Racism against Asians explained

In the Western world or in non-Asian countries, terms such as "racism against Asians" or "anti-Asian racism" are typically used in reference to racist policies, discrimination against, and mistreatment of Asian people and Asian immigrants by institutions and/or non-Asian people.^{[1] [2]}

Overview

The concept of 'racism against Asians' is most common in communities or countries where the ethnic or racial majority is non-Asian, or it is most common in communities or countries where the national character is Western. The concept is most frequently employed in reference to Anti-Asian phenomena which exist in countries which are located outside the Asian continent, such as countries which are located in Africa, Europe, North America and South America.

Countries

See main article: Racism by country.

Australia

See main article: Racism in Australia.

• White Australia policy

Canada

See main article: Racism in Canada.

• Chinese head tax in Canada
• Chinese Immigration Act, 1885
• Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration
• Internment of Japanese Canadians
• Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
• 1886 Vancouver anti-Chinese riots
• Anti-Oriental riots (Vancouver)
• Chinese Immigration Act, 1923

Uganda

• Expulsion of Asians from Uganda

United States

See main article: Asian immigration to the United States and History of Asian Americans.

• Nativism in United States politics#Asian targets
• Racism against Asian Americans, covers the history of anti-Asian racism in the United States
• Affirmative action
• Xenophobia in the United States#Asian targets
  • Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
    • Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States
    • Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
    • San Francisco riot of 1877
    • Destruction of Chinatown, Denver
    • Tacoma riot of 1885
    • Seattle riot of 1886
    • Chinese Massacre Cove, the site of the Hells Canyon Massacre which was committed in May 1887
    • Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
    • Rock Springs massacre
    • Chinese Exclusion Act
  • Immigration Act of 1917
  • Immigration Act of 1924
  • Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
    • Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
    • California Alien Land Law of 1913
    • Internment of Japanese Americans
• Asian American activism
  • Stop Asian Hate, a 2021 movement in the United States

Against East and Southeast Asians

See main article: Stereotypes of East and Southeast Asians in the United States.

• Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States
• Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States
• Interminority racism in the United States (by African Americans against Asian Americans)

France

See main article: Racism in France.

• Anti-Asian racism in France

Racist incidences or perceptions

Racist incidences or perceptions, especially towards East or Southeast Asians, may include:

• Emasculation of Asian men against fetishizations and hypersexualisation of Asian women (yellow fever).^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]}
  • Which causes inferiority complex and internalized racism.^{[9] [10]}
  • Reinforced by dangerous racial science of supposed "mongoloid race" (outdated), such as lacking of sexual dimorphism between Asian men and Asian women,^[11] as well as dealing with the aftershocks of the history of European colonisation of Southeast Asia and "white worship".^{[12] [13]}
    • The model minority myth fails to account for the bamboo ceiling, the difficult circumstances of poorer Asians, and their marginalization and stereotyping in the media.^{[14] [15] [16] [17]}
  • Contradictorily being used to justify white supremacy through modes of "honorary Aryan" or "honorary whiteness" racial concepts.^{[18] [19]}
  • Being used to justify racism against Black people via the model minority myth.^[20]
• Are stereotyped as cold, anti-social, robotic.^[21]
• Discrimination based on perceived foreignness or accent.^[22]
  • Being seen as a perpetual foreigner.
• Being linked to diseases such as coronavirus (see Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic).^{[23] [24]}
• Othered into being seen as "yellow" or being seen as the "yellow peril".^{[25] [26]}
• Generalizing East Asians as monolithic^[27] and being ignorant of the multicultural populations of Southeast Asia, such as the existence of Melanesians in Southeast Asia, etc.

On the other hand, discrimination against South Asians and/or Middle Easterners includes:

• Being seen as terrorists^{[28] [29] [30]}
• Othered into being seen as "brown", a categorization which was extended to Southeast Asians.^[31]

There has been an increase in the amount of psychological or mental distress which has been caused by the aforementioned factors.^{[32] [33] [34]} Myopic depictions of Asian cultures continues to be a problem.^[35]

Additionally, racism in Asia (racist attitudes which Asians have towards each other as well as racist attitudes which Asians have towards non-Asians) is also impacted by differences in nationality as well as regional differences.

