Antisemitic trope explained

Antisemitic tropes, also known as antisemitic canards or antisemitic libels, are "sensational reports, misrepresentations or fabrications"[1] about Jews as an ethnicity or Judaism as a religion.

Since the 2nd century,[2] malicious allegations of Jewish guilt have become a recurring motif in antisemitic tropes, which take the form of libels, stereotypes[3] [4] or conspiracy theories.[5] They typically present Jews as cruel, powerful or controlling, some of which also feature the denial or trivialization of historical atrocities against Jews.[6] These tropes have led to pogroms, genocides, persecutions and systemic racism for Jews throughout history.[7] [8] Antisemitic tropes mainly evolved in monotheistic societies, whose religions were derived from Judaism, many of which were traceable to Christianity's early days. These tropes were mirrored by 7th-century Quranic claims that Jews were "visited with wrath from Allah" due to their supposed practice of usury and disbelief in His revelations.[9] In medieval Europe, antisemitic tropes were expanded in scope to justify mass persecutions and expulsions of Jews. Particularly, Jews were repeatedly massacred over accusations of causing epidemics and "ritually consuming" Christian babies' blood.

In the 19th century, lies about Jews plotting "world domination" by "controlling" mass media and global banking spread, which mutated into modern tropes, especially the libel that Jews "invented and promoted communism". These tropes fatefully formed Adolf Hitler's worldview, contributing to World War II and the Holocaust, which killed at least 6 million Jews (67% pre-war European Jews). Since the 20th century, antisemitic libels' usage has been documented among groups that self-identify as "anti-Zionists".[10] [11]

Most contemporary tropes feature the denial or trivialization of anti-Jewish atrocities, especially the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust, or of the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries. Holocaust denial and antisemitic tropes are inextricable, typical of which is the libel that the Holocaust was "fabricated" or "exaggerated" to "advance" Jews' or Israel's interests.[12] [13] The most recent example is the denial or trivialization of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, with the victims overwhelmingly Jewish, including several Holocaust survivors.

Political tropes

World domination

See main article: International Jewish conspiracy, Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory and Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory.

The publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in 1903 is usually considered the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature.[14] The trope embodied by the book is manifested in both writings and imagery, where Jews are accused of plotting world domination nefariously. Typical examples include Nazi-originated cartoons depicting Jews as a giant octopus reaching across the globe.[15] [16] A 2001 Egyptian reprint of Henry Ford's antisemitic text The International Jew, with the same octopus imagery on the front cover.[17]

Among the earliest refutations of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a forgery were a series of articles printed in The Times in 1921, which revealed the forgery's content to have been plagiarized from the unrelated satire The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu.[18] The Russian imperial state popularized the forgery to discredit the Bolsheviks by accusing Jews of organizing the Russian revolution.[19] [20] The forgery scapegoated Jews as the leading subversive force to try to dispel mass revolt and keep the empire united.[21]

Later, the trope spread westward when the Great Depression and Nazism's rise catalyzed its dissemination.[22] [23] [24] A Polish equivalent goes by Judeopolonia, which posited an imaginary Jewish domination of Poland. Contemporarily, the trope often goes by Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which accuses the Jews of "controlling Western governments" for selfish ends, like benefitting Israel.[25] The ZOG is widely peddled by antisemites, such as the Neo-Nazis, white nationalists, Islamists and black supremacists.

Malcolm X, a well known Black American activist, believed in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which he introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI) for circulation among their Black American audience. In 2003, the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammed drew a standing ovation at an OIC conference after alleging:[26]

The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), a black separatist group, has actively peddled the myth.[27] Prior to a 2006 Democratic primary runoff in the U.S. state of Georgia, the NBPP alleged,[28]

When the NBPP-backed candidate Cynthia McKinney lost to her rival Hank Johnson, NBPP's members alleged "Jewish electoral domination".[29]

In April 2017, the Politico magazine published an article alleging "links" between the then-U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and Jewish religious group Chabad. Jonathan Greenblatt (CEO) of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) condemned the article as "evok[ing] age-old myths about Jews".[30] In December 2023, Australian Green MP Jenny Leong, echoed Mahathir Mohammed's 2003 speech at a Palestine Justice Movement forum:[31] [32]

Leong apologized after being condemned. Whereas, the "Jewish power" myth is often veiled as the "criticism" of "Jewish plutocrats" allegedly behind political changes. For instance, QAnon conspiracy theorists believe in the existence of a "satanic cabal" of global elites (globalists) "drinking children's blood" to achieve "world domination". Two-time heavyweight world champion Tyson Fury also believes in a "Zionist plot" to "lower" public moral standard via the media and finance.[33] As per Argentine-Israeli educator Gustavo Perednik, antisemites often pass off their aggressive instinct as a "struggle" of "the oppressed" against the "powerful" to maximize its appeal to left-wing audience.[34]

Controlling the media

The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]].]]Another common antisemitic trope is that "the Jews control the media and Hollywood".[35] [36] In Eastern Europe, the Czech politician Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, believed that Jews "controlled the press", despite his previous objection to antisemitism during the Hilsner affair.[37] In Western Europe, Arthur Griffith, the founder of the Sinn Féin party decisive to Ireland's independence, was subscribed to the "Jewish media control" trope. Griffith alleged that Dublin newspapers were[38]

Griffith's antisemitism is still present in the party. For instance, lower house parliamentarian Réada Cronin alleged in 2020 that Jews were "responsible for European wars" and "Adolf Hitler was a pawn of the [Jewish] Rothschilds [...may] not have been too far wrong".[39] [40] In the United States, J.J. Goldberg, The Forward's editorial director, published a study of such trope in 1997. He concluded that Jewish Americans "do not make a high priority of Jewish concerns" despite holding prominent positions in the American media industry. Variants on this theme focus on Hollywood, the press and the music industry.[41]

White genocide conspiracy theory

See main article: White genocide conspiracy theory and White nationalism.

Since 2015 when the European migrant crisis happened, the White genocide conspiracy theory has gained traction among white nationalists. Jews are often accused of facilitating unrestricted non-white immigration to alter the fabric of White-majority societies. Such libel is often peddled in conjunction with older myths, like the "Jewish power", to raise its plausibility among the targeted audience. Much of such sentiment stems from an extinction anxiety about the majority White population becoming outnumbered by the non-white population, who are often assumed as "foreign" and "incompatible" with the mainstream. Elon Musk, the current owner of X (formerly Twitter), has also been accused of endorsing the theory, when he showed approval of the theory in a tweet.[42]

In the US, there have been several terrorist attacks associated with the belief in the theory, the most recent of which include the 2017 Unite the Right rally, where dozens of casualties occurred in a car ramming attack, and the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, where 11 were killed and 7 injured.[43] The SPLC noted,

Economic tropes

Controlling the global financial system

See main article: Economic antisemitism.

The ADL documented several tropes that had associated Jews with banking,[44] including the myth that "global banking is dominated by the [Jewish] Rothschild family"[45] traceable to the medieval prevalence of Jews in moneylending.[46]

Usury and profiteering

In the Middle Ages, Jews were restricted from most professions and pushed into marginalized occupations, such as tax collection and moneylending, due to the Roman Catholic Church's prohibition on Christians charging interest for loans. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran threatened excommunication for any Christians lending money at interest, prompting borrowers to turn to Jews for loans. Natural tension between gentile debtors and Jewish creditors reinforced pre-existing anti-Jewish biases.[47] In England, the departing Crusaders were joined by debtors in the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190. In 1275, Edward I of England punished Jewish creditors by passing the anti-usury Statute of Jewry. Many English Jews were arrested, 300 of whom were hanged. In 1290, all Jews were expelled from England. German-American Jewish historian Walter Laqueur noted,[48]

Propagation of Communism

See main article: Jewish Bolshevism.

In the 20th century, newer allegations of Jews masterminding the propagation of Communism emerged, including The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (1903).[49] Judeo-Bolshevism was popularized by Hitler's to conflate Jews with communists and present them as an existential threat to justify the Holocaust.[50] A Polish equivalent of this trope is Polish: [[Żydokomuna]], which accused "most Jews" of having "collaborated with the Soviet Union" in "importing communism" to Poland. Candace Owens, a twenty-first century American "ultraconservative" pundit, endorses such libel. She alleged that "Stalin was a Jew" and his followers were "part of a Jewish cabal".[51]

Kosher tax

See main article: Kosher tax conspiracy theory.

The "Kosher tax" trope claims that food producers are "forced" to pay an exorbitant premium to indicate that their products are kosher, which is allegedly passed on to consumers by price increase.[52] [53] It is mainly spread by white supremacists.[54] Refuters contended that food producers would not engage in the certification process if it was not profitable to obtain the "kosher certification", which is actually a voluntary business decision, while the "resultant" increased sales would lower the average cost.[55]

Religious tropes

See main article: Religious antisemitism, Anti-Judaism, Antisemitism in Christianity, Antisemitism and the New Testament and Antisemitism in Islam.

Guilt for the death of Jesus

See main article: Antisemitism in Christianity and Jewish deicide.

Jews have been blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout history:[56] [57]

Jewish deicide was legitimized in Christian theology by Saint John Chrysostom (c. 4th century), a prominent Church Father. In the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the Latin: [[Nostra aetate]] to refute the libel,[58]

Against radical traditionalists' objections, it was distantly followed up by an apology in 2000 for the two millennia of Catholic persecution of Jews,[59] [60] amid claims that the Second Temple menorah is still being hidden in the Vatican. Radical Traditionalist Catholics (rad trads) who oppose Christian–Jewish reconciliation have continued to peddle Jewish deicide. Subreddits r/Catholicism and r/AskAChristian on Reddit are reportedly frequented by rad trads for years. As per the SPLC, the rad trads frequently circulate content from the forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Notably, the rad trads have peddled:[61]

The ADL noted,[62]

Nevertheless, the Vatican and many Catholics worldwide are still denying the scale or brutality of the Inquisition, most of the victims of it were Jewish. Some Catholics exaggerate their role in the rescue of Jews during World War II in an attempt to downplay the Catholic Church's history of brutal systemic antisemitism.[63] [64]

Blood libel

See main article: Blood libel and Statute of Kalisz.

