Asimina Explained

Asimina is a genus of small trees or shrubs described as a genus in 1763.[1] [2] Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae.[3] Asimina have large, simple leaves and large fruit. It is native to eastern North America and collectively referred to as pawpaw. The genus includes the widespread common pawpaw Asimina triloba, which bears the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States. Pawpaws are native to 26 states of the U.S. and to Ontario in Canada.[4] [5] The common pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and hilly upland habitat. Pawpaws are in the same plant family (Annonaceae) as the custard apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, soursop, and ylang-ylang;[6] the genus is the only member of that family not confined to the tropics. Fossils date to the Cretaceous.[7]

Names

The genus name Asimina was first described and named by Michel Adanson, a French naturalist of Scottish descent. The name is adapted from a Native American term of unknown origin, assimin,[8] through the French colonial asiminier.[9]

The common name (American) pawpaw, also spelled paw paw, paw-paw, and papaw, probably derives from the Spanish papaya, perhaps because of the superficial similarity of their fruits.[10]

Description

Pawpaws are shrubs or small trees to 2- tall. The northern, cold-tolerant common pawpaw (A. triloba) is deciduous, while the southern species are often evergreen.

The leaves are alternate, obovate, entire, 20- long and 10- broad.

The flowers of pawpaws are produced singly or in clusters of up to eight together; they are large, 4 - 6 cm across, perfect, with three sepals and six petals (three large outer petals, three smaller inner petals). The petal color varies from white to purple or red-brown.

The fruit of the common pawpaw is a large, edible berry, 5- long and 3- broad, weighing from 20-, with numerous seeds; it is green when unripe, maturing to yellow or brown. It has a flavor somewhat similar to both banana and mango, varying significantly by cultivar, and has more protein than most fruits.

Species and their distributions

11 species and several natural interspecies hybrids are accepted.[11] [12]

  1. Asimina angustifolia Raf. 1840 not A. Gray 1886 – Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina[13] Regarded as a synonym of A. longifolia by some authorities.
  2. Asimina × bethanyensis
  3. Asimina × colorata
  4. Asimina incana – woolly pawpaw. Florida and Georgia. (Annona incana W. Bartram)
  5. Asimina longifolia – slimleaf pawpaw. Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.
  6. Asimina × kralii
  7. Asimina manasota DeLaney – Manasota papaw native to two counties in Florida (Manatee + Sarasota); first described in 2010[14] Not recognized by some authorities.
  8. Asimina × nashii
  9. Asimina × oboreticulata
  10. Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash) (Annona obovata Willd.) – Flag-pawpaw or Bigflower pawpaw – Florida [15]
  11. Asimina parviflora – smallflower pawpaw. Southern states from Texas to Virginia.
  12. Asimina × peninsularis
  13. Asimina × piedmontana
  14. Asimina pulchella – white squirrel banana. Endemic to 3 counties in Florida. (endangered)
  15. Asimina pygmaea – dwarf pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
  16. Asimina reticulata – netted pawpaw. Florida and Georgia.
  17. Asimina rugelii – yellow squirrel banana. Endemic to Volusia county Florida (endangered)
  18. Asimina spatulata (Kral) D.B.Ward – slimleaf pawpaw. Florida and Alabama[16] Regarded as a synonym by some authorities.[17]
  19. Asimina tetramera – fourpetal pawpaw. Florida (endangered)
  20. Asimina triloba – common pawpaw. Extreme southern Ontario, Canada, and the eastern United States from New York west to southeast Nebraska, and south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. (Annona triloba L.)

Ecology

The common pawpaw is native to shady, rich bottom lands, where it often forms a dense undergrowth in the forest, often appearing as a patch or thicket of individual, small, slender trees.

Pawpaw flowers are insect-pollinated, but fruit production is limited since few if any pollinators are attracted to the flower's faint, or sometimes nonexistent scent. The flowers produce an odor similar to that of rotting meat to attract blowflies or carrion beetles for cross pollination.[18] Other insects that are attracted to pawpaw plants include scavenging fruit flies, carrion flies and beetles. Because of difficult pollination, some believe the flowers are self-incompatible.

Pawpaw fruit may be eaten by foxes, opossums, squirrels, and raccoons. Pawpaw leaves and twigs are seldom consumed by rabbits or deer.[19]

The leaves, twigs, and bark of the common pawpaw tree contain natural insecticides known as acetogenins.[20]

Larvae of the zebra swallowtail butterfly feed exclusively on young leaves of the various pawpaw species, but never occur in great numbers on the plants.[21]

The pawpaw is considered an evolutionary anachronism, where a now-extinct evolutionary partner, such as a Pleistocene megafauna species, formerly consumed the fruit and assisted in seed dispersal.[22]

Cultivation and uses

Wild-collected fruits of the common pawpaw (A. triloba) have long been a favorite treat throughout the tree's extensive native range in eastern North America. Pawpaws have never been widely cultivated for fruit, but interest in pawpaw cultivation has increased in recent decades. Fresh pawpaw fruits are commonly eaten raw; however, once ripe they store only a few days at room temperature and do not ship well unless frozen.[23] Other methods of preservation include dehydration, production of jams or jellies, and pressure canning. The fruit pulp is also often used locally in baked dessert recipes,[24] with pawpaw often substituted in many banana-based recipes.

