping Organization to locate him for testing on any given day in that period of time.[8]

Cyclists sanctioned on basis of biological passports

The biological passport programme has allowed the UCI to sanction riders for committing an anti-doping rule violation. Riders have also been targeted with further doping controls based on their biological passport.

NameTeamCountryEventStart of disqualificationSanctionSanction
announced		Ineligibility startingIneligibility endingReference(s)
data-sort-value="Amorim, António"António AmorimRoad racing24 July 20102 years ineligibility10 July 201314 April 2015[9] [10]
data-sort-value="Astarloa, Igor"Igor AstarloaRoad racing15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility1 Dec. 201026 Nov. 201025 Nov. 2012[11] [12] [13]
data-sort-value="Barredo, Carlos"Carlos Barredo, Road racing17 Oct. 2007
–24 Sept. 2011,
only		2 years ineligibilityJuly 201418 Oct 201217 Oct 2014[14]
data-sort-value="Bertagnolli, Leonardo"Leonardo Bertagnolli,, Road racing1 Jan. 2003
–18 May 2011		2 years and 10 months ineligibilityJuly 201424 Nov. 2013
data-sort-value="Caucchioli, Pietro"Pietro CaucchioliRoad racing18 June 20092 years ineligibility3 June 201018 June 200917 June 2011[15] [16]
data-sort-value="De Bonis, Francesco"Francesco De Bonis, Road racing18 June 20092 years ineligibilityMay 201018 June 200917 June 2011[17] [18]
data-sort-value="Hoste, Leif"Leif HosteRoad racing2 years ineligibility29 Mar. 201329 Dec. 2015
data-sort-value="Lobato, Rubén"Rubén LobatoSaunier Duval–ScottRoad racing16 July 20102 years ineligibilityJuly 201016 July 201015 July 2012[19] [20]
data-sort-value="Menochov, Denis"Denis Menchov, Road racing2009, 2010 & 2012 TdF,
only		2 years ineligibilityJuly 201410 April 20149 April 2015
data-sort-value="Pellizotti, Franco"Franco PellizottiRoad racing7 May 20092 years ineligibilityMarch 20113 May 20102 May 2012
data-sort-value="Ribeiro, Sérgio"Sérgio RibeiroRoad racing12 years ineligibility (2nd ARDV)14 July 2025[21]
data-sort-value="Serrano, Ricardo"Ricardo SerranoRoad racing7 May 20092 years ineligibility17 June 20107 May 20096 May 2011[22]
data-sort-value="Tiernan-Locke, Jonathan"Jonathan Tiernan-Locke/Road racing2012 Tour of Britain & 2012 UCI Worlds,
only		2 years ineligibilityJuly 201431 Dec. 201331 Dec. 2015[23]
data-sort-value="Valjavec, Tadej"Tadej ValjavecRoad racing19 April
–30 Sept. 2009,
only		2 years ineligibilityApril 201120 Jan. 201119 Jan. 2013[24]

During the first three years of UCI's bio passport program 26 riders were found positive for EPO. In 20 out of the 26 cases, it was the abnormal blood profile which raised suspicions leading to a targeted doping test.[25]

Athletics

The International Association of Athletics Federations, now known as World Athletics, introduced their Athletes Biological Passport programme in 2009, and announced the first sanction under the passport in May 2012. The Portuguese marathon runner Hélder Ornelas became the first track and field athlete to get suspended for doping based on the biological passport.[41] [42] [43] He received a four-year suspension in May 2012.[44]