The blood libel accusation's origin dates to the 12th century.[65] [66] The first recorded accusation against Jews was associated with the death of William of Norwich. Torture and human sacrifice in the blood libel run contrary to Judaism. The Ten Commandments forbid murder. The use of blood in cooking is banned by Kashrut as blood is deemed ritually unclean.[67] The Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, and Halakha portray human sacrifice as one of the evils separating the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews.[68] Jews were prohibited from performing these rituals.[69] Ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited even being in the same room with a human corpse.[70] Historian Alexis P. Rubin noted,

Among those who refuted the blood libel included the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II[71] and Pope Gregory IX,[72] while Pope Clement VI said that the Black Death could not be blamed on Jews.[73] [74] Contemporarily, the blood libel still appears frequently in Muslim countries' state media, publications and online platforms as per their official anti-Zionism. A few Arab writers, who happened not to be antisemitic, condemned the blood libel. The Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published articles by Osama Al-Baz, a senior advisor to the late Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, explaining the origins of the blood libel.[75] Whereas, the blood libel is still peddled by Christian fundamentalists, including the Radical Traditionalist Catholics (rad trads) and American ultraconservative pundit Candace Owens, who alleged that Leo Frank, a Jewish man lynched in 1915 over false allegations of killing a girl.[76]

Host desecration

See main article: Host desecration. In medieval Europe, Jews were often accused of stealing hosts and desecrating them to reenact the crucifixion of Jesus by stabbing or burning.[77] [78] [79] The first allegation of Jewish host desecration was made recorded in 1243 in Beelitz, near Berlin, and all Jews in Beelitz were burned alive, subsequently called the Judenberg.[80] [81] In the following centuries, similar libels circulated throughout Europe and caused several pogroms, which did not subside until Sigismund II Augustus repudiated it in 1558.[82] However, massacres resulted from host desecration libels happened until the 19th century. The last recorded accusations were brought up in Barlad, Romania, in 1836 and 1867 respectively.[83]

Accusations of anti-Christian conspiracy

See main article: Christianity and Judaism, Catholic Church and Judaism and Protestantism and Judaism.

Throughout history, Christians alleged that Jews either dislike or sought to destroy Christianity. A 65,000-word treatise written by Martin Luther, a pioneering 16th-century Christian reformer, also consists of such a libel that is still being promoted. For instance, radio host James Edwards alleged that Jews "hate Christianity" and were "using pornography as a subversive tool against us".[84] The ADL noted,

Demonization in Christianity

See main article: Adversus Judaeos and Martin Luther in Nazi Germany.

As early as the 4th century, Church Father Saint John Chrysostom described a synagogue as

His anti-Jewish homily was legitimized in Christian theology as the basis of Christian antisemitism for the following millennia, ultimately subject to Nazi co-optation to garner Christian support for the Holocaust.[85] [86] In such regard, historian Jeremy Cohen wrote,

Judensau (German for Jews' sow) is a dehumanizing imagery of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. Its popularity lasted for six centuries until Nazi revival. Sculptures of Jews, typically portrayed as "obscene human contact" with unclean animals like pigs and owls, were often found on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings etc. The images always combined multiple antisemitic motifs, which sometimes included derisive prose or poetry. Martin Luther, a 16th-century Reformation's pioneer, was noted for his vicious antisemitism. Luther wrote a 65,000-word thesis demonizing the Jews in which he not only described Jews as[87] [88] [89]

but also called for extreme violence towards Jews within Europe. Martin Luther was elevated to an unprecedented status in Nazi Germany. Luther's antisemitic thesis is considered by many Western historians to have brought about the Holocaust, despite the 400-year lapse.[90]

Demonization in other religions or movements

See main article: Black Hebrew Israelites, Black supremacy, Black nationalism, Black separatism and Cultural appropriation.

Beyond Abrahamic religions, the demonization of Jews is also common among new religious movements, one of which is the Black Hebrew Israelites. Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) believe that African Americans are descendants of ancient Israelites. However, the BHI are not associated with either Jews or Christians.[91]

Just as the "Messianic Judaism"[92] [93] [94] founded by Conservative Baptist Association's Evangelical priest Moishe Rosen, the BHI do not meet any criteria for being Jewish. The BHI have seen themselves as the only "real Jews". They deny contemporary Jews' Jewish ancestry and historical connection to Israel. BHI have accused contemporary Jews of being "European converts to Judaism" and running the Atlantic slave trade, implying that they are "White oppressors".[95] [96] Several BHI sects have been classified as hate groups by at least three American civil rights groups, the ADL, SPLC and SWC,[97] [98] [99] with the ADL claiming that not all BHI sects were anti-Semitic.[100]

Such BHI-espoused antisemitic tropes have been popularized to discredit Jews[101] by associating them with White supremacy. BHI sects deemed antisemitic include the Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK), House of Israel (HOI), Nation of Yahweh (NOY), Israelites Saints of Christ, True Nation Israelite Congregation and The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC).[102] The ADL summarized the commonly used BHI slurs:

BHI groups or members have also been involved in domestic terrorism towards Jewish Americans since the 1970s, the most recent of which include the Jersey City Shooting (7 dead and 3 injured). The BHI, to some extent, managed to desensitize the public to their anti-Jewish terrorism by appropriating Jewish symbols and misusing their historically oppressed status to gain sympathy from anti-racist intellectuals.[103]

The Unification Church (UC), founded by South Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon in 1954, was criticized for demonizing Jews in its manifesto Divine Principle. A multi-faith panel that included Rabbi A. James Rudin, the assistant director of the American Jewish Committee's department of interreligious affairs, pointed out 125 antisemitic references in their manifesto, including the libel that Jews were "collectively responsible" for the crucifixion of Christ.[104] Rudin argued that UC's manifesto included "pejorative language, stereotyped imagery, accusations of collective sin and guilt", including its claim that "Jews had gone through a course of indemnity" due to John the Baptist's "failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah".[105] It is also found that the UC's text portrayed the Holocaust as a "divine punishment".[104] The UC denied the AJC's charges as "distortion" and "obscurations".

Male menstruation

The false belief of Jewish male anal menstruation emerged in the 16th century, which formed part of the canard that all Jews were somehow female.[106] The false belief was allegedly based on scripture associating Jews with bleeding, particularly the description of Judas' death in 1:18–19 , where his belly was allegedly burst open, which inspired further accounts of heretics having their blood or entrails spilled via the anus at death.[106] It was, in the 12th century, referenced to the blood curse invoked by the Jews at Jesus' trial before Pilate.[107] [106] In the following century, a pseudoscientific explanation based on humoral medicine was added, supplemented by a verse from 78:66 KJV.[106] By 1302, it was claimed that Jewish male descendants of those alleged to have "taken responsibility" for the crucifixion of Jesus would suffer a monthly bleeding.[106] A 1503 account of the 1494 ritual murder trials at Tyrnau consisted of the earliest mention of the alleged monthly male bleeding.[106] In 17th-century Spain, the notion was revived by physicians, including the king's, conflating menstruation with hemorrhoids, which contributed to the "legal concept" of "impure blood" in a family or race.[108]

Well poisoning

See main article: Well poisoning and Persecution of Jews during the Black Death.

During the devastating 14th century Black Death, crowded cities were hard hit, with death tolls as high as 50%. Emotionally distraught survivors scapegoated Jews opportunistically. Soon after the Black Death's entry to Europe in 1346, a massacres of Jews broke out between 1348 and 1351 based on false charges of Jews "spreading" the epidemic. The first massacres happened in Toulon in 1348, where the Jewish quarter was sacked and 40 Jews murdered, then in Barcelona.[109] In 1349, massacres and persecution spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre, Basel Massacre and massacres in Aragon and Flanders.[110] [111] 2,000 Jews were also burned alive in the Strasbourg massacre on 14 February 1349 by antisemites who justified the massacre as a "preventive measure". Such accusation later became an antisemitic trope, which evolved into the one fabricated by Joseph Stalin as the doctors' plot in the early 1950s, then the charges of Jews "spreading" intractable diseases like the AIDS[112] and COVID-19.

Other tropes

Causing wars, revolutions and calamities

German politician Heinrich von Treitschke in the 19th century coined the phrase German: "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), which became German: [[Der Stürmer]]'s motto.[113] Israeli-British historian Efraim Karsh noted,

Both ends of the political spectrum accused American Jews of "dragging" the country into World War II and the Iraq War, exaggerating the influence of an alleged Israel lobby.[114] It was also promoted by political scientist John Mearsheimer in a 2007 book, which was criticized for legitimizing the "Jewish domination" trope and encouraging antisemitism. The Franklin Prophecy was unknown before its appearance in 1934 in William Dudley Pelley's pro-Nazi magazine Liberation.[115] [116] As per the 2004 U.S. Congress report Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations,

Turning people LGBT

In 2016, Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) highlighted a video in which a Kuwaiti Salafi preacher alleged that SpongeBob SquarePants and other youth cartoons were created by Jews in order to promote homosexuality, atheism, Satanism and the "emo movement".[117] In 2018, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan accused Jews of "turning men into women and women into men" with a "specially concocted strain of marijuana" invented to make Black men gay and effeminate.[118]

In 2020, conspiracy theorist Rick Wiles endorsed a claim by some "Messianic Jews" that "Zionists" seek to "make all of humanity androgynous" as per the Kabbalistic concept of Adam Kadmon. They alleged that the plot involved "Zionist" support for transgender rights to "make people LGBT" by "putting specific things in food, in drink".[119] [120] Contrarily, some lesbian feminists have accused Jews of being "killers of the Goddess" over their perception of the god of Israel being male to blame Jews for women's mistreatment under the "patriarchy".

