Alveolar stop explained

In phonetics and phonology, an alveolar stop is a type of consonantal[1] sound, made with the tongue in contact with the alveolar ridge located just behind the teeth (hence alveolar), held tightly enough to block the passage of air (hence a stop consonant).[2] The most common sounds are the stops pronounced as /[t]/[3] and pronounced as /[d]/, as in English toe and doe, and the voiced nasal pronounced as /[n]/. The 2-D finite element mode of the front part of the midsagittal tongue can stimulate the air pressed release of an alveolar stop.[4] Alveolar consonants in children's productions have generally been demonstrated to undergo smaller vowel-related coarticulatory effects than labial and velar consonants, thus yielding consonant-specific patterns similar to those observed in adults.[5]

The upcoming vowel target is adjusted to demand force and effort during the coarticulating process.[6] More generally, several kinds are distinguished:

Note that alveolar and dental stops are not always carefully distinguished. Acoustically, the two types of sounds are similar, and it is rare for a language to have both types.

If necessary, an alveolar consonant can be transcribed with the combining equals sign below (IPA|◌͇), as with (IPA|t͇) for the voiceless alveolar stop. A dental consonant can be transcribed with the combining bridge below (IPA|t̪), and a postalveolar consonant with the retraction diacritic, the combining minus sign below (IPA|t̠).

References

pronounced as /navigation/

Notes and References

  1. Web site: List of Consonants. University of Washington. 8 April 2019.
  2. Book: International Phonetic Association. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet. 2014. Cambridge University Press. 9780521652360. 931695762.
  3. Liberman. A. M.. Cooper. F. S.. Shankweiler. D. P.. Studdert-Kennedy. M.. 1967. Perception of the speech code.. Psychological Review. en. 74. 6. 431–461. 10.1037/h0020279. 4170865. 1939-1471.
  4. Chen. Lan. Effect of intraoral air pressure on the release of an alveolar stop closure. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 118. 3. 2026. 10.1121/1.4785776. 2005. 2005ASAJ..118.2026C.
  5. Zharkova. Natalia. 2017-09-02. Voiceless alveolar stop coarticulation in typically developing 5-year-olds and 13-year-olds. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 31. 7–9. 503–513. 10.1080/02699206.2016.1268209. 0269-9206. 28085509. 10243498.
  6. Zharkova. Natalie. Voiceless alveolar stop coarticulation in typically developing 5-year-olds and 13-year-olds. Papers from the 16th ICPLA Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia - 1. 31. 7–9. 503–513. 10.1080/02699206.2016.1268209. 28085509. 2017. 10243498.