Dutch; Flemish: Allochtoon (plural: Dutch; Flemish: allochtonen) is a Dutch word (from Greek, Modern (1453-);: ἀλλόχθων, from Greek, Modern (1453-);: ἄλλος and Greek, Modern (1453-);: χθών, literally meaning "emerging from another soil". It is the opposite of the word Dutch; Flemish: autochtoon (in English "autochthonous" or "autochthon"; from Greek Greek, Modern (1453-);: αὐτόχθων, from Greek, Modern (1453-);: αὐτός and again Greek, Modern (1453-);: χθών, literally meaning "emerging from this soil".
In the Netherlands (and Flanders), the term Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon is widely used to refer to immigrants and their descendants. Officially the term Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon is much more specific and referred to anyone who had at least one parent born outside the Netherlands.[1] The antonym Dutch; Flemish: autochtoon is less widely used, but it roughly corresponded to ethnic Dutch. Among a number of immigrant groups living in the Netherlands, a "Dutch" person (though they are themselves Dutch citizens) usually refers to the ethnic Dutch.
In 1950, Dutch descent, Dutch nationality, and Dutch citizenship were in practice identical. Dutch society consisted mostly of ethnic Dutch, with some colonial influences and sizeable minorities of Jewish, German and Flemish heritage. In 1950, most Dutch were either Catholic or Protestant, with some Jews and atheists. Decolonisation and immigration from the 1960s on altered the ethnic and religious composition of the country. That development has made the ethnicity and the national identity of the Dutch political issues.
Dutch nationality law is based primarily on the principle of jus sanguinis ("right of blood"). In other words, citizenship is conferred primarily by birth to a Dutch parent, irrespective of place of birth. A child born in the Netherlands to at least one parent residing in the Netherlands is also considered as Dutch.
The Dutch Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS) used the definition that at least one of the parents is not born in the Netherlands.
A first distinction was made between first-generation and second-generation newcomers.
Note that someone who was born abroad, but with both parents born in the Netherlands, was an Dutch; Flemish: autochtoon.
A further distinction was made between "Western" and "non-Western" Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon people. A non-Western Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon was someone whose 'country of origin' was or lied in Turkey, Africa, Latin America and Asia, with the exception of Indonesia (or the former Dutch East Indies) and Japan.
This last distinction was made because the official definition of Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon deviated from the common use in popular speech, where people referred to someone as Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon only when that person was an immigrant or an asylum seeker who was clearly distinct in ethnicity (i.e. physical appearance or skin colour), clothing or behaviour from the traditional Dutch society. However, in the official sense, the largest group of Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon people were of German ancestry. The groups that people usually thought of when they heard the word Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon were those of Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese and Dutch-Antillean ancestry. As of 2006, the first three groups comprise roughly 350,000 people each, together constituting just over 6% of the population.[2] So a new term was introduced that lied closer to that meaning, "Dutch; Flemish: niet-westers allochtoon", which excluded Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon people from Europe, Japan (a developed high income country) and Indonesia (a former colony), but not those from the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname, even though the Netherlands Antilles are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and those from Suriname immigrated when that country was still part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. This definition coincided better with the popular conception of the word as signifying people of low socio-economic status who are "different from us".
Although some viewed the usage of Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon as a stigma, several members of the Dutch royal family and all past monarchs[3] were officially Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon people, as one of the parents was foreign-born. This includes 'western-allochtoon' King Willem Alexander as well as 'non-western allochtoon' Queen Máxima and their children.
As of November 1, 2016, the Statistics Netherlands stopped using the terms Dutch; Flemish: allochtoon and Dutch; Flemish: autochtoon. Instead, it distinguishes people with a migrant background and people with a Dutch background.[4]
Originally proposed as a neutral term, the use of the term allochtoon has been criticized as being stigmatizing.[5] There is a regular stream of newspaper articles reporting statistics that unfavourably distinguish allochtoon people from the rest of the Dutch, in terms of general health, involvement in crime, level of education or perceived loyalty to the host country.[6]
In 2013, the city council of Amsterdam decided to stop using the term because of its divisive effect.[7]
As of 2016, the term allochtoon is no longer used by the Dutch government, being replaced "persoon met migratieachtergrond" (person with immigrant background),[8] an expression borrowed from German ("Mensch mit ").