Angel wing, also known as airplane wing,[1] slipped wing, crooked wing, and drooped wing, is a syndrome that affects primarily aquatic birds, such as geese and ducks, in which the last joint of the wing is twisted with the wing feathers pointing out laterally, instead of lying against the body. Males develop it more frequently than females. It has also been reported in goshawks, bustard chicks, and psittacine birds (budgerigars, macaws, and conures).[2]
The syndrome is acquired in young birds and it is more likely to be genetically driven. There is no evidence that a high calorie diet (i.e. bread), or high proteins and/or low in vitamin D, vitamin E, and manganese, cause it. In affected birds one or both carpus (wrist) joints are delayed in their development relative to the rest of the wing. So slowing down their growth and development can help prevent it, but may lead to more susceptibility to disease. The result is a wrist which is twisted outwards and unable to perform its usual function. Angel wing symptoms include stripped remiges (flight feathers) in the wrist area, or remiges protruding from wings at odd angles. In extreme cases, the stripped feathers may resemble sickly blue straws protruding from wings. In adult birds, the disease is incurable and usually leads to an early death, as affected birds are rendered effectively flightless.[3] In young birds, wrapping the wing and binding it against the bird's flank, together with feeding the bird a more nutritionally balanced diet, may reverse the damage, but in most cases it is irreversible.
The theoretical causes of angel wing are genetics, the excessive intake of carbohydrates and proteins,[4] together with insufficient intake of vitamin E, low dietary calcium and manganese deficiency. However, scientific studies have not proven any link between bread and angel wing; and some experts and academics deny the connection.[5]