Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom explained

The aerospace industry of the United Kingdom is the second-largest national aerospace industry in the world (after the United States) and the largest in Europe by turnover,[1] [2] [3] with a global market share of 17% in 2019. In 2020, the industry employed 116,000 people.[4] [5]

Domestic companies with a large presence in the British aerospace industry include Airbus (through its Airbus UK subsidiary), BAE Systems (the world's fourth-largest defence contractor),[6] [7] Britten-Norman, GKN, Hybrid Air Vehicles, Meggitt PLC, QinetiQ, Rolls-Royce (the world's second-largest maker of aero engines),[8] Senior plc, MBDA (through its MBDA UK subsidiary) and Ultra Electronics. Foreign companies with a major presence include Boeing (through its Boeing UK subsidiary), GE Aviation (through its GE Aviation Systems subsidiary), Leonardo, Lockheed Martin (through its Lockheed Martin UK subsidiary), Safran (through its Safran Landing Systems subsidiary), Spirit AeroSystems and Thales Group (through its Thales Air Defence subsidiary).

Current and future crewed aircraft in which the British aerospace industry has a major role include the AgustaWestland AW101, AW159, Airbus A220, A320 family, A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M, BAE Hawk, Boeing 767, 777, 787,[9] Bombardier CRJ700, Learjet 85, Britten-Norman Defender, Britten-Norman Islander, Eurofighter Typhoon, Hawker 800, Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules, Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II and BAE Systems Tempest. Current and future unmanned aerial vehicles in which the British aerospace industry has a major role include Airbus Zephyr, BAE Taranis, HAV 304 Airlander 10 and Watchkeeper WK450. Major engine families designed and manufactured in the United Kingdom include the Eurojet EJ200, TP400-D6, Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, Rolls-Royce Trent and Rolls-Royce UltraFan

The British aerospace industry has made many important contributions to the history of aircraft and was solely, or jointly, responsible for the development and production of the first aircraft with an enclosed cabin (the Avro Type F), the first jet aircraft to enter service for the Allies in World War II (the Gloster Meteor),[10] the first commercial jet airliner to enter service (the de Havilland Comet),[11] the first aircraft capable of supercruise (the English Electric Lightning),[12] the first supersonic commercial jet airliner to enter service (the Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde),[13] the first fixed-wing V/STOL combat aircraft to enter service (the Hawker Siddeley Harrier),[14] the first twin-engined widebody commercial jet airliner (the Airbus A300),[15] the first digital fly-by-wire commercial aircraft (the Airbus A320),[16] and the largest commercial aircraft to enter service to date (the Airbus A380).[17]

2010 saw the establishment of the Aerospace Growth Partnership (AGP), a strategic partnership between the UK Government, industry and other key stakeholders, established to secure the future of the UK aerospace industry in the face of an ever changing, and increasingly competitive global landscape.[18]

General statistics

UK aerospace industry in 2013[19]
Turnover (£ Bn.)No. of enterprisesEconomic contribution (£ Bn.)% of economic output
24.76349.440.9%

As of 2021, about a quarter of large communications satellites manufacture takes place in Britain.[20]

History

The early interest in aeroplanes

The desire by private individuals, often amateur gentlemen, to fly as a hobby provided the initial stimulus to the UK aviation industry. By October 1913 there were over 80 private airworthy aeroplanes, more than the airworthy planes in the recently formed Royal Flying Corps. Before the First World War there were no regular air services and commercial aviation only really started in 1919 after the development of suitably sized aircraft during the First World War.[21]

Whilst it was the military market that really was the source of aviation development, in the years leading up to 1914 it was, in the UK, rather sporadic. In 1909 development on behalf of the Government was stopped as being too costly. In April 1911 Britain had only 6 military aeroplanes, 2 of which were obsolete. The French War Department owned 208. However, by the start of WW1 the Naval Wing of the R.F.C. had 93 and the Military Wing had 179.[22]

Pre-1900

1900 to 1909

1910–1914

As a new technology, there was a great deal of interest from a variety of sources but often it was individuals just enthused by aviation. Between 1909 and 1914 there were about 200 active constructors, although many of them only made one or two planes. But even the production of the larger firms was not very substantial, British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, one of the largest produced just over 200 planes between 1910 and 1914.[23]