Track and field athletes sanctioned on basis of biological passports

NameCountryEventDate of infraction/
Start of disqualification		SanctionSanction
announced		Ineligibility
starting		Ineligibility
ending		Reference(s)
data-sort-value="Abitova, Inga"Inga AbitovaFMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility7 Nov. 201211 Oct 201210 Oct. 2014[45]
data-sort-value="Alminova, Anna"Anna AlminovaF1500 m16 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility30 July 201416 Dec. 201115 May 2014[46]
data-sort-value="Alptekin, Aslı Çakır"Aslı Çakır AlptekinF1500 m29 July 20108 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)17 Aug. 201510 Jan. 20139 Jan. 2021[47] [48] [49]
data-sort-value="Arzhakova, Elena"Elena ArzhakovaF800 m, 1500 m12 July 20112 years ineligibility30 April 201329 Jan. 201328 Jan. 2015[50]
data-sort-value="Baday, Ahmed"Ahmed BadayMLong-distance26 March 20102 years ineligibility6 March 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016[51] [52]
data-sort-value="Bakulin, Sergey"Sergey BakulinMRace walking25 Jan. 20113 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201524 Dec. 2012[53]
data-sort-value="Bensghir, Yassine"Yassine BensghirMMiddle-distance7 June 20144 years ineligibility25 July 201612 April. 201611 April 2020
data-sort-value="Bekele, Alemitu"Alemitu BekeleF5000 m17 Aug. 20092 years and 9 months ineligibility (Reduced from 4 years[54] [55])16 Jan. 20133 March 20122 Jan. 2015[56]
data-sort-value="Bogatyrev, Petr"Petr BogatyrevMRace walking12 July 20112 years ineligibility26 March 201416 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015
data-sort-value="Borchin, Valeriy"Valeriy BorchinMRace walking14 Aug. 20098 years ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012
data-sort-value="Bouramdane, Abderrahime"Abderrahime BouramdaneMMarathon14 March 20112 years ineligibility28 Oct. 20152 Oct. 20151 Oct. 2017
data-sort-value="Caballero, Yolanda"Yolanda CaballeroFMiddle-/long-distance24 Oct. 20114 years ineligibility25 May. 201628 April. 201427 April 2018
data-sort-value="Chani, Hafid"Hafid ChaniMLong-distance19 March 20114 years ineligibility26 June 201511 March 201510 March 2019
data-sort-value="Doğan, Bahar"Bahar DoğanFMarathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017
data-sort-value="Dominguez, Marta"Marta DominguezFSteeplechase5 Aug. 20093 years ineligibility19 Nov. 201524 June 201512 Oct. 2017[57]
data-sort-value="Driouch, Hamza"Hamza DriouchM800 m, 1500 m.2 Aug. 20122 years ineligibility24 Feb. 201531 Dec. 201430 Dec. 2016[58] [59]
data-sort-value="Dublia, Aliaksandra"Aliaksandra DubliaFMarathon11 Oct. 20132 years ineligibility27 Jan. 201628 Sept. 201527 Sept. 2017
data-sort-value="Emelyanov, Stanislav"Stanislav EmelyanovMRace walking26 July 20102 years ineligibility28 July 201415 Dec. 201214 Dec. 2014[60] [61]
data-sort-value="El Moukim, Rkia"Rkia El MoukimMMiddle-/long-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201619 Feb. 201618 Feb. 2018
data-sort-value="El Qady, Najim"Najim El QadyMLong-distance19 March 20112 years ineligibility24 June 20168 June. 20167 June 2018
data-sort-value="Erdoğan, Meryem"Meryem ErdoğanFLong-distance27 July 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201214 Feb. 2014
data-sort-value="Gamonal, Miguel Ángel"Miguel Ángel GamonalMHalf marathon3 years ineligibility (2nd ADRV)28 Oct. 201526 Oct. 201525 Oct. 2018
data-sort-value="Goumri, Abderrahim"Abderrahim GoumriMMarathon22 April 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201214 March 2016[62]
data-sort-value="Grechishnikova, Yelizaveta"Yelizaveta GrechishnikovaF5000 m18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201316 Oct. 201315 Oct. 2015[63]