See also

• Afrophobia
• Anti-Afghan sentiment
• Anti-Americanism
• Anti-Arab racism
• Anti-Bengali sentiment in India
• Anti-Chinese sentiment
• Anti-Europeanism
• Anti-Hungarian sentiment
• Anti-Indian sentiment
• Anti-Indonesian sentiment
• Anti-Iranian sentiment
• Anti-Japanese sentiment
• Anti-Khmer sentiment
• Anti-Korean sentiment
• Anti-Kurdish sentiment
• Anti-Malay sentiment
• Anti-Middle Eastern sentiment
• Anti-Mongolianism
• Anti-Pakistan sentiment
• Anti-Palestinianism
• Anti-Filipino sentiment
• Anti-Qing sentiment
• Anti-Romani sentiment
• Anti-Russian sentiment
• Antisemitism
• Anti-Slavic sentiment
• Anti-Thai sentiment
• Anti-Tibetan sentiment
• Anti-Turkish sentiment
• Anti-Vietnamese sentiment
• Anti-Western sentiment
• Asian American activism
• Discrimination based on skin tone
• Dusky Peril
• Ethnocentrism
• Hispanophobia
• Historical race concepts
• Index of racism-related articles
• Interminority racism in the United States
• Islamophobia
• Mormon teachings on skin color
• Nativism (politics)
• Nativism in United States politics
• Negrophobia
• Racial discrimination
• Racial hierarchy
• Racial hygiene
• Racial segregation
• Racism against African Americans
• Racism against Native Americans in the United States
• Racism by country
• Racism in Africa
• Racism in the Arab world
• Racism in Asia
• Racism in Australia
• Racism in Europe
• Racism in Israel
• Racism in Jewish communities
• Racism in Muslim communities
• Racism in North America
• Racism in South America
• Racism in the State of Palestine
• Slavery in the United States
• Tatarophobia
• White backlash
• White flight
• White nationalism
• White pride
• White supremacy
• Yellow Peril
• Xenophobia
• Xenophobia and discrimination in Turkey
• Xenophobia and racism in the Middle East
• Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
• Xenophobia in the United States