Controlling the weather and causing natural disasters

On March 16, 2018, Council of the District of Columbia member Trayon White posted a video on his Facebook page showing snow flurries falling, alluding to the conspiracy theory of the Rothschild family conspiring to manipulate the weather. In his post, he stated, "Y'all better pay attention to this climate control, man, this climate manipulation ... And that's a model based off the Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful."[121] [122] The comment was widely reported in Washington and worldwide[123] [124] media as an endorsement of an antisemitic conspiracy theory.[125] The Washington City Paper reported on March 19 that this was not the first time in which White alluded to a Jewish conspiracy to control global weather.[126]

The belief that Jews use space lasers to manipulate the weather, or the belief that Jews use space lasers to cause natural disasters, also dates back to 2018, when U.S. Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene suggested that the Camp Fire wildfires in Butte County, California were caused by lasers which were emitted from "space solar generators" in a scheme which companies such as Rothschild & Co and Solaren were involved in. Despite her denial of antisemitic intent in relation to her belief in this theory, supporters of Greene quickly blamed the wildfires on Jews.[127] Greene was condemned by the Republican Jewish Coalition, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, and Christians United for Israel.[128] [129] Journalist and author Mike Rothschild, who is unrelated to the Rothschilds, also condemned these statements.

Provoking or fabricating antisemitism

During a speech at the Reichstag on 30 January 1939, Adolf Hitler accused "international Jewish financiers" of seeking to start a world war, but that this would be turned against them in an "annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe", for which the Jews would be fully to blame.[130]

In 2002, the then-Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi asked, "People always talk about what the Germans did to the Jews, but the true question is, 'What did the Jews do to the Germans?[131] Gilad Atzmon stated, "Jewish texts tend to glaze over the fact that Hitler's 28 March 1933, ordering a boycott against Jewish stores and goods, was an escalation in direct response to the declaration of war on Germany by the worldwide Jewish leadership."[132] In January 2005, 19 members of the Russian State Duma demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned in Russia,[133] alleging that "most antisemitic actions in the whole world are constantly carried out by Jews themselves with a goal of provocation." After sharp protests by Russian Jewish leaders, including Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar, human rights activists and the Russian Foreign Ministry, the Duma members retracted their appeal.

Dual loyalty

A trope found in The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, but originating long before that document, is that Jews are more loyal to world Jewry than to their own country. Since Israel's reestablishment in 1948, libels of Jews being more loyal to Israel than to their country of residence and citizenship have become widespread in different countries.[134] [135] [136]

Cowardice and lack of patriotism

See main article: Stab-in-the-back myth, Antisemitism in France and Antisemitism in the Soviet Union. With the rise of racist theories in the 19th century, "[a]nother old anti-Semitic canard served to underline the putative 'femininity' of the Jewish race. Like women, Jews lacked an 'essence.[137] In Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations, Kurt Jonassohn and Karin S. Björnson wrote:

Jews were frequently accused of being insufficiently patriotic. In late 19th-century France, a political scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction for treason of a young Jewish French officer. The political and judicial scandal ended with his full rehabilitation.[138] During World War I, the German Military High Command implemented the German: [[Judenzählung]] (German for "Jewish Census"), which was designed to "confirm" allegations of the "lack of patriotism" among German Jews, but the results of the census disproved the accusations and were not made public.[139] [140] After the end of the war, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.[141]

In Stalin's Soviet Union, the statewide campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a Soviet euphemism for Jews, was set out on 28 January 1949 with an article in the party's official newspaper Pravda:

Such propaganda was followed by state campaigns of persecution until Stalin's death in 1953, which involved mass termination of Soviet Jewish doctors and liquidation of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee based on false charges of treason, espionage and association with Zionism. The anniversary of the murders was commemorated by Soviet Jewry Movement's activists from the 1960s until the end of the Soviet Union.[142]

In 1968, the Soviet-dominated Polish communist state exploited pre-existing antisemitism to peddle similar claims, equating Jewish origins with "disloyalty" and "Zionist sympathies", to blame Polish Jews for the anti-communist mass protests. A purge of Polish Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors, ensued. The purge caused the exodus of 5,000-10,000 Polish Jews – around 20-33% of those remaining back then. An apology was made by the democratic Polish government in March 2018.[143] [144]

Ethnocentrism

Many antisemitic conspiracy theory websites cherry-picked quotes from Jewish religious writings to justify the libel that Judaism is "racist [...] teaching Jews to hate non-Jews."[145] As per rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik,

As per the minutes of a 1984 U.S. Congress hearing concerning the Soviet Jewry, the demonization of Jews based on bogus "ethnocentrism" charges was common:

Fabricating or exaggerating the Holocaust

See main article: Holocaust denial. Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust[146] – did not occur at all, or it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized. Key elements of these claims are the rejection of the following facts:

Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a "hoax" committed out of a "deliberate Jewish conspiracy" to advance the "Jewish interests".[147] Nowadays, outright denial is no longer socially acceptable. It has, however, morphed into more devious forms involving antisemitic tropes' usage to distort relevant events for fabricating Jewish guilt and legitimizing antisemitism.[148] As such, Holocaust denial is antisemitic.[149] [150] Holocaust deniers are condemned for ignoring all the evidence disproving their falsehood.[151]

Holocaust deniers include the late "anti-Zionist" Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser,[152] [153] former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad,[154] late Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah,[155] [156] late French professor Robert Faurisson,[157] French teacher Vincent Reynouard,[158] British author David Irving[159] and Germar Rudolf.[160]

In 2010, a poll found that 56% of citizens in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and the UAE believed that the Jews "deserved the Holocaust",[161] most of whom were found to hold the false beliefs that

In 2014, another global survey found that almost half of the world did not know that the Holocaust ever happened, making them more susceptible to the tropes as mentioned.[162]

Holocaust inversion

Whereas, "[t]he main motif in Arab cartoons about Israel features 'the devilish Jew[163] and "[t]he core anti-Semitic motif of the Jew as the paradigm of an "absolute evil" has a set of submotifs. These, in turn, recur over the centuries but are differently cloaked according to the predominant narrative of the period."[164] Such demonization by association with Israel is termed the Holocaust inversion. Holocaust inversion is an inversion of reality[165] where Jews, the Holocaust's primary victims, are transposed into being the primary perpetrators to erase their historical victimhood and justify antisemitism. It is deemed a form of Holocaust trivialization. The World Jewish Congress noted that Holocaust inversion could be manifested as:[166]

In such regard, the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy remarked,[167] [168] [169]

Zio, Zio-Nazi and even Zionist are used deceptively by antisemites to promote antisemitism while maintaining plausible deniability. David Duke, the former KKK's Grand Wizard, reportedly invented Zio as an anti-Jewish slur based on Zionism's popularity among contemporary Jews, especially in the United States[170] and United Kingdom.[171] Holocaust historian Yehuda Bauer saw Zio-Nazi as hate speech,[172] while the Meta restricted these terms on Facebook and Instagram.[173] [174]

Yossi Klein Halevi, the author of The New York Times bestseller Letters to My Palestinian Neighbor, considered the trope a transmutation of an archaic dehumanizing motif of Jews:[175]

Nevertheless, it is notable that Cold War communist regimes, including the Soviet Union and its puppet state in Poland, had an often neglected history of persecuting their Jewish subjects based on "anti-Zionism".

Controlling the Atlantic slave trade

See main article: African American–Jewish relations. Exploiting the pre-existing racial tension between Black and Jewish Americans, antisemites have exaggerated Jews' role in the Atlantic slave trade in an attempt to demonize them in the eyes of Black Americans. The belief that Jews "orchestrated" the Atlantic slave trade is the central tenet of the American Islamist hate group Nation of Islam (NOI), led by Louis Farrakhan,. A number of historians, including Saul S. Friedman, conducted research into the matter. Friedman published the book Jews and the American Slave Trade to summarise his findings, concluding that Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade was negligible, thereby disproving the rumour.[176] Also, in 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) explicitly condemned "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".[177]

Organ harvesting

Palestinians

See also: 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy and religious antisemitism. In August 2009, an article in the Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet accused Israeli troops of harvesting organs from Palestinians who died in their custody.[178] Henrik Bredberg wrote in the rival newspaper Swedish: [[Sydsvenskan]]: "Donald Boström publicized a variant of an anti-Semitic classic, the Jew who abducts children and steals their blood."[179] In a video on their website, Time magazine quoted the 2009 Swedish Swedish: Aftonbladet's unbacked variant of the classic antisemitic blood libel accusation as fact and retracted[180] the allegations that Israeli soldiers had harvested and sold Palestinian organs in 2009 within hours on 24 August 2014 after a denouncing report from HonestReporting came out.[181]

In December 2009, Israel's Channel 2 published an interview with Yehuda Hiss, the former chief pathologist at L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, where he accused workers at the forensic institute of taking skin, corneas, heart valves and bones from deceased Israelis, Palestinians and foreign workers without permission in the 1990s. Hiss was dismissed as head of Abu Kabir in 2004 after discovery of the use of organs.[182] Israeli officials acknowledged that isolated incidents had taken place, but the vast majority of cases involved Israeli citizens and no such incidents had occurred for a protracted period, while Hiss had already been removed from his position.[182] In a state inquiry report, they also found "no evidence that Hiss targeted Palestinians...The families of dead Israeli soldiers were among those who complained about Hiss's conduct."[183] Despite this, similar accusations are still made by different members of society, including the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.[184] [185]