Most of the aviation pioneers, such as Geoffrey de Havilland, Thomas Sopwith, Richard Fairey, Robert Blackburn, Frederick Handley Page, A.V. Roe and the Short Brothers had a training in engineering and their companies were usually privately financed. There were several large engineering companies who also got involved, such as Vickers in 1911, Armstrong Whitworth in 1912 British and Colonial Aeroplane Company in 1910 and Aircraft Manufacturing Company in 1912.[23]

Along with these companies there was the early development of seaplanes, particularly near Southampton, by companies such as S. E. Saunders (originally boat builders) and Pemberton-Billing (later Supermarine). Finally, there were several French subsidiary companies who built aero-engines.[24]

1914–1918

Unsurprisingly the run up to and onset of the First World War led to a massive increase in the number of companies engaged in aircraft production. Between 1912 and 1916 aircraft production was moved on to a mass production basis. But it was only by 1917 that production problems and procedures were sorted out such that there was a steady flow of aircraft, engines and spares.[25]

By October 1918 there were 1,529 companies involved in the manufacture of aircraft. As well as aviation companies making aeroplanes there were other engineering companies also involved in making aircraft and engines (usually under licence). Companies such as shipbuilders Harland and Wolff in Belfast, engineering manufacturer, G & J Weir in Glasgow. The motor industry obviously had a capability to manufacture aeroplanes and, in particular, engines. Austin Motor Company, Daimler Company, D. Napier & Son, Sunbeam Motor Car Company and ABC Motors were all part of the wartime aviation industry. In addition there were also a large number of sub-contractors, making such things as propellers, electrical equipment, instrumentation and canvas.[26]

However, once the War was over, the vast majority returned to their pre-war activities. The aircraft being produced in 1918 were essentially enhanced versions of the 1914 aircraft. The development of the aviation industry between 1914 and 1918 was more one of production and logistics than scientific or technical.

1918 -1924

On 2 January 1918 the Air Ministry was founded and on 1 April 1918 the Royal Air Force was established, independent of the Army and Royal Navy. Both organisations were to fashion the nature of the aviation industry in the UK.

The first task for the government at the end of the war was to dispose of their stocks of aircraft and to deal with those on order. The Ministry of Munitions set up a Disposal Board and sold the entire surplus stock to a private company, Aircraft Disposals Company, with Frederick Handley Page as one of the key personnel.[27]

As soon as the war was finished and the government demand for aircraft ceased some of the remaining aircraft companies tried to diversify into other activities but with limited success or simply closed down. For instance, Airco looked at car manufacture and was bought by the Daimler Company parent company Birmingham Small Arms whilst Martinsyde and Sopwith briefly tried motor cycles. By 1920 the British aerospace industry consisted of 28 aeroplane constructors and a dozen aero engine designers. However, much of their work was of a trivial nature and engine orders were so low that Rolls-Royce nearly left the aviation sector.[28]

The aviation industry was left with the core of pre-war producers and a few companies whose interest in aviation had been aroused. This latter category included companies such as the Norwich engineering firm Boulton & Paul, Westland Aircraft, the wartime offshoot of engine manufacturers Petters Ltd and Gloucestershire, later, Gloster Aircraft Company formed from Cheltenham-based luxury liner outfitters H.H. Martyn & Co..[29]

Nonetheless, there was still determination to stay particularly from the enthusiastic pioneers such de Havilland and Sopwith. As soon as Airco and Sopwith Aviation Company were declared bankrupt,(due to the Treasury demanding payment for excess profits) within months Tommy Sopwith and Geoffrey de Havilland both established new companies, H.G. Hawker Engineering later Hawker Aircraft and De Havilland Aircraft Company.[30]

Civil aviation

The Government established a Civil Aerial Transport Committee (that included H. G. Wells and Tommy Sopwith) that reported in December 1918. Their key recommendation was that steps should be taken to foster civil aviation in order, in part, to maintain a manufacturing base that could supply the country's military needs.[31] However, Government policy for civil aviation was, initially, according to the then Secretary of State for Air, Winston Churchill, on 11 March 1920 in the House of Commons to let it "fly by itself……any attempt to support it artificially by floods of State money will not ever produce a really sound commercial aviation service which the public will use, and will impose a burden of an almost indefinite amount upon the Exchequer".