data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lidiya"Lidiya GrigoryevaFLong-distance17 Feb. 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201616 Feb. 201615 Aug. 2018
data-sort-value="Hachlaf, Halima"Halima HachlafF800 m.14 Oct. 20134 years ineligibility24 April 201419 Dec. 201318 Dec. 2017[64]
data-sort-value="Hamera-Shmyrko, Tetyana"Tetyana Hamera-ShmyrkoFMarathon26 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility20 Nov. 201530 Sept. 201529 Sept. 2019[65]
data-sort-value="Hamdah, Hussain Al"Hussain Al-HamdahM5000 m.26 March 20092 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Feb. 201515 Feb. 201314 Aug. 2015[66]
data-sort-value="Ishova, Ekaterina"Ekaterina Ishova (née Gorbunova)F1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m.12. July 20112 years ineligibility3 Dec. 201323 Oct. 201322 Oct. 2015
data-sort-value="Joly, Stéphane"Stéphane JolyMCross country 14 Oct. 20102 years ineligibility5 June 201329 April 201328 April 2015[67] [68]
data-sort-value="Kanaykin, Vladimir"Vladimir KanaykinMRace walking25 January 20118 years20 Jan. 201517 Dec. 201216 Dec. 2020
data-sort-value="Kaniskina, Olga"Olga KaniskinaFRace walking15 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012
data-sort-value="Kareiva, Natallia"Natallia KareivaF1500 m.28 July 20102 years ineligibility29 Sept. 201422 Aug. 201421 Aug. 2016[69] [70]
data-sort-value="Kiraz, Ümmü"Ümmü KirazFMarathon3 June 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 Sept. 2017
data-sort-value="Kireyeva, Svetlana"Svetlana KireyevaFLong-distance26 June 20122 years ineligibility27 Jan. 20164 June 20153 June 2017
data-sort-value="Kirdyapkin, Sergey"Sergey KirdyapkinMRace walking20 August 20093 years and 2 months ineligibility20 Jan. 201515 Oct. 2012
data-sort-value="Klyuka, Svetlana"Svetlana KlyukaF800 m.15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014
data-sort-value="Kokkinariou, Eirini"Eirini KokkinariouFSteeplechase2 July 20094 years ineligibility25 July 201227 Oct. 201126 Oct. 2015
data-sort-value="Konovalova, Mariya"Mariya KonovalovaFMarathonAug. 20092 years ineligibility5 Nov. 201527 Oct. 201526 Oct. 2017[71] [72]
data-sort-value="Kostetskaya, Yekaterina"Yekaterina KostetskayaF800 m, 1500 m.30 Aug. 20112 years ineligibility28 July 201421 Jan. 201320 Jan. 2015
data-sort-value="Grigoryeva, Lydia"Alena KudashkinaFLong-distance9 July 20122 years and 6 months ineligibility24 June 201623 Sept. 201522 March 2018
data-sort-value="Labäli, Abdelhadi"Abdelhadi LabäliMMiddle-distance9 July 20122 years ineligibility25 May. 201627 April. 201626 April 2018
data-sort-value="Lemaev, Mikhail"Mikhail LemaevMMarathon20 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201330 Jan. 201329 Jan. 2015[73]
data-sort-value="Lukyanova, Anna"Anna LukyanovaFRace walking19 July 20102 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201626 Nov. 201525 Nov. 2017
data-sort-value="Maracheva, Irina"Irina MarachevaF800 m.26 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201623 Jan. 201522 Jan. 2017
data-sort-value="Minshin, Ildar"Ildar MinshinMSteeplechase15 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 201625 Aug. 201624 Aug. 2018
data-sort-value="Mishchenko, Anna"Anna MishchenkoF800 m./1500m./3000 m.28 June 20122 years ineligibility19 Feb. 201618 Aug. 201517 Aug. 2017
data-sort-value="Mineeva, Tatyana"Tatyana MineevaFRace walking12 Nov. 20112 years ineligibility14 Dec. 201216 Nov. 2014
data-sort-value="Morgado, Marco"Marco MorgadoMCross country running29 Oct. 20116 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201424 Feb. 201324 Feb. 2019[74]
data-sort-value="Morozov, Sergey"Sergey MorozovMRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban18 Dec. 2012Life ban
(2nd ARDV)