The common pawpaw is of interest in ecological restoration plantings, since this tree grows well in wet soil and has a strong tendency to form well-rooted clonal thickets.

History

The earliest documentation of pawpaws is in the 1541 report of the Spanish de Soto expedition, who found Native Americans cultivating it east of the Mississippi River. Chilled pawpaw fruit was a favorite dessert of George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson planted it at his home in Virginia, Monticello. The Lewis and Clark Expedition sometimes subsisted on pawpaws during their travels. Daniel Boone was also a consumer and fan of the pawpaw. The common pawpaw was designated as the Ohio state native fruit in 2009.[25] [26] Numerous pawpaw festivals have celebrated the plant and its fruit.

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3611333#page/911/mode/1up Adanson, Michel. 1763. Familles des Plantes 2: 365
  2. Web site: Tropicos, Asimina Adans..
  3. Huang . Hongwen . Layne. Desmond. Kubisiak. Thomas . RAPD Inheritance and Diversity in Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) . Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science . July 2000 . 125 . 4 . 454–459 . 10.21273/JASHS.125.4.454 . free .
  4. Web site: Pawpaw Description and Nutritional Information . 14 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719225834/http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/pawpaw/cooking.htm . 19 July 2011 . dead .
  5. Web site: Flora of North America: Asimina triloba. Asimina triloba. Flora of North America. 13 July 2011.
  6. Book: Boning, Charles R.. Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. 2006. Pineapple Press, Inc.. Sarasota, Florida. 978-1-56164-372-1. 172–173.
  7. Peppe . Daniel J. . Erickson . J. Mark . Hickey . Leo J. . May 2007 . Fossil leaf species from the Fox Hills Formation (Upper Cretaceous: North Dakota, USA) and their paleogeographic significance . Journal of Paleontology . en . 81 . 3 . 550–567 . 10.1666/05067.1 . 0022-3360.
  8. Book: Werthner . William Benjamin . Werthner . Evangeline Hippard . Kienholz . Aaron Raymond . Some American trees an intimate study of native Ohio trees . 1935 . Macmillan . 681865854 .
  9. Book: Sargent . Charles Sprague . Faxon . Charles Edward . Gill . Mary (Wright) . Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) . 1933 . Houghton Mifflin . 680282467 .
  10. Hormaza . José I. . The Pawpaw, a Forgotten North American Fruit Tree . Arnoldia . July 2014 . 72 . 1 . 13–23 . 10.5962/p.253574 . 2021-10-23 . 2021-09-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210923035428/http://www.arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/2014-72-1-the-pawpaw-a-forgotten-north-american-fruit-tree.pdf . dead .
  11. Web site: Asimina. Flora of North America. 28 November 2011.
  12. Web site: Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps, Asimina.
  13. Web site: Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps, Asimina angustifolia.
  14. Web site: Asimina manasota - Species Page - ISB: Atlas of Florida Plants.
  15. Web site: US Department of Agriculture plants profile, Asimina obovata (Willd.) Nash, bigflower pawpaw .
  16. Web site: Alabama Plant Atlas, Asimina spatulata.
  17. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1184486-2 Asimina spatulata (Kral) D.B.Ward
  18. Web site: In Awe of the Pawpaw . Guy Hand . October 12, 2011 . Boise Weekly . 3 July 2012 . 18 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120618141557/http://www.boiseweekly.com/boise/in-awe-of-the-pawpaw/Content?oid=2531240 . dead .
  19. Web site: PAWPAW Fruit Facts. 2010-10-18. 2011-07-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720235418/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pawpaw.html. dead.
  20. Sampson . Blair J. . McLaughlin . Jerry L. . Wedge . David E. . Paw paw extract as a botanical insecticide, 2002 . Arthropod Management Tests . 1 January 2003 . 28 . 1 . L5 . 10.1093/amt/28.1.L5 . free .
  21. Web site: California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. 1996,1999, "Pawpaw: Asimina triloba, Annonaceae". 2010-10-18. 2011-07-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720235418/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/pawpaw.html. dead.
  22. Boone . Madison J. . Davis . Charli N. . Klasek . Laura . del Sol . Jillian F. . Roehm . Katherine . Moran . Matthew D. . A Test of Potential Pleistocene Mammal Seed Dispersal in Anachronistic Fruits using Extant Ecological and Physiological Analogs . Southeastern Naturalist . January 2015 . 14 . 1 . 22–32 . 10.1656/058.014.0109 . 86809830 .
  23. Web site: 2020 . Purdue University FoodLink - Pawpaw . FoodLink - Purdue Extension.
  24. Book: Angier . Bradford . Bradford Angier . Field guide to edible wild plants . 1974 . Stackpole Books . 978-0-8117-0616-2 . 160 . 799792 .
  25. News: America's forgotten fruit: The native pawpaw tastes like banana and grows close to home. . Craig Summers Black . The Christian Science Monitor . February 4, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090314052335/http://features.csmonitor.com/gardening/2009/02/04/americas-forgotten-fruit/ . 2009-03-14 .
  26. [Ohio Revised Code]

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