Notes and References

1. Zheng . Lily . To Dismantle Anti-Asian Racism, We Must Understand Its Roots . Harvard Business Review . https://web.archive.org/web/20210601160247/https://hbr.org/2021/05/to-dismantle-anti-asian-racism-we-must-understand-its-roots . 1 June 2021 . 27 May 2021.
2. Web site: Lee . Jennifer . Confronting the invisibility of anti-Asian racism . Brookings . 1 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220518172056/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/how-we-rise/2022/05/18/confronting-the-invisibility-of-anti-asian-racism/ . 18 May 2022 . 18 May 2022.
3. Web site: Ramirez . Rachel . 2021-03-19 . The history of fetishizing Asian women . 2023-10-01 . Vox . en.
4. Web site: Tu . Jessie . 2018-11-27 . Because I am small and Asian, I am fetishised by some white men . 2023-10-01 . The Sydney Morning Herald . en.
5. Web site: Qian . Yue . 2020-02-09 . Asian guys stereotyped and excluded in online dating . 2023-10-01 . The Conversation . en.
6. Web site: 2021-04-01 . Here's how pop culture has perpetuated harmful stereotypes of Asian women . 2023-10-01 . TODAY.com . en.
7. Web site: Fang . Janet . The Deadly Consequences of Hypersexualizing Asian Women . 2023-10-01 . Scientific American . en.
8. Web site: Single Asian Men and Harmful Stereotypes in the Dating World Psychology Today . 2023-10-09 . www.psychologytoday.com . en-US.
9. Web site: When Asians say they're not into Asian men . 2023-10-01 . The Johns Hopkins News-Letter . en-US.
10. News: Salesses . Matthew . 'Good-looking for an Asian': how I shed white ideals of masculinity . The Guardian . 23 October 2020 .
11. Book: 10.1163/9789004237414_004 . How the 'Mongoloid Race' Came into Being: Late Eighteenth-Century Constructions of East Asians in Europe . Race and Racism in Modern East Asia . 2013 . 59–85 . 978-90-04-23741-4 . Walter . Demel . BRILL .
12. Web site: Colonialism in Southeast Asia: Resistance, Negotiation and Legacies – University of Hawaii Manoa Library Website . 2023-10-01 . en-US.
13. Web site: 2015-10-29 . Opinion: White worship in Hong Kong: you can't end it if you refuse to acknowledge it even exists . 2023-10-01 . South China Morning Post . en.
14. Web site: 2014-06-10 . Unconscious bias and the bamboo ceiling . 2023-10-01 . humanrights.gov.au . en.
15. Paner . Isabel . The Marginalization and Stereotyping of Asians in American Film . May 2018 . 10.33015/dominican.edu/2018.HONORS.ST.08 .
16. Abrams . Zara . Countering stereotypes about asian americans . Monitor on Psychology . American Psychological Association . December 2019 . 50 . 11 .
17. Tinkler . Justine . Zhao . Jun . Li . Yan . Ridgeway . Cecilia L. . Honorary Whites? Asian American Women and the Dominance Penalty . Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World . January 2019 . 5 . 237802311983600 . 10.1177/2378023119836000 . 150928622 . free .
18. Dhingra . Pawan . October 2021 . "Over-zealous Parents, Over-programmed Families": Asian Americans, Academic Achievement, and White Supremacy . Sociology of Race and Ethnicity . en . 7 . 4 . 458–471 . 10.1177/23326492211018483 . 236221102 . 2332-6492.
19. Panzer . Sarah . 2023-07-10 . Honorary Aryans? Japanese German Mischlinge and the Negotiation of Identity in Nazi Germany . Contemporary European History . en . 1–15 . 10.1017/S0960777323000334 . 259658679 . 0960-7773.
20. https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks
21. News: 2020-05-18 . Analysis Asians are stereotyped as 'competent but cold.' Here's how that increases backlash from the coronavirus pandemic. . en-US . Washington Post . 2023-10-01 .
22. Kim . Su Yeong . Wang . Yijie . Deng . Shiying . Alvarez . Rocio . Li . Jing . Accent, Perpetual Foreigner Stereotype, and Perceived Discrimination as Indirect Links between English Proficiency and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese American Adolescents . Developmental Psychology . 2011 . 47 . 1 . 289–301 . 10.1037/a0020712 . 21244164 . 3052861 .
23. Web site: 2020-05-12 . Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide Human Rights Watch . 2023-10-01 . en.
24. Web site: 2020-09-02 . America's long history of scapegoating its Asian citizens . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217230843/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/asian-american-racism-covid . dead . February 17, 2021 . 2023-10-02 . History . en.
25. Web site: When Did East Asians Become Yellow? Center for East Asian & Pacific Studies at Illinois . 2023-10-01 . ceaps.illinois.edu . en.
26. Web site: How did Asians go from being called "white" to "yellow" . 2023-10-01 . english.hani.co.kr.
27. Web site: AAPI Communities are Not a Monolith - APCO Worldwide . 2023-10-02 . apcoworldwide.com . en.
28. Samari . Goleen . Islamophobia and Public Health in the United States . American Journal of Public Health . November 2016 . 106 . 11 . 1920–1925 . 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303374 . 27631738 . 5055770 .
29. Welch . Kelly . Middle Eastern Terrorist Stereotypes and Anti-Terror Policy Support: The Effect of Perceived Minority Threat . Race and Justice . April 2016 . 6 . 2 . 117–145 . 10.1177/2153368715590478 . 31176854 .
30. Web site: Racial Profiling Costs of War . 2023-10-01 . The Costs of War . en.
31. Web site: 2020-02-02 . The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities – Asian American Policy Review . 2023-10-01 . en-US . 2022-11-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105230409/https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2020/02/02/the-brown-asian-american-movement-advocating-for-south-asian-southeast-asian-and-filipino-american-communities/ . dead .
32. Web site: 2023-07-01 . The Facts About Asian American Mental Health and Suicide Rates . 2023-10-01 . Newport Institute . en-US.
33. Keum . Brian TaeHyuk . Ahn . Lydia HaRim . Choi . Andrew Young . Choudhry . Adil . Nguyen . Mary . Meizys . Gintare M. . Chu . Annalisa . Hearns . Maynard . Asian American Men's Gendered Racial Socialization and Fragmented Masculinity: Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis . The Counseling Psychologist . July 2023 . 51 . 5 . 684–718 . 10.1177/00110000231170310 . 258622070 . free .
34. Karasz . Alison . Gany . Francesca . Escobar . Javier . Flores . Cristina . Prasad . Lakshmi . Inman . Arpana . Kalasapudi . Vasundhara . Kosi . Razia . Murthy . Meena . Leng . Jennifer . Diwan . Sadhna . Mental Health and Stress among South Asians . Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health . August 2019 . 21 . Suppl 1 . 7–14 . 10.1007/s10903-016-0501-4 . 27848078 . 5643212 .
35. Web site: Adlakha . Siddhant . 2023-09-28 . 'The Creator' Brings Out the Worst Tendencies of Asian-Inspired Sci-Fi . 2023-10-01 . JoySauce . en-US.