data-sort-value="Mutlu, Semiha"Semiha MutluFRace walking20 Aug. 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility25 Oct. 20153 March 20152 Sept. 2017
data-sort-value="Nikolaeva, Maria"Maria NikolaevaF400 m./800 m.18 Feb. 20154 years ineligibility19 Feb. 20161 Oct. 201530 Sept. 2019
data-sort-value="Nikolajev, Ilja"Ilja NikolajevMMarathon16 April 20132 years ineligibility12 May 20153 Feb. 20152 Feb. 2017[75]
data-sort-value="Obrubanskyy, Maksym Cerrone"Maksym Cerrone ObrubanskyyM1500 m, 3000 m. 5000 m.17 Feb. 20134 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201430 May 201329 May 2017
data-sort-value="Okhotnikova, Nina"Nina OkhotnikovaFRace walking21 June 2011
–17 Nov. 2011		2 years ineligibility17 March 201522 Jan. 201521 Jan. 2017[76] [77]
data-sort-value="Ornelas, Hélder"Hélder OrnelasMMarathon8 March 20104 years ineligibility2 May 201212 Jan. 2016
data-sort-value="Ouhaddou, Hanane"Hanane OuhaddouFSteeplechase14 August 20092 years ineligibility7 June 2014[78]
data-sort-value="Petlyuk, Tetiana"Tetiana PetlyukF800 m.18 Aug. 20092 years ineligibility5 April 201319 Feb. 2015
data-sort-value="Redif, Meliz"Meliz RedifF400 m.26 June 20123 years ineligibility25 Oct. 201531 March 201530 March 2018
data-sort-value="Rocha, José"José RochaMLong-distance11 Dec. 20102 years ineligibility28 Feb. 201425 March 201324 March 2015
data-sort-value="Ruban, Yuliya"Yuliya RubanFMarathon8 March 20122 years ineligibility29 May 201525 Feb. 201524 Feb. 2017[79]
data-sort-value="Rusanova, Yuliya"Yuliya RusanovaF800 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201328 Jan. 201327 Jan. 2015
data-sort-value="Ruzavin, Andrey"Andrey RuzavinMRace walking18 Dec. 2011
–18 Feb. 2012
13 Sept. 2013
–13 Nov 2013		2 years and 6 months ineligibility17 March 20159 Oct. 20148 April 2017[80]
data-sort-value="Saka, Pınar"Pınar SakaF400 m.18 June 20103 years ineligibility28 Jan. 20143 June 20132 June 2016[81]
data-sort-value="Shaween, Mohammed"Mohammed ShaweenM1500 m.12 June 20113 years ineligibility28 July 201413 Feb. 201312 Feb. 2016
data-sort-value="Shevchenko, Anzhelika"Anzhelika ShevchenkoF1500 m.2 July 20112 years ineligibility5 April 201317 Feb. 2015
data-sort-value="Shobukhova, Liliya"Liliya ShobukhovaFMarathon9 Oct. 20092 years and 7 months (Reduced from 3 years and 2 months by WADA after first being extended from 2 years by CAS)29 April 201422 Jan. 201323 Aug. 2015[82] [83] [84] [85]
data-sort-value="Silva, Fernando"Fernando SilvaMCross country running29 Oct. 20118 years ineligibility26 Feb. 201424 Sept. 201323 Sept. 2021
data-sort-value="Shmidt, Svitlana"Svitlana ShmidtFMiddle-distance8 March 20124 years ineligibility30 April 201517 March 201516 March 2019[86]
data-sort-value="Syreva, Olesya"Olesya SyrevaF1500 m, 3000 m.3 March 20112 years ineligibility26 Feb. 20131 Feb. 201331 Jan. 2015
data-sort-value="Timofeyeva, Irina"Irina TimofeyevaFMarathon10 Oct. 20092 years ineligibility21 Sept. 20166 Sept. 20165 Sept. 2018
Wang JialiFMarathon29 May 20122 years ineligibility25 Feb. 201426 Feb. 201325 Feb. 2015
data-sort-value="Yanit, Nevin"Nevin YanitFSprinting, hurdling28 June 20123 years ineligibility6 March 20156 March 20135 March 2016[87] [88] [89]
data-sort-value="Yerokhin, Igor"Igor YerokhinMRace walking25 Feb. 2011Life ban24 Sept. 2013Life ban
(2nd ARDV)
data-sort-value="Yosypenko, Lyudmyla"Lyudmyla YosypenkoFHeptathlon25 Aug. 20114 years ineligibility24 Sept. 201327 March 201326 March 2017[90]
data-sort-value="Yulamanova, Nailiya"Nailiya YulamanovaFMarathon2 years ineligibility25 July 20129 Feb. 2014
data-sort-value="Zaripova, Yuliya"Yuliya ZaripovaFSteeplechase20 July 20112 years and 6 months ineligibility30 Jan. 201525 July 2013[91]
data-sort-value="Zinurova, Yevgeniya"Yevgeniya ZinurovaF800 m.6 March 20102 years ineligibility25 July 201212 Sept. 2013