During the 2023–present Israel–Hamas war conspiracy theories were spread that the IDF was harvesting the organ of Palestinians.[186] There has been no evidence presented to substantiate this outside of claims made by the Gaza Ministry of Health.[187] Despite this the claim has been spread and been used to incite anti-Jewish sentiments online.[188] [189]

Haiti

In the immediate aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Israel sent 120 staff, doctors and troops of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to Port-au-Prince.[190] [191] The IDF set up a field hospital that performed 316 surgeries and delivered 16 babies.[192] [193] On 18 January, an American "activist" called T. West posted a YouTube video calling on Haitians to be wary of "personalities who are out for money", which he referred to as the Israeli Defense Force (IDF).[194] [195] [196] To explain his allegations, West stated that in the past "the IDF [had] participated in stealing organ transplants of Palestinians and others", thus echoing the Aftonbladet Israel controversy. West, who claimed to speak for a black-empowerment group called AfriSynergy Productions, stopped short of making more explicit accusations against the IDF's behaviour in Haiti but he noted that there was "little monitoring" of it in the quake's aftermath, insinuating that organ theft was at the very least a strong possibility. The Iranian state outlet Press TV promoted the allegations. In a speech on 22 January, Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami said "There have been news reports that the Zionist regime, in the case of the catastrophe of Haiti, and under the pretext of providing relief to the people of Haiti, is stealing the organs of these wretched people",[197] again without citing any evidence. On 27 January, a Syrian TV reporter described T. West's video as "document[ing] this heinous crime and [...] show[ing] Israelis engaged in stealing organs from the earthquake victims" (despite the fact that the video quite evidently does no such thing).[198]

On 1 February 2010, "The Palestine Telegraph" accused the IDF of harvesting organs in Haiti for sale based on the said YouTube video by T. West whose material was re-used from Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV. In the United Kingdom, Baroness Jenny Tonge was removed from her role as Liberal Democrat health spokeswoman as a result of an interview in which she suggested that an independent inquiry should be established.[199] Israeli media and Jewish groups fought back against the claims immediately.[196] In an interview with the Ynetnews, West re-iterated his accusation of IDF's past organ theft and cited Operation Bid Rig as further "evidence" of Jewish "involvement" in organ trafficking.[196] The Anti-Defamation League responded, labeling West's allegations as an antisemitic "Big Lie", while an author for the Jewish Ledger referred to the rumors as a renewed blood libel.[200]

9/11 conspiracy theories

Some conspiracy theories hold that Jews or Israel played a key role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. As per a paper published by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.", but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world".[201] A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on 11 September has been widely reported and widely debunked. The number of Jews who died in the attacks – typically estimated at 400[202] [203] – tracks closely with the proportion of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israelis died in the attack.[204]

In 2003, the ADL published a report which attacked "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Israelis and Jews, saying that they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism". The ADL's report found that "The Big Lie has united the American far-right, white supremacists and the Arab and Muslim world". It also found that many of those were modern manifestations of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[205] [206] The ADL has characterized the Jeff Rense website as carrying antisemitic materials, such as "American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel".[207] Accusations of Jews masterminding the 9/11 attacks have also been made by the black supremacist New Black Panther Party (NBPP),[208] [209] which have gained traction among anti-Zionist Black Americans.[210] [211]

Contradictory accusations

Various researchers noted the irrational contradictions in antisemitic tropes. Leon Pinsker noted as early as in 1882:

In her 2003 book The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History, Jocelyn Hellig wrote:[212]

Curtis stated:[213]

Gustavo Perednik wrote in Judeophobia:

Comments about tropes

As per defense attorney Kenneth Stern, "Historically, Jews have not fared well around conspiracy theories. Such ideas fuel anti-Semitism. The myths that all Jews are responsible for the death of Christ, or poisoned wells, or killed Christian children to bake matzos, or 'made up' the Holocaust, or plot to control the world, do not succeed each other; rather, the list of anti-Semitic canards gets longer."[214] Hannah Arendt, in analyzing antisemitism in the first part of The Origins of Totalitarianism, shared a joke:

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Julius . Anthony . Anthony Julius . Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England . Trials of the Diaspora . 2010 . . . 67.
  2. Book: Feldman, Louis H. . Studies in Hellenistic Judaism . 1996 . E. J. Brill . 978-90-04-10418-1 . Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums . Leiden; New York.
  3. News: Analysis: The antisemitic libel is back again . 31 March 2024 . . en.
  4. Teter . Magda . 2021 . On the Continuities and Discontinuities of Anti-Jewish Libels . Antisemitism Studies . 5 . 2 . 370–400 . 2474-1817.
  5. Web site: Translate Hate . October 2021 . .
  6. Book: Rose, Emily M. . Crusades, Blood Libels, and Popular Violence . 2 June 2022 . 194–212 . . 2024-02-26 . 978-1-108-49440-3.
  7. Book: Brasher, Brenda . Encyclopedia of Fundamentalism . 2001 . . . 305 . With the racist and anti-Semitic theology of Christian Identity as their justification, they blame the Jewish Antichrist, or the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG), which rules in Washington, taking its orders from internationalist Jews in Israel, the United Nations, and the Fortune 500. Attracting old-line hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan and inspiring newer ones like the Aryan Nation Alliance [...] the militia and Patriot movements have helped to legitimize racist and anti-Semitic hate groups.
  8. Book: Zipperstein, Steven J. . Pogrom: Kishinev and the tilt of history . 2019 . Liveright Publishing Corporation . 978-1-63149-599-1 . First published as an Liveright paperback . New York London.
  9. Book: Gerber, Jane . Anti-Semitism and the Muslim World. . Jewish Publications Society . 1986 . 0827602677 . 78.
  10. Book: Anti-zionism and antisemitism: the dynamics of delegitimization . 2019 . . 978-0-253-04002-2 . Rosenfeld . Alvin H. . Studies in antisemitism . Bloomington, Indiana.
  11. Book: 1990 . Wistrich . Robert S. . Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World . SpringerLink . en . 10.1007/978-1-349-11262-3 . 978-1-349-11264-7.
  12. Web site: "Denial": how to deal with a conspiracy theory in the era of 'post-truth' . 16 February 2017 . Cambridge University Press.
  13. News: Jamie . Doward . New online generation takes up Holocaust denial . 22 January 2017 . The Observer.
  14. Svetlana . Boym . Svetlana Boym . Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion . Comparative Literature . Spring 1999 . 51 . 2 . 97–122 . 10.2307/1771244 . 1771244.
  15. Web site: Nazi Propaganda . https://web.archive.org/web/20121004041709/http://library.thinkquest.org/12307/propagan.html . 4 October 2012 . Zichronam l'Vracha . 24 September 2006.
  16. . Manfred . Gerstenfeld . Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs . Anti-Israelism and Anti-Semitism: Common Characteristics and Motifs . 1 March 2007 . 5 October 2024 . Often cartoons embody more than one principal anti-Semitic submotif [...] In addition to the conspiracy motif, it also expresses a second one: that Israel or the Jews are subhuman. Kotek mentions that Jews are often represented as spiders, bloodthirsty vampires, and octopuses, and notes that he has not found any other nation besides the Jews being systematically depicted as vampires..
  17. Web site: Examples of antisemitism in both the Arab and Muslim world . https://web.archive.org/web/20070703175632/http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/sib/4_04/as_egypt.htm . 3 July 2007 . intelligence.org.il . Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, Center for Special Studies . Israel . 24 September 2006.
  18. Book: Spargo, John . John Spargo . The Jew and American Ideals . New York . Harper . 1921 . 20–40 . Marxists Internet Archive.
  19. Book: Alderman . G. . The Jewish Community in British Politics . 1983 . . Oxford . 102.
  20. Book: Mendes . Philip . Debunking the myth of Jewish communism . 2010.
  21. Richard . Frankel . One Crisis Behind? Rethinking Antisemitic Exceptionalism in the United States and Germany . American Jewish History . 97 . 3 . July 2013 . 235–258 . 10.1353/ajh.2013.0020.
  22. Web site: domino.un.org . Dissemination of racist and antisemitic hate material on television programs . . 30 September 2005 . https://archive.today/20121228183944/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/4eb2f5f2a5956cfb85256e59006dd050?OpenDocument . 28 December 2012.
  23. Book: Schwarz, Sidney . 2006 . Judaism and Justice: The Jewish Passion to Repair the World . Jewish Lights Publishing . 1-58023-312-0 . 96 . One of the most widely distributed antisemitic tracts in history is The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a book of canards which was authored in the nineteenth century and portrays Jews as conspiring to seek global dominance. Similarly, American-based racist groups frequently accused Jews of controlling both banks and public officials during the 20th century. .
  24. Herf . Jeffrey . Jeffrey Herf . The 'Jewish War': Goebbels and the Antisemitic Campaigns of the Nazi Propaganda Ministry . . 2005 . 19 . 1 . 51–80 . 10.1093/hgs/dci003 . 143944355.
  25. Book: Larsson . Stieg . Stieg Larsson . The Expo Files: Articles by the Crusading Journalist . 21 April 2019 . 7 January 2014 . . London, England . 978-1-62365-065-0 . 29.
  26. News: Mahathir attack on Jews condemned . https://web.archive.org/web/20070218103928/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/10/16/oic.mahathir/ . 18 February 2007 . 4 October 2024 . . 17 October 2003.
  27. Web site: New Black Panther Party . . en . 25 June 2019 . The New Black Panther Party is a virulently racist and antisemitic organization whose leaders have encouraged violence against whites, Jews and law enforcement officers..
  28. Web site: New Black Panthers Exploit Gaza Conflict To Promote Anti-Semitism . https://web.archive.org/web/20220128224631/https://www.adl.org/blog/new-black-panthers-exploit-gaza-conflict-to-promote-anti-semitism . . 28 January 2022.
  29. Web site: Panthers Blame Jews for Congresswoman's Defeat . . 25 August 2006 . During the scuffle, a member of the entourage wearing a New Black Panther Party pin shouted expletives at the media, including calling them "crackers" and saying, "You got what you damn wanted. You got your Uncle Tom, now go put your cameras on him," referring to Hank Johnson, an African American candidate who defeated McKinney. "You ain't in Israel and this ain't no Lebanese people, so back up," he continued. "Gonna get your Jewish [expletive]… (inaudible)…." . https://web.archive.org/web/20130724100140/http://archive.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_america_updates/groups/new_black_panther_party_for_self_Defense/black_panther_mckinney.htm . 24 July 2013.
  30. News: Dave . Goldiner . . Politico Called Anti-Semitic For Accusing Chabad In Trump's Russia Scandal . 9 April 2017 . 4 October 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241008003821/https://forward.com/fast-forward/368669/politico-called-anti-semitic-for-accusing-chabad-in-trumps-russia-scandal/ . 8 October 2024.
  31. News: . Leong's vile antisemitic slur exposed . 8 February 2024 . 4 October 2024 . The use of the term "tentacles" echoes a Nazi-era cartoon depicting Jewish people as an octopus with tentacles reaching across the globe..."Jenny Leong wants to silence Jewish Australians and to remove any Jewish influence in politics, the arts and philanthropy. She believes Jewish Australians have no place in our national life. This is the Greens." . https://web.archive.org/web/20240912065033/https://www.australianjewishnews.com/leongs-vile-antisemitic-slur-exposed/ . 12 September 2024.
  32. News: Ittay . Flescher . The Jewish Independent . Why progressive Jews like me can no longer support the Greens . 7 February 2024 . 4 October 2024 . Until the party moves past binary thinking and acknowledges the complexity of the Middle-East, the Greens will continue to lose the Jews who believed in it. . https://web.archive.org/web/20241127032457/https://thejewishindependent.com.au/why-progressive-jews-are-so-disillusioned-with-the-greens . 27 November 2024.
  33. News: Heather . Saul . Tyson Fury breaks into disturbing rant during bizarre interview . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/tyson-fury-breaks-into-anti-semitic-homophobic-and-sexist-rant-during-interview-a7028456.html . 7 May 2022 . subscription . live . . 13 May 2016 . 24 February 2020.
  34. News: Gustavo D. . Perednik . Gustavo Perednik . Typifying HD to explain Judeophobia . . 1 August 2013 . 16 June 2020 .
  35. Palmer . Brian . Do Jews Really Control the Media? . . 5 October 2010 . 24 October 2013 .
  36. Web site: . FAIR: The Jewish Media: The Lie That Won't Die .
  37. Book: Láníček . Jan . Jan Lanicek . Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation . 2013 . . New York . 978-1-137-31747-6 . en . Czechs, Slovaks and the Jews, 1938–48: Beyond Idealisation and Condemnation . 4, 10. Later on, Masaryk repeated the same story, only instead of using 'partly managed' he used the phrase 'a great influence on newspapers in all the Allied countries'. The great philosopher and humanist Masaryk was still using the same anti-Semitic trope found at the bottom of all anti-Jewish accusations..
