Apelin receptor explained

The Apelin Receptor (APLNR, also known as APJ) is a G protein-coupled receptor.^[1] APLNR possesses two endogenous ligands which are APELIN^{[2] [3] [4]} and ELABELA.^{[5] [6]} The structure of APLNR was resolved in 2017^[7]

Further reading

• Hinohara K, Nakajima T, Sasaoka T, Sawabe M, Lee BS, Ban JM, Park JE, Izumi T, Kimura A . 6 . Validation of the association between AGTRL1 polymorphism and coronary artery disease in the Japanese and Korean populations . Journal of Human Genetics . 54 . 9 . 554–6 . September 2009 . 19680269 . 10.1038/jhg.2009.78 . free .
• Hata J, Matsuda K, Ninomiya T, Yonemoto K, Matsushita T, Ohnishi Y, Saito S, Kitazono T, Ibayashi S, Iida M, Kiyohara Y, Nakamura Y, Kubo M . 6 . Functional SNP in an Sp1-binding site of AGTRL1 gene is associated with susceptibility to brain infarction . Human Molecular Genetics . 16 . 6 . 630–9 . March 2007 . 17309882 . 10.1093/hmg/ddm005 . free .
• Kälin RE, Kretz MP, Meyer AM, Kispert A, Heppner FL, Brändli AW . Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms of apelin signaling govern embryonic and tumor angiogenesis . Developmental Biology . 305 . 2 . 599–614 . May 2007 . 17412318 . 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.004 .
• Zhou N, Zhang X, Fan X, Argyris E, Fang J, Acheampong E, DuBois GC, Pomerantz RJ . 6 . The N-terminal domain of APJ, a CNS-based coreceptor for HIV-1, is essential for its receptor function and coreceptor activity . Virology . 317 . 1 . 84–94 . December 2003 . 14675627 . 10.1016/j.virol.2003.08.026 . free .
• Otsuki T, Ota T, Nishikawa T, Hayashi K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto J, Wakamatsu A, Kimura K, Sakamoto K, Hatano N, Kawai Y, Ishii S, Saito K, Kojima S, Sugiyama T, Ono T, Okano K, Yoshikawa Y, Aotsuka S, Sasaki N, Hattori A, Okumura K, Nagai K, Sugano S, Isogai T . 6 . Signal sequence and keyword trap in silico for selection of full-length human cDNAs encoding secretion or membrane proteins from oligo-capped cDNA libraries . DNA Research . 12 . 2 . 117–26 . 2005 . 16303743 . 10.1093/dnares/12.2.117 . free .
• O'Carroll AM, Don AL, Lolait SJ . APJ receptor mRNA expression in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: regulation by stress and glucocorticoids . Journal of Neuroendocrinology . 15 . 11 . 1095–101 . November 2003 . 14622440 . 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01102.x . 23108475 .
• Sarzani R, Forleo C, Pietrucci F, Capestro A, Soura E, Guida P, Sorrentino S, Iacoviello M, Romito R, Dessì-Fulgheri P, Pitzalis M, Rappelli A . 6 . The 212A variant of the APJ receptor gene for the endogenous inotrope apelin is associated with slower heart failure progression in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy . Journal of Cardiac Failure . 13 . 7 . 521–9 . September 2007 . 17826642 . 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.04.002 . 11566/50914 .
• Langelaan DN, Bebbington EM, Reddy T, Rainey JK . Structural insight into G-protein coupled receptor binding by apelin . Biochemistry . 48 . 3 . 537–48 . January 2009 . 19123778 . 10.1021/bi801864b .
• Zhou N, Fan X, Mukhtar M, Fang J, Patel CA, DuBois GC, Pomerantz RJ . Cell-cell fusion and internalization of the CNS-based, HIV-1 co-receptor, APJ . Virology . 307 . 1 . 22–36 . March 2003 . 12667811 . 10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00021-1 .
• Li WW, Niu WQ, Zhang Y, Wu S, Gao PJ, Zhu DL . Family-based analysis of apelin and AGTRL1 gene polymorphisms with hypertension in Han Chinese . Journal of Hypertension . 27 . 6 . 1194–201 . June 2009 . 19307984 . 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832a3eb1 . 12333756 .
• Lee DK, Lança AJ, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Ji XD, Gobeil F, Chemtob S, George SR, O'Dowd BF . 6 . Agonist-independent nuclear localization of the Apelin, angiotensin AT1, and bradykinin B2 receptors . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 . 9 . 7901–8 . February 2004 . 14645236 . 10.1074/jbc.M306377200 . free .
• Choe H, Martin KA, Farzan M, Sodroski J, Gerard NP, Gerard C . Structural interactions between chemokine receptors, gp120 Env and CD4 . Seminars in Immunology . 10 . 3 . 249–57 . June 1998 . 9653051 . 10.1006/smim.1998.0127 .
• Kleinz MJ, Skepper JN, Davenport AP . Immunocytochemical localisation of the apelin receptor, APJ, to human cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells . Regulatory Peptides . 126 . 3 . 233–40 . March 2005 . 15664671 . 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.10.019 . 24947092 .
• Luttrell LM . Reviews in molecular biology and biotechnology: transmembrane signaling by G protein-coupled receptors . Molecular Biotechnology . 39 . 3 . 239–64 . July 2008 . 18240029 . 10.1007/s12033-008-9031-1 . 45173229 .
• Cobellis L, De Falco M, Mastrogiacomo A, Giraldi D, Dattilo D, Scaffa C, Colacurci N, De Luca A . 6 . Modulation of apelin and APJ receptor in normal and preeclampsia-complicated placentas . Histology and Histopathology . 22 . 1 . 1–8 . January 2007 . 17128405 . 10.14670/HH-22.1 .
• Kubo M . [Genetic risk factors of ischemic stroke identified by a genome-wide association study] . Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo . 60 . 11 . 1339–46 . November 2008 . 19069168 .
• Bai B, Tang J, Liu H, Chen J, Li Y, Song W . Apelin-13 induces ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK activation through coupling of the human apelin receptor to the Gi2 pathway . Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica . 40 . 4 . 311–8 . April 2008 . 18401529 . 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00403.x . free .
• Ishida J, Hashimoto T, Hashimoto Y, Nishiwaki S, Iguchi T, Harada S, Sugaya T, Matsuzaki H, Yamamoto R, Shiota N, Okunishi H, Kihara M, Umemura S, Sugiyama F, Yagami K, Kasuya Y, Mochizuki N, Fukamizu A . 6 . Regulatory roles for APJ, a seven-transmembrane receptor related to angiotensin-type 1 receptor in blood pressure in vivo . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 . 25 . 26274–9 . June 2004 . 15087458 . 10.1074/jbc.M404149200 . free .

External links

• Web site: Apelin Receptor: APJ . IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels . International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . 2007-10-27 . 2021-08-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210816094527/https://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ChapterMenuForward?chapterID=1329 . dead .

Notes and References

1. O'Dowd BF, Heiber M, Chan A, Heng HH, Tsui LC, Kennedy JL, Shi X, Petronis A, George SR, Nguyen T . 6 . A human gene that shows identity with the gene encoding the angiotensin receptor is located on chromosome 11 . Gene . 136 . 1–2 . 355–60 . December 1993 . 8294032 . 10.1016/0378-1119(93)90495-O .
2. Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou MX, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Hinuma S, Kitada C, Kurokawa T, Onda H, Fujino M . 6 . Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor . Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications . 251 . 2 . 471–6 . October 1998 . 9792798 . 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9489 .
3. Lee DK, Cheng R, Nguyen T, Fan T, Kariyawasam AP, Liu Y, Osmond DH, George SR, O'Dowd BF . 6 . Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor . Journal of Neurochemistry . 74 . 1 . 34–41 . January 2000 . 10617103 . 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0740034.x . 6548112 .
4. Szokodi I, Tavi P, Földes G, Voutilainen-Myllylä S, Ilves M, Tokola H, Pikkarainen S, Piuhola J, Rysä J, Tóth M, Ruskoaho H . 6 . Apelin, the novel endogenous ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, regulates cardiac contractility . Circulation Research . 91 . 5 . 434–40 . September 2002 . 12215493 . 10.1161/01.RES.0000033522.37861.69 . free .
5. Chng SC, Ho L, Tian J, Reversade B . ELABELA: a hormone essential for heart development signals via the apelin receptor . Developmental Cell . 27 . 6 . 672–80 . December 2013 . 24316148 . 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.002 . free .
6. Pauli A, Norris ML, Valen E, Chew GL, Gagnon JA, Zimmerman S, Mitchell A, Ma J, Dubrulle J, Reyon D, Tsai SQ, Joung JK, Saghatelian A, Schier AF . 6 . Toddler: an embryonic signal that promotes cell movement via Apelin receptors . Science . 343 . 6172 . 1248636 . February 2014 . 24407481 . 4107353 . 10.1126/science.1248636 .
7. Ma Y, Yue Y, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Song Y, Shen Y, Li X, Ma X, Li C, Hanson MA, Han GW, Sickmier EA, Swaminath G, Zhao S, Stevens RC, Hu LA, Zhong W, Zhang M, Xu F . 6 . Structural Basis for Apelin Control of the Human Apelin Receptor . Structure . 25 . 6 . 858–866.e4 . June 2017 . 28528775 . 10.1016/j.str.2017.04.008 . free .