Air transport companies were established in 1919–20, several of which were subsidiaries of aircraft manufacturers, such as Handley-Page, Airco and Blackburn Aircraft. A number of the companies failed or found themselves in difficulty, due to high operating cost, low demand that was also seasonal, high fares and heavily subsidised French competition and so it was decided in April 1922 to offer support and by October subsidies were given to individual airlines operating set routes.[32]

Matters were improved when aircraft specifically designed for commercial operation were introduced. The DH.34 and Handley Page W.8 lowered the operating costs for airlines, making them more economically viable.[33]

Eventually, however, the state did involve itself in civil aviation and on the advice of the Hambling Committee, creating Imperial Airways in 1924 from the four main air transport companies. However, the Air Ministry did not actively engage with the development of commercial aircraft, despite the recommendation of the 1918 Civil Aerial Transport Committee and was later criticised by the 1938 Cadman Report for this.[34]

Airports

In order for civil aviation to expand, airports, close to major towns and cities and ancillary support such as weather forecasting and wireless telegraphy would be crucial. This idea was first laid out by Frank Pick in his dissenting memorandum in the 1918 Report of the Civil Aerial Transport Committee.

The Air Ministry focused mainly on the military aspects of its remit, and held to the notion that state involvement was unnecessary because airports should be left to the private sector and municipal authorities.[35]

The Department for Civil Aviation had been created within the Air Ministry in 1919 with Sir Frederick Sykes at its head. He outlined a plan for civil aviation and included a structure for the creation of airports. However, the post was downgraded and in April 1922 he resigned. Sir Sefton Brancker took over and he too understood that airports would be a key to the development of civil aviation and enthusiastically lobbied and encouraged provincial towns and cities to organise the planning.

Brancker's campaign could claim its first practical results in 1929 when Nottingham, Blackpool and Hull each opened a licensed aerodrome. Manchester, Bristol and Plymouth followed suit in 1930.[36]

Sir Sefton Brancker died in the R101 crash in 1930 and his successor, Francis Shelmerdine, was not so enthusiastic and cited financial difficulties as one of the reasons for the slowdown in the impetus.[37]

Nonetheless by1939, in England and Wales a total of 38 municipal aerodromes had been established. In addition, there were three in Scotland and one each in Belfast and Jersey.[38]

The Air Ministry and the Ministry of Health were jointly responsible for approving aerodromes. The Air Ministry dealt with aviation matters, concentrating on the safety aspects of the positioning of buildings, the quality of the airfield and especially possible hazards surrounding the aerodrome.[39]

In 1936 transport engineer Henry Maybury chaired the committee for the Development of Civil Aviation in the United Kingdom. His report in 1937 came closest in its reasoning to a national master-plan, with its proposed 'system of airports', linked to a planned pattern of regulated internal services.[40]

The failure in the early 1920s to establish the network of 'key aerodromes', or even a barely adequate aviation infrastructure in comparison to the contemporary achievements in Germany and France, was a contributory factor to the progressive weakening in relative international terms of Britain as a civil aviation power during the inter-war period. For instance, in 1927 German aviation carried almost eight times more passengers than British carriers.[41] However, the municipal airports movement after 1929 began to repair this deficiency.[42]

Military aviation

The Air Ministry worked in the early years on the basis that there would be no war in Europe in the immediate future and that the main requirement for aircraft would be policing the colonies. Such activity would not require sophisticated aeroplanes to be developed.

Nonetheless, the Government needed to ensure that the aircraft industry did not shrink to a size dangerous for national defence and that there would be sufficient aircraft and aero engine companies to sustain the United Kingdom's military requirements for the variety of types of aircraft and engines.

Consequently, there came into being an arrangement with Society of British Aircraft Constructors that contracts could be shared around a limited number of companies, this became known as The Ring.[43]

The Air Ministry would draw up a specification which would be given to 'approved firms' who would then submit tenders for prototypes. The Air Ministry would select several prototypes and finally a choice for production would be made.

The work was spread out over about 18 aviation companies. The winning company for a tender would not necessarily be given the complete construction work, which on occasions would be spread out to other companies to ensure that they, the other companies, were able to stay in business.[44]

1925–1939

Civil aviation

There was a particular success in this period in the growth of privately owned light aircraft. In 1924 the Air Ministry initiated a policy of financial assistance to light aeroplane clubs. Despite Air Ministry support what really made the difference was the launch of the De Havilland Gipsy Moth in 1924. An immensely popular aircraft ideally suited to flying clubs and popularised by famous aviators such as Amy Johnson, Jean Batten, and Sir Francis Chichester[45]

However, for airliners in this period the UK lagged behind European countries. In 1931 Belgium operator Sabena was the only other European airline company using British aircraft. The aeroplanes of German manufacturer Junkers and Dutch company Fokker were dominant and after 1930 American passenger aircraft took a leading part. In 1938 Neville Chamberlain flew a British Airways Ltd Lockheed 10 Electra for his meeting with Adolf Hitler.[46]

The reasons for this were not difficult to find. Imperial Airways largely ignored European routes preferring to focus on imperial markets in Africa and India. Imperial Airways' Handley Page aircraft were comfortable and safe but slow. There was no competition on these routes, so there was little incentive to spend money on developing new, faster and more efficient aircraft.

Flying boats

However, the lack of suitable landing airfields in many Empire counties in the inter War period did lead to Imperial Airways commissioning Short Brothers in 1935 to build 28 flying boat aircraft for passengers and freight (particularly airmail). The Second World War effectively stopped the further development of the flying boat as after the War there were plenty of suitable land aircraft, notably the Douglas DC-3, and airfields for flying boats to be redundant.[46]

Research and Development

The aviation industry was to benefit significantly from aeronautical research carried out in the late 1920s and the 1930s. The academic centres were University of Cambridge, where they had established a chair in aeronautical engineering in 1919, and, indeed, most of the leading British aeronautical engineers were Cambridge graduates,[47] and Imperial College London. For instance, Sir Frank Whittle the inventor and developer of the jet engine and W.E.W. Petter the designer of the Westland Lysander and, after World War Two, the English Electric Canberra, and Folland Gnat, both studied mechanical sciences at Cambridge University.[48] [47] [49]

John Siddeley, 1st Baron Kenilworth, the aero engine producer, gave Cambridge University £10,000 for aeronautical research and the arm dealer Basil Zaharoff endowed a chair of aviation at Imperial College.[50]

Much work was also done at the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough, Hampshire, the research and development organisation under the auspices of the Air Ministry. Research work was, for instance, carried out in wind tunnels, and other projects such as research on electrical heating systems for guns, reliable navigation lamps, better engine magnetos and ignition systems.[51]

1939 to 1945

1945 to 1949

1950 to 1959

1960 to 1969

1970 to 1979

1980 to 1989

1990 to 1999

2000 to 2009

2010 to 2019

2020 to present

Current major projects

Crewed civil fixed-wing aircraft

Crewed military fixed-wing aircraft

Civil and military UAVs and UCAVs

Helicopters

Engines

Missiles

Radars

Satellites

Spaceplanes

Current major participants

AgustaWestland

AgustaWestland is an international helicopter manufacturer owned by Leonardo of Italy. In the United Kingdom, the company has one factory in Yeovil, employing more than 4,000 people.[86] Its main products with a large British content are the AW101, the Super and Future Lynx and the AW139 and AW149.

Airbus UK

Airbus (a subsidiary of Airbus) directly employs around 13,000 people at its UK division Airbus UK, with estimates that it supports another 140,000 jobs in the wider UK economy.[87] [88] The traditional UK workshare in Airbus aircraft is around 20%.[89] Airbus has major sites at Filton in the city of Bristol and at Broughton in north Wales.[87] Filton is the main research and development and support centre for all Airbus wings, fuel systems and landing gear integration.[90] Broughton, which employs over 5,000 people, is the main wing manufacturing centre for all Airbus aircraft and also builds the fuselage and wings of the Hawker 800.[88] [90] Since 2006 Airbus has also had a small development centre in the Midlands.

Other Airbus subsidiaries with major operations in the UK include Astrium, Cassidian and Surrey Satellite Technology.

