An Asclepiad (Latin: Asclepiadeus) is a line of poetry following a particular metrical pattern. The form is attributed to Asclepiades of Samos and is one of the Aeolic metres.
As with other Aeolic metrical lines, the asclepiad is built around a choriamb. The Asclepiad may be described as a glyconic that has been expanded with one (Lesser Asclepiad) or two (Greater Asclepiad) further choriambs. The pattern (using "–" for a long syllable, "u" for a short and "x" for an "anceps" or free syllable, which can be either – or u) is:
x x - u u - | - u u - u - (Lesser Asclepiad / Asclepiadeus minor) x x - u u - | - u u - | - u u - u - (Greater Asclepiad / Asclepiadeus maior)
In Horace's Odes, there is almost always a caesura after the 6th syllable.[1]
Asclepiads are often found mixed with the pherecratean and glyconic, which have a similar rhythm:
x x - u u - - (Pherecratean) x x - u u - u - (Glyconic)
West (1982) designates the Asclepiad as a "choriambically expanded glyconic" with the notation glc (lesser) or gl2c (greater).
In theory the first two syllables are Latin: [[anceps]] (either long or short) but in practice Horace always starts the line with two long syllables (except possibly at 1.15.36).[2] The last syllable can have Latin: [[brevis in longo]].
Asclepiads were used in Latin by Horace in thirty-four of his odes, as well as by Catullus in Poem 30, and Seneca in six tragedies.[3]
Asclepiads are found either in stichic form (i.e. used continuously unmixed with other metres) or in 4-line stanzas mixed with glyconics and pherecrateans. The various forms are known as the "1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th asclepiad". The numbering of these, however, differs in different authors. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 used by Klingner (1939), Nisbet & Hubbard (1970), D. West (1995), Shackleton Bailey (2008), Mayer (2012), and Becker (2016), (followed here) are called 1, 4, 5, 3, 2 by Wickham (1896) and Raven (1965), and 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 by Page (1895), Bennett (1914) and Rudd (2004).[4] The metre is named after the 3rd century BC poet Asclepiades of Samos, although in fact none of the surviving fragments of that poet are in asclepiads.[5]
In Latin, 34 of Horace's 103 Odes are written in various forms of asclepiads. Asclepiads are also found in Seneca the Younger and in Ausonius.[6] Catullus has one poem (30) using the greater asclepiad, and a number of others combining pherecrateans and glyconics without the asclepiad line.[7]
This consists of a series of (lesser) asclepiad lines used stichically, as in Horace, Odes 1.1, addressed to Horace's patron Maecenas:
Latin: Maecēnās atavīs ēdite rēgibus
'Maecenas, descended from ancestral kings, ...'
And also famously in Ode 3.30, the last ode of the collection (Odes 1–3):
Latin: exēgī monument(um) aere perennius
Latin: rēgālīque sitū pȳramid(um) altius
'I have completed a monument more lasting than bronze
and taller than the royal structure of the pyramids'
This form of the asclepiad is also used in several poems by Alcaeus, e.g. 349A–353.
(= Raven and Wickham's 4th, Page and Rudd's 3rd asclepiad)
Three asclepiads are followed by a glyconic, as in Horace, Odes 1.6, addressed to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa:
Latin: scrībēris Variō fortis et hostium
Latin: victor Maeoniī carminis ālite
Latin: quam rem cumque ferōx nāvibus aut equīs
Latin: mīles tē duce gesserit
'You will be written as valiant and victorious over our enemies
by Varius, the winged poet of Homeric poetry,
whatever action with ships or cavalry our fierce
soldiers have carried out under your leadership.'
This form is also found in Alcaeus (5 and 7).
(= Raven and Wickham's 5th, Page and Rudd's 4th asclepiad)
This consists of two asclepiads followed by a pherecratean and a glyconic, as in Horace, Odes 1.5:
Latin: quis multā gracilis tē puer in rosā
Latin: perfūsus liquidīs urget odōribus
Latin: grātō, Pyrrha, sub antrō?
Latin: cui flāvam religās comam...?
'What slender boy, lying on many roses,
liberally anointed with liquid perfumes,
is pressing you, Pyrrha, beneath a pleasant grotto?
For whom are you tying back your golden hair...?'
(= Raven and Wickham's 3rd, Page and Rudd's 2nd asclepiad)
A glyconic followed by an asclepiad, as in Horace, Odes 1.3, addressed to a ship carrying Horace's friend Virgil to Greece:
Latin: sīc tē dīva potēns Cyprī
Latin: sīc frātrēs Helenae, lūcida sīdera,
Latin: ventōrumque regat pater
Latin: obstrictīs aliīs praeter Iāpyga
'So may the powerful goddess of Cyprus,[8]
so may Helen's brothers,[9] those shining stars,[10]
may the King of the Winds[11] guide you
having locked up the other winds, apart from Iapyx.'
(= Raven and Wickham's 2nd, Page and Rudd's 5th asclepiad)
A series of greater asclepiads, used stichically, as in Catullus (30), which begins:
Latin: Alfēn(e), immemor atqu(e) ūnanimīs false sodālibus,
Latin: iam te nīl miseret, dūre, tuī dulcis amīculī?[12]
'Alfenus, forgetful and false to your faithful comrades,
do you now have no compassion, heartless one, for your sweet little friend?'
It is also used in three odes by Horace (1.11, 1.18, and 4.10). 1.18 opens as follows:
Latin: nūllam, Vāre, sacrā vīte prius sēveris arborem
Latin: circā mīte solum Tīburis et moenia Cātilī[13]
'Plant no tree, Varus,[14] sooner than the sacred vine
around the gentle soil of Tibur and Catillus' city walls.'
In surviving Greek poetry this form is found in Alcaeus (e.g. 340–9), Callimachus (frag. 400), and Theocritus (28, 30).
The asclepiad has sometimes been imitated in English verse, for example in Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia:
It is also found in W. H. Auden's "In Due Season", which begins: