Agitprop Explained

Agitprop (;^[1] from Russian: агитпроп|r=agitpróp, portmanteau of agitatsiya, "agitation" and propaganda, "propaganda")^[2] refers to an intentional, vigorous promulgation of ideas. The term originated in the Soviet Union where it referred to popular media, such as literature, plays, pamphlets, films, and other art forms, with an explicitly political message in favor of communism.^[3]

The term originated in the Soviet Union as a shortened name for the Department for Agitation and Propaganda (Russian: отдел агитации и пропаганды, ), which was part of the central and regional committees of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.^[4] Within the party apparatus, both agitation (work among people who were not Communists) and propaganda (political work among party members) were the responsibility of the agitpropotdel, or APPO. Its head was a member of the MK secretariat, although they ranked second to the head of the orgraspredotdel.^[5] Typically Russian agitprop explained the ideology and policies of the Communist Party and attempted to persuade the general public to support and join the party and share its ideals. Agitprop was also used for dissemination of information and knowledge to the people, like new methods of agriculture. After the October Revolution of 1917, an agitprop train toured the country, with artists and actors performing simple plays and broadcasting propaganda.^[6] It had a printing press on board the train to allow posters to be reproduced and thrown out of the windows as it passed through villages.^[7] The first head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) was Evgeny Preobrazhensky.^[8]

It gave rise to agitprop theatre, a highly politicized theatre that originated in 1920s Europe and spread to the United States; the plays of Bertolt Brecht are a notable example.^[9] Russian agitprop theater was noted for its cardboard characters of perfect virtue and complete evil, and its coarse ridicule.^[10] Gradually, the term agitprop came to describe any kind of highly politicized art.

Forms

During the Russian Civil War agitprop took various forms:

• Use of the press: Bolshevik strategy from the beginning was to gain access to the primary medium of dissemination of information in Russia: the press.^[11] The socialist newspaper Pravda resurfaced in 1917 after being shut down by the Tsarist censorship three years earlier. Prominent Bolsheviks like Kamenev, Stalin and Bukharin became editors of Pravda during and after the revolution, making it an organ for Bolshevik agitprop. With the decrease in popularity and power of Tsarist and Bourgeois press outlets, Pravda was able to become the dominant source of written information for the population in regions controlled by the Red Army .^[12]

• Oral-agitation networks: The Bolshevik leadership understood that to build a lasting regime, they would need to win the support of the mass population of Russian peasants. To do this, Lenin organized a Communist party that attracted demobilized soldiers and others to become supporters of the Bolshevik ideology, dressed up in uniforms and sent to travel the countryside as agitators to the peasants.^[13] The oral-agitation networks established a presence in the isolated rural areas of Russia, expanding Communist power.
• Agitational trains and ships: To expand the reach of the oral-agitation networks, the Bolsheviks pioneered using modern transportation to reach deeper into Russia. The trains and ships carried agitators armed with leaflets, posters, and various other forms of agitprop. Train cars included a garage of motorcycles and cars in order for propaganda materials to reach the rural towns not located near rail lines. The agitational trains expanded the reach of agitators into Eastern Europe and allowed for the establishment of agitprop stations, consisting of libraries of propaganda material. The trains were also equipped with radios, and their own printing press, so they could report to Moscow the political climate of the given region, and receive instruction on how to custom print propaganda on the spot to better take advantage of the situation.^[14]
• Literacy campaign: The peasant society of Russia in 1917 was largely illiterate, making it difficult to reach them through printed agitprop. The People's Commissariat of Enlightenment was established to spearhead the war on illiteracy.^[15] Instructors were trained in 1919 and sent to the countryside to create more instructors and expand the operation into a network of literacy centers. New textbooks were created, explaining Bolshevik ideology to the newly literate members of Soviet society, and the literacy training in the army was expanded.^[16]

See also

• Agit-train
• Blue Blouse
• Propaganda in the Soviet Union
• Left Column (theater troupe)
• Russian Telegraph Agency (ROSTA)

Sources

• Book: Schütz, Gertrud. Kleines Politisches Wörterbuch. Dietz Verlag. Berlin. 978-3-320-01177-2. 1988.
• Book: Kenez, Peter. The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917–1929. registration. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 978-0-521-31398-8. 342. November 29, 1985.
• Book: Ellul, Jacques. . 1973. Vintage Books. New York. 978-0-394-71874-3. 320. Jacques Ellul.
• Book: Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. 1977. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-501476-1. 197. Sun Tzu. Samuel B. Griffith.
• Book: Lasswell, Harold D.. Propaganda Technique in World War I. registration. M.I.T. Press. 978-0-262-62018-5. 268. April 15, 1971.
• Book: Huxley, Aldous. Aldous Huxley. Brave New World Revisited. Harper & Row. New York. 1958.
• Book: Andrew, Christopher. Mitrokhin, Vasili. The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. New York. 978-0-465-00311-2. 736. September 20, 2005.
• Book: Andrew, Christopher. For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush. registration. HarperPerennial. New York. 978-0-06-092178-1. March 1, 1996.
• Book: Riedel, Bruce. The Search for Al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future. Brookings Institution Press. Washington, D.C.. 978-0-8157-0451-5. 2nd. March 15, 2010.
• Book: Clark, Charles E.. Uprooting Otherness: The Literacy Campaign in Nep-Era Russia. 2000. Susquehanna University Press.

Further reading

• Martin Ebon, The Soviet Propaganda Machine, McGraw-Hill, 1987. .
• Charlotte Fiell and Peter Fiell, Design of the 20th Century, Cologne: Taschen, 2005, p. 26. .
• Vellikkeel Raghavan, Agitation Propaganda Theatre, Chandigarh: Unistar Books, 2009. .
• K. A. Rusnock, "Agitprop", in: James Millar,, Encyclopedia of Russian History, Gale Group, Inc., 2003. .

Notes and References

1. 26 July 2020.
2. Web site: agitprop(n.). Online Etymology Dictionary. 2 June 2020.
3. Web site: ((The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica)). agitprop. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. July 11, 2002. January 29, 2017.
4. Web site: Agitprop. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2 June 2020.
5. Book: Merridale. Catherine. Moscow Politics and the Rise of Stalin. 1990. Palgrave Macmillan. London. 978-1-349-21044-2. 142. 10.1007/978-1-349-21042-8_8 .
6. Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: Web site: Agitprop Train. YouTube. 2007-06-15. 2009-05-09.
7. Paul A. Smith, On Political War, p. 124, National Defense University Press, 1989
8. Web site: Departments, commissions and institutions of the Central Committee of RCP (b) - VKP (b) - CPSU. https://web.archive.org/web/20190525135813/http://www.knowbysight.info/2_KPSS/03499.asp. 2019-05-25.
9. Richard Bodek (1998) "Proletarian Performance in Weimar Berlin: Agitprop, Chorus, and Brecht",
10. [Richard Pipes]
11. Kenez, pp. 5–7
12. Kenez, pp. 29-31
13. Kenez, pp. 51-53
14. Kenez, p. 59.
15. Kenez, p. 74
16. Kenez, pp. 77-78