  38. Book: Hadel, Ira B. . Joyce and the Jews: Culture and Texts . . 1989 . 978-0-333-38352-0 . 64–66.
  39. News: Ben . Haugh . Ronan . Early . Sinn Féin TD Réada Cronin's 'antisemitic' tweets unacceptable, says party . . en . 13 April 2022 . 0140-0460 .
  40. News: 20 February 2020 . Réada Cronin: SF leader to discuss TD's comments with Jewish Council . en-GB . . 13 April 2022 .
  41. |Book: Singh, Robert . The Farrakhan Phenomenon: Race, Reaction, and the Paranoid Style in American Politics . . 1997 . 0-87840-658-1 . 165 . }}
  42. News: . White House blasts Musk's 'hideous' antisemitic lie, advertisers pause on X . 18 November 2023 . 12 October 2024 .
  43. Web site: . The Racist 'Great Replacement' Conspiracy Theory Explained . 17 May 2022 . 11 October 2024 .
  44. Web site: ADL Report 'Blaming the Jews: The Financial Crisis and Anti-Semitism' . Anti-Defamation League.
  45. Web site: Jewish 'Control' of the Federal Reserve: A Classic Anti-Semitic Myth . . 25 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140112040544/http://archive.adl.org/special_reports/control_of_fed/print.html . 12 January 2014.
  46. Web site: When Paranoia Meets Prejudice: Debunking the Notion of a Jewish Conspiracy . 19 August 2003 . 25 January 2014 . Anti-racist activist Tim Wise once rebutted the trope,
    'Of course, in keeping with the logic of anti-Jewish bigots, perhaps one should ask the following: If media or financial wrongdoing is Jewish inspired [...] should the depredations of white Christian-dominated industries (like the tobacco or automobile industries) be viewed as examples of white Christian malfeasance? After all, 400,000 people per year die because of smoking-related illnesses, and tobacco companies withheld information on the cancerous properties of their products. [...] Is their race, religion or ethnic culture relevant to their misdeeds? If not, why is it suddenly relevant when the executives in question are Jewish?' . https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233803/http://www.timwise.org/2003/08/when-paranoia-meets-prejudice-debunking-the-notion-of-a-jewish-conspiracy/ . 3 April 2023.
  47. Book: Johnson, Paul . Paul Johnson (writer) . A History of the Jews . New York . . 1987 . 0-06-091533-1 . 174 . Financial oppression of Jews tended to occur in areas where they were most disliked, and if Jews reacted by concentrating on moneylending to gentiles, the unpopularity – and so, of course, the pressure – would increase [...] Christians [...] condemned interest-taking [...] and from 1179 those who practised it were excommunicated [...] Christians also imposed the harshest financial burdens on Jews. Jews reacted by engaging in the one business where Christian laws actually discriminated in their favour, and so became identified with the hated trade of moneylending..
  48. Book: Laqueur, Walter . Walter Laqueur . 2006 . The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day . . 0-19-530429-2 . 154.
  49. News: History's greatest conspiracy theories. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/16/historys-greatest-conspiracy-theories/the-protocols-of-the-elders-of-zion/ . 12 January 2022 . subscription . live . . 19 November 2008 .
  50. Book: Laqueur, Walter . Walter Laqueur . 1965 . Russia and Germany . Boston . Little, Brown and Company.
  51. News: . 'Stalin was Jewish, Kabbalists are pedophiles': Candace Owens's antisemitic conspiracies . 15 August 2024 . 9 October 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241128201846/https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-814865 . 28 November 2024.
  52. Web site: Anti-Semitism: Patriot publications taking on anti-Semitic edge . 25 April 2007 . Winter 2002 . Intelligence Report . . Media Bypass, for one, offered a story about a 'Kosher Nostra scam', in which 'major food companies throughout America actually pay a Jewish Tax amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars per year in order to receive protection' against Jewish boycotts. These 'elaborate extortion schemes' are coordinated, alleges writer Ernesto Cienfuegos, by 'Rabbinical Councils that are set up, not just in the U.S. but in other western countries as well'. . https://web.archive.org/web/20070314024841/http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=68 . 14 March 2007 . live.
  53. Web site: The 'Kosher Tax' Hoax: Anti-Semitic Recipe for Hate . January 1991 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20061023233658/http://www.adl.org/special_reports/kosher_tax/print.asp . 23 October 2006.
  54. Book: Tuchman, Aryeh . Dietary Laws . Levy . Richard S. . Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution . . 2005 . 178 . Antisemites have decried this certification as a 'kosher tax' that powerful Jews have enlisted governments to collect on their behalf; others have alleged that greedy rabbis threaten businesses with a Jewish boycott unless they accept their fee-based kosher certification..
  55. Web site: The 'Kosher Tax' Fraud . 23 October 2006 . Luban . Yaakov . . https://web.archive.org/web/20061022060754/http://oukosher.org/index.php/articles/single/2832/ . 22 October 2006.
  56. Book: Parkes, James . Prelude to Dialogue . London . 1969 . 153., cited in Wilken, p. xv.
  57. News: Ewan . Somerville . . Expelled Tory mayor 'said Jews were responsible for Jesus's death' . 15 February 2024 . 15 October 2024 . Atiqul Hoque, the first Muslim mayor of Salisbury, accused of making offensive comments on social media . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506141544/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/02/15/tory-mayor-salisbury-atiqul-hoque-expelled-antisemitism/ . 6 May 2024.
  58. Web site: Fumagalli . Pier Francesco . The Roots of Anti-Judaism in the Christian Environment . The Vatican . 12 December 2018 . Finally, two points are repudiated which in the past were the roots of persecution: the accusation that the Jewish people were collectively and forever responsible for the death of Christ (the so-called deicide) and anti-Semitism..
  59. News: Alessandra . Stanley . . Pope Asks Forgiveness for Errors Of the Church Over 2,000 Years . 13 March 2000.
  60. News: . Pope says sorry for sins of church . 13 March 2000.
  61. Web site: . Radical Traditional Catholicism . For "radical traditionalist" Catholics, antisemitism is an inextricable part of their theology. They subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics..
  62. Web site: . Traditionalist Catholicism.
  63. News: Sam . Jones . . Spain fights to dispel legend of Inquisition and imperial atrocities . 29 April 2018.
  64. News: . Vatican 'dispels Inquisition myths' . 15 June 2004.
  65. Book: Kelly, John . 2005 . The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time . . 978-0060006921 . 242.
  66. Web site: 2024-11-22 . Blood libel Anti-Semitism & Historical Context Britannica . 2024-12-10 . www.britannica.com . en.
  67. Biblical reference:
    Lev 15
  68. Biblical references:
    Deut 12:31
    Kings 16:3
  69. Biblical references:
    Ex 34:15
    Lev 20:2
    Deut 18:12
    Jer 7:31
  70. Biblical reference:
    Lev 21:11
  71. “We pronounce the Jews of the aforementioned place [Fulda] and the rest of the Jews in Germany completely absolved of this imputed crime.”
  72. Book: Marcus, Jacob R. . 1938 . 1961 . The Jew in the Medieval World . World Publishing . 153 . [...] we order that Jews seized upon such a silly pretext be freed from imprisonment and that they shall not be arrested henceforth on such a miserable pretext, unless – which we do not believe – they be caught in the commission of the crime..
  73. Book: Synan, Edward A. . Edward A. Synan . 1965 . The Popes and the Jews in the Middle Ages . Macmillan . 133.
  74. Book: Frankel, Jonathan . The Damascus Affair: 'Ritual Murder', Politics, and the Jews in 1840 . 1997-01-13 . . 978-0-521-48396-4 . en.
  75. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/focus.htm Al-Ahram Weekly Online
  76. News: . Candace Owens has gone so conspiratorial, she's now citing forgotten Jewish heretics . 30 July 2024 . 9 October 2024 . [...] believed in pedophilia and incest [...] as the sacramental rites and they would commit these acts, things that would normally be termed blood libel were actually happening..
  77. Jewish History . From Ritual Crucifixion to Host Desecration: Jews and the Body of Christ . Robert C. Stacey . 12 . 1 . September 1998 . 4 October 2024.
  78. Book: Rubin, Miri . Miri Rubin . Gentile Tales: The Narrative Assault on Late Medieval Jews . . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 2004 . 130 . 978-0-8122-1880-0.
  79. News: . J'Accuse: The antisemitic lies of 2024 . 1 May 2024 . 4 October 2024 . The Jewish people are used to lies being spread about them. Nearly a millennium ago, the first of many blood libels accusing the Jews of murdering gentile children to consume their blood emerged. This was joined by accusations that Jews committed ‘host desecration,’ the supposed mistreatment of Communion Bread, and the accusation that Jews poisoned wells causing the Black Death..
  80. Book: Bynum, Carolyn Walker . Carolyn Walker Bynum . Wonderful Blood: Theology and Practice in Late Medieval Northern Germany and Beyond . . Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . 2006 . 69 . 978-0-8122-3985-0.
  81. Cohen furthered:

    “The story exerted its influence even in the absence of Jews [...] the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the proliferation of the Host-desecration story in England [...] many of them dedicated to the miracles of the Virgin Mary; in the art of illuminated manuscripts used for Christian prayer and meditation; and on stage, as in popular Croxton Play of the Sacrament, which itself evoked memories of an alleged ritual murder committed by Jews in East Anglia in 1191.”
  82. Book: Dubnow, Simon . Simon Dubnow . History of the Jews in Russia and Poland . Avotaynu . 2000 . 38 . 1-886223-11-4.
  83. Book: Prager . Dennis . Dennis Prager . Joseph . Telushkin . Joseph Telushkin . Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism . Touchstone . reprint . 1985 . 103 . 978-0-671-55624-2.
  84. Web site: . James Edwards: In His Own Words . 21 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100220203913/http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2007/fall/memphis-sewage/james-edwards-in-his-own . 20 February 2010 . live.
  85. Walter Laqueur, The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day (Oxford University Press: 2006), p. 47-48
  86. Book: Katz, Steven . Steven T. Katz . 1999 . Ideology, State Power, and Mass Murder/Genocide . Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World . . 9780810109568 . https://books.google.com/books?id=WEUZNRmi0i4C&dq=hitler+chrysostom+christian+jewish+policy&pg=PA52.
  87. Luther, Martin. On the Jews and Their Lies, 154, 167, 229, cited in Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 111.
  88. [Heiko Oberman|Oberman, Heiko]
  89. Book: Michael, Robert . Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust . New York . . 2006 . 112.
  91. Web site: . Black Hebrew Israelites . 22 August 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241203055738/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Hebrew-Israelites . 3 December 2024.
  92. Orthodox
  93. Web site: . Why Jews Don't Believe In Jesus . Simmons . Shraga . 6 March 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241224193001/https://aish.com/why-jews-dont-believe-in-jesus/ . 24 December 2024. Jews do not accept Jesus as the Messiah because:
    Conservative
  94. Web site: Messianic Jews Are Not Jews . 13 December 2016 . Waxman . Jonathan . 2006 . . Hebrew Christian, Jewish Christian, Jew for Jesus, Messianic Jew, Fulfilled Jew. The name may have changed over the course of time, but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon: one who asserts that s/he is straddling the theological fence between Judaism and Christianity, but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well-known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220131151/http://www.uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/SocialAction/SocialJustice/CurrentIssues/ReligiousIssues/JewishValues/MessianicJewsAreNotJews.aspx . 20 December 2016.
    Reform
  95. Web site: Missionary Impossible . 13 December 2016 . 2 August 1999 . . Missionary Impossible, an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers, educators, and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to "Jews-for-Jesus", "Messianic Jews", and other Christian proselytizers, has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Cincinnati School. The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries. . https://web.archive.org/web/20190607235221/http://huc.edu/news/1999/08/02/missionary-impossible . 7 June 2019.
  96. Web site: What are the main differences between a Jew and a Christian? . Glazier . James Scott . 6 September 2012 . ReformJudaism.org . 2 April 2019 . The essential difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as messiah and personal savior. Jesus is not part of Jewish theology. Amongst Jews, Jesus is not considered a divine being. .
    Renewal
  97. Web site: FAQ's About Jewish Renewal . 20 December 2007 . 2007 . aleph.org . What is ALEPH's position on so called messianic Judaism? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions, but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment. Our position on so-called "Messianic Judaism" is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that. . https://web.archive.org/web/20141023183108/https://www.aleph.org/faq.htm . 23 October 2014 .
  98. Web site: 1998 Audit of Antisemitic Incidents . 1998 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20060719205927/http://www.bnaibrith.ca/publications/audit1998/audit1998-07.html . 19 July 2006 . 5 October 2024 . dead . One of the more alarming trends in antisemitic activity in Canada in 1998 was the growing number of incidents involving messianic organizations posing as "synagogues". These missionizing organizations are in fact evangelical Christian proselytizing groups, whose purpose is specifically to target members of the Jewish community for conversion. They fraudulently represent themselves as Jews, and these so-called synagogues are elaborately disguised Christian churches..
  99. News: Rabbi says Messianic Jews are Christians in disguise . David . Yonke . . . 11 February 2006 . 3 April 2019 .
  100. Web site: . CAA Launched Four-part "Debunked: Black Hebrew Israelites" Instagram Series . 14 March 2023.
  101. Web site: . What are the Myths, Facts, About Hebrew Israelites? Two Experts Discuss Jews of African Descent . 4 January 2023.
  102. Web site: . Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement . December 2022 .
  103. Ong . Kyler . Ideological Convergence in the Extreme Right . Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses . 12 . 5 . 1–7 . 26954256 . 2382-6444 . September 2020.
  104. Jikeli . Gunther . 2020 . Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views? . Religions . en . 11 . 5 . 255 . 10.3390/rel11050255 . 2077-1444 . free.
  105. Web site: Black Hebrew Israelites . . 15 December 2019 . Some, but not all, [Black Hebrew Israelites] are outspoken anti-Semites and racists. .
  106. News: . Amar'e Stoudemire defends Black Hebrew Israelites amid Kyrie Irving and Kanye West antisemitism . 14 July 2024.
  107. Web site: . Extremist Sects Within the Black Hebrew Israelite Movement . 7 August 2020.
  108. News: . How intersectional myths killed the black-Jewish alliance . 31 January 2024 . Tobin . Jonathan S..
  109. News: White . David F. . Sun Myung Moon Is Criticized by Religious Leaders . 3 October 2024 . . 29 December 1976.
  110. Rudin, A. James, 1978 A View of the Unification Church, American Jewish Committee Archives
  111. Johnson . Willis . 1998 . The myth of Jewish male menses . . . 24 . 273–295 . 10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00009-8 . 12 December 2020 . 3.
  112. Biblical reference:
    27:25
  113. Beusterien . John L. . Jewish Male Menstruation in Seventeenth-Century Spain . 447–456 . . . 73 . 3 . Fall 1999 . 10.1353/bhm.1999.0097 . 10500339 . 31067777 . 12 December 2020.
  114. Anna Foa (2003). The Jews of Europe After the Black Death. p. 13 "This was the context in which the Plague made its appearance in 1348. The Black Death The Plague was not unknown in [...] The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterward, violence broke out in Barcelona and in other Catalan cities."
  115. Máttis Kantor (2005). Codex Judaica: Chronological Index of Jewish History. p. 203. "1349 The Black Death massacres swept across Europe [...] The Jews were savagely attacked and massacred, by sometimes hysterical mobs—normal social order had [...]"
  116. John Marshall (2006). John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture. p. 376. "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders"
  117. Book: Laqueur, Walter . The Changing Face of Anti-Semitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day . 30 June 2008 . . Oxford, England. 978-0-19-984057-1 . 875752272 . 62.
  118. Book: Ben-Sasson . Hayim Hillel . Hayim Hillel Ben-Sasson . 1976 . A History of the Jewish People . . Cambridge . 0-674-39730-4 . 875.
  119. Karsh . Efraim . July 2012 . The war against the Jews . Israel Affairs . 18 . 3 . 319–343 . 10.1080/13537121.2012.689514 . 144144725.
  120. Web site: . Unfounded Rumor Claims Benjamin Franklin Once Gave an Antisemitic Speech . 13 June 2024.
  121. Web site: . Antisemitic poster featuring supposed warnings about Jews from Benjamin Franklin.
  122. Web site: Kuwaiti Islamic Cleric Warns Jewish Conspiracy In Cartoons: SpongeBob SquarePants Is A Sissy, Sandy A Butch Lesbian... . Weasel Zippers.
  123. News: Graham . Renée . 13 March 2018 . Siding with Louis Farrakhan would be a misstep in black America's march ahead . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011343/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2018/03/13/siding-with-louis-farrakhan-would-misstep-black-america-march-ahead/Puf22IO6JXpQa73urqRQXO/story.html . 4 April 2023.
  124. Web site: 14 February 2020 . TruNews: Zionism Is Using the Transgender Rights Movement to Make All of Humanity Androgynous .
  125. Web site: Slisco . Alia . 20 February 2020 . YouTube Bans Anti-Semitic Channel Trunews After Founder Calls Trump Impeachment 'Jew Coup' . . https://web.archive.org/web/20250114153219/https://www.newsweek.com/youtube-bans-anti-semitic-channel-trunews-after-founder-calls-trump-impeachment-jew-coup-1488375 . 14 January 2025.
  126. News: Hafner . Josh . 19 March 2018 . D.C. Councilman blames snow on Jewish family 'controlling the climate,' later apologizes . .
  127. News: Jamison . Peter . Strauss . Valerie . D.C. lawmaker says recent snowfall caused by 'Rothschilds controlling the climate' . . 18 March 2018 . 20 March 2018 .
  128. News: Lawmaker sorry for spreading anti-Semitic weather conspiracy. 19 March 2018 . . 19 March 2018 .
  129. News: Spiro . Amy . DC councilman apologizes for saying Jews control weather . 19 March 2018 . . 19 March 2018 .
  130. News: Watch: DC councilman promotes anti-Semitic conspiracy theory in Facebook video . 18 March 2018 . WTOP . 19 March 2018.
  131. News: Giambrone . Andrew . Ward 8's Trayon White Apologizes for Conspiratorial Comments . Washington City Paper . 19 March 2018 . 19 March 2018 .
  132. Web site: 19 September 2023 . Jewish Space Lasers, Conspiracy Theories, and Antisemitism . 3 October 2023 . . en-US.
  133. News: Solender . Andrew . 29 January 2021 . Right-Wing Groups Denounce Marjorie Taylor Greene As Democrats Move To Oust Her . . 11 July 2021.
  134. News: Samuels . Ben . 29 January 2021 . 'Jewish Space Lasers' Conspiracy: U.S. Jewish Groups Call for Republican Lawmaker's Removal . . live . 11 July 2021 . https://archive.today/20210131131504/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-jewish-groups-call-for-republican-lawmaker-s-removal-over-space-lasers-conspiracy-1.9495245 . 31 January 2021.
  135. Book: Marrus, Michael . The Holocaust in History . Plume . New York City . 2000 . 978-0452009530 . 37.
  136. Goldberg . Jeffrey . Jeffrey Goldberg . What Would Hamas Do If It Could Do Whatever It Wanted? . 9 May 2020 . . 4 August 2014.
  137. Goldberg . Jeffrey . Jeffrey Goldberg . John Mearsheimer Endorses a Hitler Apologist and Holocaust Revisionist . 11 May 2020 . . 23 September 2011.
  138. News: Deputies Urge Ban on Jewish Organizations, Then Retract . Charles . Fenyvesi . Bigotry Monitor . 5 . 4 . 28 January 2005 . UCSJ . https://web.archive.org/web/20060530075420/http://www.fsumonitor.com/stories/012805Bigotry.shtml . 30 May 2006 . Their seven-page letter [...] accused Jews of carrying out ritual killings, controlling Russian and international capital, inciting ethnic strife in Russia, and staging hate crimes against themselves.
    • Rosenberg, Goran, "Israel and Diaspora: from Solution to Problem", in Turning the Kaleidoscope: Perspectives on European Jewry, S. H. Lustig, Ian Leveson, Berghahn Books, 2008, pp. 110–111 (discusses early manifestations, before Protocols)
    • Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry: 1949–57, Natan Aridan, pp. 189–190, (in United Kingdom scenario)
    • The Jews of Lebanon: Between Coexistence and Conflict, Kirsten E. Schulze, pp. 83–85 (in Lebanon)
    • The Politics of Anti-Semitism, Alexander Cockburn, Jeffrey St. Clair, AK Press, 2003, pp. 128–129
    • The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, 2008, pp. 146–148 (in United States; discusses Protocols)
    • Terms of Survival: The Jewish World Since 1945, Robert S. Wistrich, Psychology Press, 1995, p. 99 (modern United States)
    • Israel, the Diaspora, and Jewish identity, Danny Ben-Moshe, Zohar Segev – 2007, pp. 144–145, 154–155, 221 (Canada and New Zealand)
    • Rein, Raanan, "Argentine Jews and the Accusation of 'Dual Loyalty, in The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America and the Caribbean: Fragments of Memory, Sussex Academic Press, 2010, pp. 51–71 (Argentina)
    • Israel: The First Decade of Independence, Selwyn Ilan Troen, Noah Lucas, SUNY Press, 1995, pp. 27, 163. (formation of Israel)
    • Chutzpah, Alan M. Dershowitz, Simon and Schuster, 1992, Page 245
    • American Policy Toward Israel: The Power and Limits of Beliefs, Michael Tracy Thomas, Taylor & Francis, 2007, pp. 2, 23, 102–103, 108, 152, 197
    • An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957, Zvi Ganin, Syracuse University Press, 2005, pp. 3, 12, 20, 41, 61–62, 68, 84, 102
  142. Gregory Moore (2002): Nietzsche, Biology and Metaphor p. 181
  143. Book: Paul Read, Piers . 343 . The Dreyfus Affair . 978-1-4088-3057-4 . February 2013 . Bloomsbury Publishing.
  144. Web site: Deutsche Jüdische Soldaten . de . German Jewish Soldiers . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042926/http://www.juden-in-bamberg.de/Letter_from_bamberg/Letter_17/lfb17_L.htm . 27 September 2007 . Bavarian National Exhibition.
  145. Book: Elon, Amos . The results were not made public, ostensibly to 'spare Jewish feelings'. The truth was that the census disproved the accusations: 80% served on the front lines. . Amos Elon . 2002 . The Pity of It All . Metropolitan Books . 338.
  146. Ludendorff: The Soldier and the Politician . Wheeler-Bennett . John W. . Virginia Quarterly Review . Spring 1938 . 14 . 2 . 187–202.
  147. Web site: The Night of the Murdered Poets . National Conference on Soviet Jewry . 1973 . 22 November 2015 . 23 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151123004618/http://ncsej.org/media/55c375e0d0ee0.pdf . dead.
  148. News: Haaretz. Poland's President Apologizes for 1968 Purge of Jews.
  149. News: DW News. Poland: 50 years since 1968 anti-Semitic purge.
  150. News: Yale News . 13 September 2024 . In new book, Yale scholar explores medieval roots of Western antisemitism.
  151. Donald L. Niewyk, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. 45: "The Holocaust is commonly defined as the murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans in World War II." Estimates by scholars range from 5.1 million to 7.8 million. See the appropriate section of the Holocaust article.
  152. A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
    • "The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, The Six Million Swindle, is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition", The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
    • "Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?", JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
    • "Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000,, p. 106.
    • "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States", Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
    • "The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory, Penguin, 1993,, p. 27.
    • "They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled [...] " "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000,, p. 445.
  153. Web site: International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) . Working Definition of Holocaust Denial and Distortion . 17 October 2024 . Distortion of the Holocaust refers, inter alia, to:

