Aquagenic urticaria explained

Aquagenic urticaria
Synonyms:water itch, water allergy
Symptoms:Hives after skin contact with water
Onset:Immediate
Duration:30 to 60 minutes
Causes:Unclear (triggered by water)
Diagnosis:Based on symptoms, confirmed by "water challenge" test
Treatment:Medications, phototherapy, barrier cream
Medication:Antihistamines, propranolol, steroids

Aquagenic urticaria, also known as water allergy and water urticaria, is a form of physical urticaria in which hives develop on the skin after contact with water, regardless of its temperature.[1] The condition typically results from contact with water of any type, temperature or additive.

Signs and symptoms

The main symptom of aquagenic urticaria is the development of physical hives, which may or may not itch. Itching after contact with water, without the development of physical hives, is known as aquagenic pruritus. Aquadynia is a condition in which pain occurs after contact with water.[2]

In severe cases, drinking water can result in swelling of the oral cavity,[3] swelling of the throat,[4] and in extreme cases, anaphylaxis.[5] [6] [7]

The hives associated with aquagenic urticaria are typically small (approximately 1–3 mm), red- or skin-colored welts (called wheals) with clearly defined edges. It most commonly develops on the neck, upper trunk and arms, although it can occur anywhere on the body. Once the water source is removed, the rash generally fades within 30 to 60 minutes.[8]

Water in all forms, such as tap or sea water, swimming pool water, sweat, tears, and saliva can induce the lesions.[9] [10] [11]

Cause

The cause of aquagenic urticaria is not fully understood; however, several mechanisms have been proposed.[12] Interaction between water and a component in or on the skin or sebum has been suggested. This theory suggests that a substance is formed by this interaction, the absorption of which causes perifollicular mast cell degranulation with release of histamine.[13] Another proposed theory is of a water-soluble allergen in the epithelial tissues. Water dissolves the allergen, causing it to diffuse into the tissues, causing histamine release from sensitized mast cells.[14] [15]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of aquagenic urticaria begins with a clinical history and water challenge test.[16] The water challenge test consists of application of a 35°C water compress to the upper body for 30 minutes. Water of any temperature can provoke aquagenic urticaria; however, keeping the compress at a similar temperature to that of the human body (37 °C) avoids confusion with cold urticaria or cholinergic urticaria. In addition, a forearm or hand can be immersed in water of varying temperatures to determine whether temperature is a factor in the patient's condition. Aquagenic urticaria differs from aquagenic pruritus, in which contact with water evokes intense itching without visible hives or rash.[17] [18] [19]

Once known as a separate, rare disease, aquagenic urticaria is now considered a subtype of general urticaria.[20] The first case was reported by Walter B Shelley et al. in 1964.[21] The condition is more common in women than men, and typically presents for the first time during puberty. Genetics may play a part, and the condition may be related to other sensitivities such as lactose intolerance.[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]

