Alethinophidia Explained

Common names: advanced snakes.The Alethinophidia are an infraorder of snakes that includes all snakes other than blind snakes and thread snakes. Snakes have long been grouped into families within Alethinophidia based on their morphology, especially that of their teeth. More modern phylogenetic hypotheses using genetic data^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]} support the recognition of 19 extant families (see below), although the taxonomy of alethinophidian snakes has long been debated, and ultimately the decision whether to assign a particular clade to a particular Linnaean rank (such as a superfamily, family, or subfamily) is arbitrary.

Etymology

The infraorder name Alethinophidia derives from the two Ancient Greek words, meaning "truthful, genuine", and, meaning "snake".^{[10] [11]}

Fossil record

Fossils of alethinophidians were found in Cenomanian (Middle Cretaceous) sites of Wadi Milk Formation in Wadi Abu Hashim, Sudan. Coniophis presents the vertebral morphology similar to modern-day Aniliidae. Two extinct families from the same location, the Anomalophiidae and Russellophiidae, also belong to the Alethinophidia. Krebsophis is the earliest russellophiid. The family Nigerophiidae includes both aquatic Nubianophis from Wadi Abu Hashim and Nigerophis from the Palaeocene of Niger. The genus Eoanilius (belongs to Aniliidae) appeared in the Eocene. It is also existed in Oligocene and early Miocene. The extinct marine Simoliophidae are known from the Cenomanian of North Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe, indicating a Tethyan distribution; they are notable for preserving evidence of vestigial hindlimbs.^[12]

Systematics

Extant taxa

• Superfamily Amerophidia
  • Family: Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907—red pipesnake
  • Family: Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951—Caribbean dwarf "boas" or thunder snakes
• Superfamily Booidea
  • Family: Boidae Gray, 1825—boas (see article for comments on former families or subfamilies Calabariidae/inae, Sanziniidae/inae, Charinidae/inae, Erycidae/inae, Candoiidae/inae)
• Superfamily Pythonoidea
  • Family: Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826—pythons
  • Family: Loxocemidae Cope, 1861—Mexican burrowing pythons
  • Family: Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845—sunbeam snakes
• Superfamily Uropeltoidea
  • Family: Uropeltidae Müller, 1832—shield-tailed snakes
  • Family: Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843—Asian pipe snakes
  • Family: Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993—dwarf pipe snakes
• Family: Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946—Splitjaw snakes
• Family: Xenophidiidae Wallach & Günther, 1998—Spine-jawed snakes
• Family: Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831—wart or file snakes
• Family: Xenodermidae Oppel, 1811—odd-scaled snakes
• Family: Pareidae Oppel, 1811—snail-eating snakes
• Family: Viperidae Oppel, 1811—vipers (including pit vipers)
  • Subfamily: Azemiopinae Liem, Marx and Rabb, 1971—Fea's viper
  • Subfamily: Crotalinae Oppel, 1811—pitvipers (including rattlesnakes)
  • Subfamily: Viperinae Oppel, 1811—true vipers
• Family: Homalopsidae Günther, 1864—Asian mudsnakes
• Superfamily: Elapoidea F. Boie, 1827 (merged with Colubroidea by the Reptile Database)^[13]
  • Family: Cyclocoridae Weinell & Brown, 2017—Philippine snakes
  • Family: Micrelapidae Das et al., 2023—two-headed snakes
  • Family: Elapidae F. Boie, 1827—Cobras, coral snakes, mambas, taipans, sea snakes, and others
  • Family: Pseudaspididae Cope, 1893—mole snake, western keeled snake, and mock vipers
  • Family: Prosymnidae Gray, 1849—shovel-snouted snakes
  • Family: Psammophiidae Dowling, 1967—sand snakes and allies
  • Family: Atractaspididae Günther, 1858—African burrowing asps, stiletto snakes, harlequin snakes
  • Family: Pseudoxyrhophiidae Dowling, 1975—Malagasy hognose snakes, brook snakes, and allies
  • Family: Lamprophiidae Fitzinger, 1843—lamprophiids
• Superfamily: Colubroidea Oppel, 1811
  • Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811—colubrids, typical snakes (subfamilies sometimes considered distinct families)
    • Subfamily: Sibynophiinae Dunn, 1928—hinged-teeth snakes
    • Subfamily: Natricinae Bonaparte, 1838—keelbacks
    • Subfamily: Pseudoxenodontinae McDowell, 1987
    • Subfamily: Dipsadinae Bonaparte, 1838

Fossil taxa

Based on Gower & Zaher (2022):^[14]

• Genus †Afrotortrix Rage, 2021
• Genus †Amaru Albino, 2018
• Genus †Eoanilius Rage, 1974
• Genus †Falseryx Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
• Genus †Goinophis Holman, 1976
• Genus †Hoffstetterella Rage, 1998
• Genus †Kataria Scanferla et al., 2013
• Genus †Platyspondylia Rage, 1974
• Genus †Rottophis Szyndlar & Bohme, 1996
• Genus †Szyndlaria Rage & Auge, 2010
• Genus †Tuscahomaophis Holman & Case, 1992
• Genus †Vectophis Rage & Ford, 1980
• Family †Simoliophidae Nopsca, 1925
• Family †Palaeophiidae Lydekker, 1888
• Family †Nigerophiidae Rage, 1975

See also

• Scolecophidia, blind snakes, thread snakes.
• List of snakes, overview of all snake genera.

External links

• Alethinophidia at Palaeos. Accessed 14 August 2007.

Notes and References

1. Pyron. R. A.. Burbrink. F.. Wiens. J. J.. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2013. 13. 1 . 93. 10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. 23627680. 3682911 . 2013BMCEE..13...93P . free .
2. Reynolds. RG. Niemiller. ML. Revell. LJ. Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2014. 71. 201–213. 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. 2018-05-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20151202212953/http://www.rgrahamreynolds.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Reynolds_etal_2014_MPE.pdf. 2015-12-02. dead. 24315866.
3. Streicher. J. W.. Ruane. S.. Phylogenomics of Snakes. eLS. 2018. 10.1002/9780470015902.a0027476. 1–8. 9780470015902.
4. Figueroa. A.. McKelvy. A. D.. Grismer. L. L.. Bell. C. D.. Lailvaux. S. P.. A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus. PLOS ONE. 2016. 11. 9. e0161070. 5014348. 10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. 27603205. 2016PLoSO..1161070F. free.
5. Zheng. Y. Wiens. JJ. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016. 94. Pt B. 537–547. 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. 26475614.
6. Book: Scanlon. J. D.. Lee. M. S. Y.. Aldridge. R. D.. Sever. D. M.. The Major Clades of Living Snakes: Morphological Evolution, Molecular Phylogeny, and Divergence Dates in Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. 2011. Science Publishers. Enfield, NH. 55–95.
7. Book: Vidal. N.. Delmas. A. S.. Hedges. S. B.. Henderson. R. W.. Powell. R.. The higher-level relationships of alethinophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear and mitochondrial genes. 2007. Eagle Mountain Publishing. Eagle Mountain, Utah, USA. 27–33.
8. Book: Vitt. L. J.. Caldwell. J. P.. Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles. 2014. Academic Press. Burlington. 108–109. 4th.
9. Web site: Uetz. Peter. Serpentes at The Reptile Database. The Reptile Database. EMBL. 14 May 2018.
10. Book: Bailly, Anatole . Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français . 1981-01-01 . Hachette . 978-2010035289 . Paris . 461974285 .
11. Web site: Greek-french dictionary online . Bailly . Anatole . www.tabularium.be . January 7, 2019.
12. Hsiang . Allison Y. . Field . Daniel J. . Webster . Timothy H. . Behlke . Adam DB . Davis . Matthew B. . Racicot . Rachel A. . Gauthier . Jacques A. . 2015-05-20 . The origin of snakes: revealing the ecology, behavior, and evolutionary history of early snakes using genomics, phenomics, and the fossil record . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 15 . 1 . 87 . 10.1186/s12862-015-0358-5 . 1471-2148 . 4438441 . 25989795 . 2015BMCEE..15...87H . free .
13. Web site: Search results The Reptile Database . 2022-07-21 . reptile-database.reptarium.cz.
14. Book: Gower, David J. . The Origin and Early Evolutionary History of Snakes . Zaher . Hussam . 2022-08-11 . Cambridge University Press . 2022 . 58 . 10.1017/9781108938891.027.