  154. Antisemitic:
    • "Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include [...] denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." Web site: Working Definition of Antisemitism . https://web.archive.org/web/20110613000000/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AS-WorkingDefinition-draft.pdf . 13 June 2011 . [...], Fundamental Rights Agency
    • "It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, Denying the Holocaust,, p. 11.
    • "The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism [...] "Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993,, p. 215.
    • "Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S. "Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing", The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
    • "Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review)." "The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?", JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
    • "This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal [...] In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002,, p. 3.
    • "One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial [...]" Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002,, p. 10.
    • "Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. Issues in Holocaust Education, Ashgate Publishing, 2004,, p. 71.
    • "Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought, W. W. Norton & Company, 1999,, p. 40.
    • "After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity, University of California Press, 2002,, p. 169.
    • "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Valérie Igounet. "Holocaust denial is part of a strategy", Le Monde diplomatique, May 1998.
    • "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy." "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda, Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, European and US Constitutionalism, Cambridge University Press, 2005,, pp. 39–40.
    • "Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, Rethinking the Middle East, Routledge, 2003,, p. 104.
    • "Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
    • "The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000,, p. 445.
    • "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States", Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
    • "The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter. "Erasing the Holocaust", The New York Times, 11 July 1993.
    • "There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism [...] insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric [...] The history of the Arab world [...] is disfigured [...] by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in Those Who Forget the Past, Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.
  155. Conspiracy theory:
    • "While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups [...]" "Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism", "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
    • "Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E. "Holocaust Denial, a Definition", The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
    • "Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world." "Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States", Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
  156. Predetermined conclusion:
    • Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon. "Why 'Revisionism' Isn't", The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
    • Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas, Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.
  157. Web site: . Nasser's Antisemitic War Against Israel . 2017.
  158. Web site: . The Protocols Of The Elders Of Zion In The Arab And Muslim World – Past And Present . 22 June 2023.
  159. Holocaust Revisionism . . 2009.
  160. Web site: . Hezbollah Incites Antisemitism - Factsheet 8 . 20 September 2019.
  161. News: . French cartoon row: Islamic leaders push Holocaust denial in response . 1 February 2020.
  162. Web site: . An obituary for Holocaust denial – Blog . 23 October 2018.
  163. News: The Guardian. French Holocaust denier found in Fife loses extradition fight. 26 January 2023.
  164. Book: Extreme Speech and Democracy . 553 . Hare . Ivan . Weinstein . James . . 2010 . 978-0199601790.
  165. "A German court sentenced Holocaust denier Germar Rudolf to two and a half years in prison for inciting racial hatred in publications and Web sites which 'systematically' called into question the Nazi genocide." "German Holocaust Denier Imprisoned for Inciting Racial Hatred", Deutsche Welle, 16 February 2007.
  166. News: The Holocaust in Arab Collective Consciousness . Washington Institute. 13 June 2022.
  167. News: . Poll: 93% of Palestinians hold anti-Jewish beliefs . 13 May 2014.
  168. Major Anti-Semitic Motifs in Arab Cartoons: An Interview with Joël Kotek . https://web.archive.org/web/20070517111739/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-21.htm . 17 May 2007 . . Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism . 21 . 1 June 2004.
  169. Manfred . Gerstenfeld . 1 November 2005 . The Twenty-first-century Total War Against Israel and the Jews . Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism . . Jerusalem . 38 .
  170. Web site: . Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism .
  171. Web site: . Antisemitism defined: Why drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to the Nazis is antisemitic .
  172. Book: Marcus, Kenneth L. . Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America . 30 August 2010 . . 978-1-139-49119-8.
  173. News: . Denying the deniers: Q & A with Deborah Lipstadt.
  174. Web site: . It's Time to Take Bernard-Henri Lévy Seriously . 9 April 2021.
  175. Web site: . AJC Survey Shows American Jews are Deeply and Increasingly Connected to Israel . 10 June 2024.
  176. News: . Eight out of ten British Jews identify as Zionist, says new poll.
  177. Web site: Feinberg . Tali . 11 November 2021 . "Hit back hard," Holocaust scholar says of "Zio-Nazi" slur . 17 September 2024 . Jewish Report . en-ZA.
  178. News: . In groundbreaking new policy, Facebook says calling someone a 'Zionist pig' is antisemitic . 9 July 2024.
  179. News: . 10 July 2024 . US antisemitism envoy lauds Meta ban on use of 'Zionist' as slur.
  180. News: . Yossi Klein . Halevi . The End of the Post-Holocaust Era . 10 October 2024 . 14 October 2024 . Oct. 7 shattered Israelis' faith that the state would protect them and shook American Jewry's sense of full social acceptance – but there is a way forward. . https://web.archive.org/web/20250104214559/https://jewishjournal.com/cover_story/375665/the-end-of-the-post-holocaust-era/ . 4 January 2025.
  181. Book: Friedman, Saul S. . Saul S. Friedman . 1999 . Jews and the American Slave Trade . Transaction Publishers . 2, 40.
  182. Encyclopedia of American Jewish history, Volume 1, pp. 199
  183. Web site: Stop the Spread of the Swedish Blood Libel . . 2 December 2009 . 26 August 2014 .
  184. News: Israeli and Swedish on organ row . https://web.archive.org/web/20090904030313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8218298.stm . 4 September 2009 . . 24 August 2009.
  185. News: JTA . Time retracts IDF organ harvesting allegation . . 25 August 2014 . 26 August 2014 .
  186. News: Time Magazine Retracts IDF Organ Theft Claim Following Criticism (Update) . 24 August 2014 . . 26 August 2014 .
  187. News: Israel harvested organs without permission, officials say . https://web.archive.org/web/20200713112829/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/12/21/israel.organs/ . 13 July 2020 . . 21 December 2009.
  188. Web site: . Unfounded Claims of "Organ Harvesting" Reignite Embers of Decades-Old Hospital Scandal and Centuries-Old Trope .
  189. News: . 27 November 2023 . Israel 'stealing organs' from bodies in Gaza, alleges human rights group .
  190. Web site: Soch Fact Check . 130 Jewish officials were not recently arrested for Palestinian organ trafficking . 26 December 2023 .
  191. News: Maya . Zanger-Nadis . 29 December 2023 . Why do Israel's enemies claim it harvests Hamas terrorists' organs? . .
  192. News: Tom . Norton . 27 November 2023 . Israel Organ Harvesting Allegations Explained . .
  193. Web site: Unfounded Claims of "Organ Harvesting" Reignite Embers of Decades-Old Hospital Scandal and Centuries-Old Trope . 29 December 2023 . .
  194. News: Sophie . Lloyd . 27 November 2023 . Gigi Hadid Accusing Israel of Organ Harvesting Sparks Fury . .
  195. Web site: ha'iti: hameshlachat misral hachala lehakim bi"ch shada . he:האיטי: המשלחת מישראל החלה להקים בי"ח שדה . Haiti: The delegation from Israel began to establish a field hospital . he . https://archive.today/20130218174722/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/040/859.html . 18 February 2013 . dead.
  196. Web site: Israeli aid to Haiti, field hospital set up . . 5 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100128231230/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel%2Bbeyond%2Bpolitics/Israeli_aid_arrives_Haiti_17-Jan-2010.htm . 28 January 2010.
  197. News: Survivors still being pulled from Haiti rubble . 19 January 2010 . . 5 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100209082943/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/18/haiti.earthquake/index.html . 9 February 2010 . live.
  198. News: Israeli hospital in Haiti ends operations . Barkan . Noam . 26 January 2010 . . 5 February 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100128102234/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3839561%2C00.html . 28 January 2010 . live.
  199. "Israeli Defense Force in Haiti, and Demonizing Jean Wyclef",
  200. Web site: The Big Lie of Israeli 'Organ Harvesting' Resurfaces As YouTube Video on Haiti Earthquake Goes Global . . 26 January 2010 . 21 January 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100125180626/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/Internet_75/5693_75.htm . 25 January 2010 . live.
  201. News: Anti-Semitic video against Israel team in Haiti . . 19 January 2010 . 26 January 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100122130934/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3836929%2C00.html . 22 January 2010 . live . Benhorin . Yitzhak.
  202. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2361.htm "Iranian Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami: US Occupied Haiti; Reports That Israeli Relief Delegation Is Stealing Organs"
  203. http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2370.htm "Syrian TV and Organ Transplant Experts: Israel Reminiscent of Shylock, Engages in Organ Trafficking in Haiti and Worldwide"
  204. News: Lib Dem health spokeswoman sacked . . 12 February 2010 .
  205. Web site: Israel in Haiti: Internet critics have their say . 27 January 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110720043941/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2010/01/27/news/news06.txt . 20 July 2011.
  206. http://www.adl.org/anti_semitism/9-11conspiracytheories.pdf Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories
  207. Web site: The 4,000 Jews Rumor: Rumor surrounding Sept. 11th proved untrue. https://web.archive.org/web/20050408072925/http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jan/14-260933.html . 8 April 2005 . The 4,000 figure apparently came from an article entitled 'Hundreds of Israelis missing in WTC attack' which appeared in the September 12th internet edition of the Jerusalem Post. It stated, 'The Foreign Ministry in Jerusalem has so far received the names of 4,000 Israelis believed to have been in the areas of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon at the time of the attacks.' . . 7 August 2020.
  208. Web site: The Resuscitation of Anti-Semitism: An American Perspective: An Interview with Abraham Foxman . . 30 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110608060311/http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-13.htm . 8 June 2011 . live.
  209. News: Greer Fay . Cashman . Five Israeli victims remembered in capital . https://archive.today/20021104190710/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/A/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1031666147075 . 4 November 2002 . . 3 . 12 September 2002 . 17 October 2006.
  210. Web site: Conspiracy Theories About Jews and 9/11 Cause Dangerous Mutations in Global Anti-Semitism . . 2 September 2003 . 30 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110525143344/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/ASInt_13/4346_13.htm . 25 May 2011 . live.
  211. Web site: 9/11 Conspiracy Theories Take Root in Arab/Muslim World . Abraham H. . Foxman . . 8 September 2006 . 30 May 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144105/http://www.adl.org/ADL_Opinions/Anti_Semitism_Arab/911_Conspiracies.htm . 4 June 2011.
  212. http://www.adl.org/main_Extremism/Rense_Web_Site.htm Rense Web Site Promotes Anti-Semitic Views
  213. News: . Does Black Lives Matter Pick Up Where The Black Panthers Left Off? . 4 October 2016.
  214. News: . Decades later, a new look at Black Panthers and their legacy . 31 October 2021.
  215. News: Glamour UK . As a Black Jewish woman, here's why I thought that Black Lives Matter UK tweet was antisemitic . 3 July 2020 . 13 October 2024 . It felt like two sides of my identity were being pitted against each other [...] a prime example is the 'Israel did 9/11' conspiracy theory, or the idea that 'Zionists control the world'. Therefore, when BLM UK said "British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism" it immediately set off alarm bells in my head; 'gagged' by whom? If someone is being 'gagged' there must be an omnipotent 'gagger'. Then, when you ask that question [...] it was playing into the old trope that Jews control the media and global politics..
  216. Web site: . Antisemitic Conspiracies About 9/11 Endure 20 Years Later . 9 September 2021 . 13 October 2024. Popular themes in antisemitic 9/11 conspiracy theories:Black nationalists—united in their belief that Jews and Israel are to blame for the 9/11 terrorist attacks [...] The NOI, led by longtime leader Louis Farrakhan, peddles numerous antisemitic stereotypes and conspiracy theories, including blaming Jews and Zionists for the 9/11 terrorist attacks by claiming that 9/11 was a false flag operation designed to help Israel and provoke a "war on Islam."
  217. Book: Curtis, Michael . 1986 . Antisemitism in the Contemporary World . . 4. . Cited in: Book: Hellig, Jocelyn . 2003 . The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History . Oneworld Publications . 1-85168-313-5 . 75–76.
  218. Book: Curtis, Michael . 1986 . Antisemitism in the Contemporary World . . 4.
  219. Book: Stern, Kenneth S. . 1997 . A Force upon the Plain: The American Militia Movement and the Politics of Hate . . 247 . 9780684819167 .

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