Prevention

Desensitization does not seem to work for aquagenic urticaria; a patient will continue to react to water no matter how gradually or frequently it is introduced.[28] Topical application of antihistamines like 1% diphenhydramine before water exposure is reported to reduce the hives.[29] Oil in water emulsion creams, or petrolatum, applied as barrier agents prior to a shower or bath may control symptoms.[30]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NIH . Aquagenic urticaria . 1 March 2020.
  2. Shelley . Walter B. . Shelley . E.Dorinda . February 1998 . Aquadynia: Noradrenergic pain induced by bathing and responsive to clonidine . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . 38 . 2 . 357–358 . 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70583-3 . 9486716 . 0190-9622.
  3. 28566914 . 5438944 . 10.5021/ad.2017.29.3.341 . Aquagenic Urticaria Diagnosed by the Water Provocation Test and the Results of Histopathologic Examination . Annals of Dermatology . June 2017 . 29 . 3 . 341–345 . Seol . Jung Eun . Kim . Do Hyeong . Park . So Hee . Kang . Jeong Nan . Sung . Ho Suk . Kim . Hyojin .
  4. Web site: The woman who is allergic to water .
  5. Web site: JUST ONE CUP OF WATER COULD KILL LITTLE HEIDI; Girl's deadly allergy means she cannot weep, wash, drink, play or even stand in the rain. - Free Online Library .
  6. Web site: Girl allergic to water . 14 December 2018 .
  7. Web site: Here's What Happens when You Develop an Allergy to Water . 15 December 2015 .
  8. 22346281. 3276800. 2011. Park. H. Aquagenic urticaria: A report of two cases. Annals of Dermatology. 23. Suppl 3. S371–4. Kim. H. S.. Yoo. D. S.. Kim. J. W.. Kim. C. W.. Kim. S. S.. Hwang. J. I.. Lee. J. Y.. Choi. Y. J.. 10.5021/ad.2011.23.S3.S371.
  9. 7272209. 1981. Sibbald. R. G.. Aquagenic urticaria: Evidence of cholinergic and histaminergic basis. The British Journal of Dermatology. 105. 3. 297–302. Black. A. K.. Eady. R. A.. James. M. Greaves. M. W.. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01289.x. 37931708.
  10. 1467303. 1992. Harwood. C. A.. Aquagenic urticaria masquerading as occupational penicillin allergy. The British Journal of Dermatology. 127. 5. 547–8. Kobza-Black. A. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb14862.x. 27755086.
  11. 8996279. 1997. Martínez-Escribano. J. A.. Treatment of aquagenic urticaria with PUVA and astemizole. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 36. 1. 118–9. Quecedo. E. de la Cuadra. J. Frías. J. Sánchez-Pedreño. P. Aliaga. A. 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70344-x.
  12. Lee HG, Lee AY, Lee YS . A case of aquagenic urticaria . Korean J Dermatol . 1990. 28. 456–458.
  13. Rothbaum. Robert. McGee. Jean S.. 2016. Aquagenic urticaria: diagnostic and management challenges. Journal of Asthma and Allergy. 9. 209–213. 10.2147/JAA.S91505. 1178-6965. 5136360. 27942227 . free .
  14. 27942227 . 5136360 . 10.2147/JAA.S91505 . Aquagenic urticaria: Diagnostic and management challenges . Journal of Asthma and Allergy . 29 November 2016 . 9 . 209–213 . Rothbaum . Robert . McGee . Jean S. . free .
  15. [Physical urticarias] . 12843805 . Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie . May 2003 . 130. 1S16–27 . Barbaud . A. .
  16. 15120149. 2004. Dice. J. P.. Physical urticaria. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 24. 2. 225–46, vi. 10.1016/j.iac.2004.01.005.
  17. 3664423. 1987. Panconesi. E. Aquagenic urticaria. Clinics in Dermatology. 5. 3. 49–51. Lotti. T. 10.1016/s0738-081x(87)80008-1.
  18. Rothbaum . Robert . McGee . Jean S. . 2016-11-29 . Aquagenic urticaria: diagnostic and management challenges . Journal of Asthma and Allergy . English . 9 . 209–213 . 10.2147/JAA.S91505 . free . 5136360 . 27942227.
  19. Casale . Thomas B. . Olsen . Jonathan A. . DelasAlas . Harold C. . May 2013 . Aquagenic Urticaria . The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice . 1 . 3 . 295–296 . 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.02.003 . 24565488 . 2213-2198.
  20. 19130582. 2950100. 2009. Beaven. M. A.. Our perception of the mast cell from Paul Ehrlich to now. European Journal of Immunology. 39. 1. 11–25. 10.1002/eji.200838899.
  21. 19772512. 2009. Zuberbier. T. EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: Definition, classification and diagnosis of urticaria. Allergy. 64. 10. 1417–26. Asero. R. Bindslev-Jensen. C. Walter Canonica. G. Church. M. K.. Giménez-Arnau. A. Grattan. C. E.. Kapp. A. Merk. H. F.. Rogala. B. Saini. S. Sánchez-Borges. M. Schmid-Grendelmeier. P. Schünemann. H. Staubach. P. Vena. G. A.. Wedi. B. Maurer. M. Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology Clinical Immunology.. Global Allergy Asthma European Network.. 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02179.x. 21174848.
  22. 21314009. 2010. Yavuz. S. T.. Aquagenic urticaria in 2 adolescents. Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology. 20. 7. 624–5. Sahiner. U. M.. Tuncer. A. Sackesen. C.
  23. 16319487. 2006. Pitarch. G. Familial aquagenic urticaria and bernard-soulier syndrome. Dermatology. 212. 1. 96–7. Torrijos. A. Martínez-Menchón. T. Sánchez-Carazo. J. L.. Fortea. J. M.. 10.1159/000089035. 43153639.
  24. 16119038. 2005. Baptist. A. P.. Aquagenic urticaria with extracutaneous manifestations. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 26. 3. 217–20. Baldwin. J. L..
  25. 22346281. 3276800. 2011. Park. H. Aquagenic urticaria: A report of two cases. Annals of Dermatology. 23. Suppl 3. S371–4. Kim. H. S.. Yoo. D. S.. Kim. J. W.. Kim. C. W.. Kim. S. S.. Hwang. J. I.. Lee. J. Y.. Choi. Y. J.. 10.5021/ad.2011.23.S3.S371.
  26. 12271310. 2002. Treudler. R. Familial aquagenic urticaria associated with familial lactose intolerance. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 47. 4. 611–3. Tebbe. B. Steinhoff. M. Orfanos. C. E.. 10.1067/mjd.2002.124599.
  27. 14172902. 1964. Shelley. W. B.. Aquagenic Urticaria. Contact Sensitivity Reaction to Water. JAMA. 189. 895–8. Rawnsley. H. M.. 10.1001/jama.1964.03070120017003.
  28. 15317326. 2004. Frances. A. M.. Aquagenic urticaria: Report of a case. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 25. 3. 195–7. Fiorenza. G. Frances. R. J..
  29. 10877142. 2000. Hide. M. Aquagenic urticaria: A case report. Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 80. 2. 148–9. Yamamura. Y. Sanada. S. Yamamoto. S. 10.2340/0001555580150 . 29448803 . free.
  30. 3555598. 1987. Wong. E. Beneficial effects of danazol on symptoms and laboratory changes in cholinergic urticaria. The British Journal of Dermatology. 116. 4. 553–6. Eftekhari. N. Greaves. M. W.. Ward. A. M.. 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb05877.x. 46181271.

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