In March 2014 the Spanish athletics federation cleared Marta Dominguez in a bio passport case. El País reported that IAAF were going to take the case to CAS.[92] In February 2014 IAAF announced they would appeal Aslı Çakır Alptekins ABP related doping case to CAS after the Turkish federation had cleared her. IAAF also suspended her provisionally.[93] An IAAF spokesperson in January 2015 confirmed that Russian race walker Sergey Bakulin was provisionally suspended since December 2012 in an ABP related doping case.[94] IAAF otherwise doesn't publicly announce provisional suspensions. In February 2015 Turkish press reported that Ümmü Kiraz, Bahar Doğan, Semiha Mutlu and Meliz Redif were under investigation in bio passport cases.[95]

Triathlon

In 2012 USADA sanctioned the American triathlete Mark Fretta "after variations in his individual longitudinal blood profile as well as other documentary evidence indicated the use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents".[96] Fretta received a four-year ban,[96] and his results from 18 August 2010 onwards were annulled.[97]

Football (soccer)

In 2014, the biological passport was introduced in the 2014 FIFA World Cup; blood and urine samples from all players before the competition and from two players per team and per match were analysed by the Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses.[98]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Information on the athlete biological passport. Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses. 4 February 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20090912082241/http://www.doping.chuv.ch/en/lad_home/lad-prestations-laboratoire/lad-prestations-laboratoire-passeport.htm. 12 September 2009. dead.
  2. 11869930. A strategy to detect doping in sports. Ashenden M. . 87. 3. March 2002. Haematologica. 225–32.
  3. Web site: Q-A on the athlete passport. World Anti-Doping Agency. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100203095904/http://www.wada-ama.org/en/Resources1/Q-and-A/Athlete-Passport/. 3 February 2010.
  4. Web site: Implementation of blood passport by UCI . UCI . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120222000131/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?MenuId=&id=NTQzOA . 22 February 2012.
  5. Web site: Blood tests cast doubt on 23 riders. Richard Moore. The Guardian. 3 May 2008.
  6. Web site: Ressources. Agence mondiale antidopage. 22 July 2014. 12 December 2013. 12 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212201604/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/Science_Medicine/Athlete_Biological_Passport/WADA-ABP-Operating-Guidelines_v4.0-EN.pdf. dead.
  7. Web site: Ressources. Agence mondiale antidopage. 22 July 2014. 13 December 2013. 1 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140401051059/http://www.wada-ama.org/Documents/World_Anti-Doping_Program/WADP-Prohibited-list/2014/WADA-prohibited-list-2014-EN.pdf. dead.
  8. http://www.uci.ch/includes/asp/getTarget.asp?type=FILE&id=NDc3MDk{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  9. https://expresso.sapo.pt/ciclista-antonio-amorim-suspenso-devido-a-irregularidades-no-passaporte-biologico=f819502 Ciclista António Amorim suspenso devido à irregularidades no passaporte biológico
  10. http://www.dopeology.org/incidents/Amorim-bio-passport/ Amorim bio-passport 10/07/2013 Violation #1101
  11. Web site: Barry Ryan . Astarloa suspended and fined for UCI biological passport infraction . December 2010 . Cyclingnews.com . 19 June 2014.
  12. Andrew Hood: Former world champion Igor Astarloa suspended and fined based on ‘biological passport’ doping charges, velonews.com, 1 December 2010
  13. UCI: Press release – Biological Passport: Igor Astarloa Askasibar sanctioned, uci.ch, 1 December 2010
  14. Web site: UCI Doping Suspensions . UCI . UCI.ch . 10 July 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140715214800/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=MTU3Mjg&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=Nzk5OTY&LangId=1 . 15 July 2014.
  15. Stepen Farrand: Pietro Caucchioli banned for two years Italian sanctioned after suspicious UCI Biological Passport data, cyclingnews.com, 3 June 2010
  16. Web site: CAS upholds biological passport, slaps Pellizotti and Caucchioli with 2-year bans. VeloNews. 8 March 2011.
  17. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-48856820100527 De Bonis first to be banned based on biological passport
  18. Web site: CAS dismisses doping ban appeal by De Bonis over biological passport. Shane Stokes. Velonation.com. 22 June 2011.
  19. Associated Press: Spanish cyclist Ruben Lobato handed 2-year doping ban, USA Today, 27 July 2010
  20. http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=NjY5MTA&LangId=1 UCI: Sanctions, Period of Ineligibily, Disqualification Sanctions, Période de Suspension, Disqualification
  21. Web site: Ribeiro handed 12-year ban by Portuguese federation. cyclingnews.com. 4 August 2013.
  22. Web site: Biological Passport: Ricardo Serrano given two-year suspension by RFEC for EPO use. Velonation.com. 17 June 2010.
  23. Web site: Team Sky's Jonathan Tiernan-Locke gets two-year doping ban . BBC Sport.
  24. Web site: 'Biological passport' pays off as Tadej Valjavec receives two-year ban. The Guardian. 22 April 2011.
  25. Dr. Dick Marty, Peter Nicholson, Dr. Ulrich Haas – Cycling Independent Reform Commission: Report to the President of the Union Cycliste Internationale, p.53
  26. http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/134/Liquigas-risk-Tour-expulsion-as-Beltran-tests-positive.aspx Liquigas risk Tour expulsion as Beltran tests positive
  27. Associated Press: Bosisio suspended for two years, espn.com, 28 April 2010
  28. Web site: Biological Passport: Antonio Colom sanctioned for two years, given large fine. Velonation.com. 27 May 2010.
  29. Web site: Dekker caught under biological passport programme. Susan Westemeyer. cyclingnews.com. 1 July 2009.
  30. Daniel Simms: http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/di-luca-positive-for-cera-in-giro, cyclingnews.com, 22 July 2009
  31. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/5888037/Danilo-Di-Luca-suspended-after-failing-drug-tests-during-Giro-dItalia.html Danilo Di Luca suspended after failing drug tests during Giro d'Italia
  32. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/de-la-puebla-ramos-nabbed-by-passport-program De La Puebla Ramos nabbed by passport program
  33. Richard Tyler: UCI suspends Larpe, Coló for drug positives, cyclingnews.com, 21 May 2010
  34. https://www.espn.com/sports/endurance/story/_/id/8713183/former-lance-armstrong-teammate-david-george-banned-2-years David George gets 2-year ban
  35. http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/13229/Former-US-Postal-rider-David-George-tests-positive-for-EPO.aspx Former US Postal rider David George tests positive for EPO
  36. Stephen Farrand and Richard Tyler: Giunti tests positive for EPO, suspended, cyclingnews.com, 11 March 2010
  37. Agence France-Presse: Davide Rebellin, Eladio Jimenez Sanchez and Massimo Giunti draw two-year suspensions, velones.com, 2 October 2010
  38. Richard Tyler: Ratti tests positive for EPO, cyclingnews.com, 13 February 2010
  39. Sébastien Toussaint: Eddy Ratti suspended by the CONI for two years, cyclingcoverage.com, 2 April 2010
  40. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vazquez-hueso-suspended-for-epo-use Vazquez Hueso suspended for EPO use
  41. Web site: Runner banned in doping case. 2 May 2012. ESPN. Associated Press. 16 July 2014.
  42. Web site: Six new athletes sanctioned under the IAAF Athlete Biological Passport programme. 25 July 2012. iaaf.org. IAAF. 16 July 2014.
  43. IAAF: First doping violation concluded in Athletics on the basis of the Athlete Biological Passport, iaaf.org (via web.archive.org), 2 May 2012
  44. Web site: Athletes currently suspended from all competitions in athletics following an Anti-Doping Rule Violation as at: 26.06.14. 26 June 2014. iaaf.org. IAAF. 16 July 2014.
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  83. Peter Gambaccini: Liliya Shobukhova Gets Two-Year Doping Ban, Runners World & Running Times, 29 April 2014
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  94. Associated Press: Another Russian race-walker under scrutiny, New Zealand Herald, 17 January 2015
  95. http://cep.hurriyet.com.tr/detay/28322144 Bir doping vakası daha Uluslararası Atletizm Federasyonu (IAAF) ve Uluslararası Anti Doping Ajansı (WADA), Türkiye Atletizm Federasyonu'na 4 atletin biyolojik pasaportunda doping tespit ettiğini bildirdi. Alınan bilgilere göre bu sayı artabilir...
  96. Web site: U.S. Triathlon Athlete, Fretta, Receives Sanction for Anti-Doping Rule Violation . USADA . 9 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151112102101/http://www.usada.org/u-s-triathlon-athlete-fretta-receives-sanction-for-anti-doping-rule-violation/ . 12 November 2015 . live . 3 September 2016.
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