Airbus Defence & Space

Airbus Defence and Space (a subsidiary of Airbus) is the largest space company in Europe and employs around 2,700 people in the UK.[91] It has sites at Stevenage (1,200 employees), Portsmouth (1,400 employees) and Poynton (120 employees).[92] [93] [94]

BAE Systems

The UK-headquartered BAE Systems is the world's fourth-largest defence contractor and it employs around 36,400 people in the UK.[95] [96] The largest aerospace related locations of BAE Systems are Warton, Samlesbury and Brough. The final assembly line for the British Eurofighter Typhoons, a collaborative European programme, is located at Warton. All flight test activity for crewed aircraft is undertaken from Warton, which is also the development centre within BAE Systems, for UAVs, UCAVs and the Saudi Tornado upgrade programme. Samlesbury is the production hub of the Military Air Solutions division of BAE Systems. Here, components for the Eurofighter Typhoon, the F35 Lightning II, the Hawk, UAVs, UCAVs and Airbus aircraft get built. At Brough, the BAE Hawk gets produced and final assembled, flight tests are done at Warton. Overall, Military Air Solution has 14,000 employees spread across eight sites in the United Kingdom.[97]

Britten-Norman Group

The Britten-Norman Group is the last remaining independent aircraft manufacturer in the United Kingdom, with about 100 employees. It is best known for its design of rugged transport aircraft, such as the Islander,[98] Trislander and Defender 4000. To reduce costs, the company (resident on the Isle of Wight) did not perform manufacture of the airframes, but instead outsourced this to Romania. However, it has now moved production of all aircraft back to Daedalus Airfield and also performs in the European hub for the Cirrus SR20 and SR22 final assembly and delivery.[99]

Spirit AeroSystems

The American company, Spirit AeroSystems, employs over 4,000 people across 7 facilities in Northern Ireland (Belfast, Dunmurry, Newtownards, and Newtownabbey) and Scotland (Prestwick Airport). The Northern Ireland operations can trace their roots back to Shorts Brothers in Northern Ireland. The company has significant workshares in a number of Bombardier aircraft, as well as producing wings for the Airbus A220.

GE Aviation Systems

GE Aviation Systems, formerly known as Smiths Aerospace, is a division of General Electric, with about 10,000 employees, half of which work in the UK.

GKN

GKN Aerospace is a division of the British company GKN, which employs approximately 5,000 people, mainly in the UK and the USA. In the UK, its most important facility is on the Isle of Wight, where it has a carbon composite centre of excellence. There it designed, and used to produce, the composite wing spar for the A400M now produced at GKN's New purpose built Western Approach, Bristol site.

Martin-Baker

Martin-Baker Aircraft Company Limited is a British manufacturer of ejection seats and safety-related equipment for aviation. It is the world's leading manufacturer of ejection seats, with a 53% global market share and annual production of around 500 seats per year.[100]

Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group

Marshall Aerospace and Defence Group is a family-owned engineering services and technology business which employs over 4000 people with offices in the UK, Europe, UAE and Canada.

MBDA

MBDA is the largest European missile manufacturer, owned by BAE Systems (37.5%), Airbus (37.5%) and Leonardo (25%). It operates in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy and Poland and has offices in the USA. In the UK, the main sites are Bristol (software and systems) Bolton (production), Stevenage (R&D and integration) and London (management). MBDA's missile programmes include ASRAAM, Meteor, Storm Shadow, Rapier, Sea Wolf, CAMM and Brimstone among others.[101]

QinetiQ

QinetiQ was formed from parts of the former Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA). It has close to 12,000 employees and is one of the major players in the British aerospace industry. QinetiQ's main aerospace business relates to satellites, UAVs and reconnaissance systems.

Rolls-Royce

The UK-headquartered Rolls-Royce Group is the world's second-largest maker of aircraft engines (behind General Electric).[102] [103] It has over 50,000 employees, of whom about 23,000 are based in the United Kingdom. In 2014, Rolls-Royce purchased the 50% Daimler had in the R-R engine business, paying 2'430 million € for it. The company's main UK factories are at Derby and Bristol. In Derby, the three shaft Trent engines get developed and produced. The current line up includes the Trent 700 for the Airbus A330, the Trent 900 for the Airbus A380, the Trent 1000 for the Boeing 787 and the Trent XWB for the Airbus A350 XWB, among others. In Bristol, the company has concentrated its military aerospace business with the British final assembly line for the EJ200 engine for the Eurofighter Typhoon, the only final assembly line for the British-French Adour engine and other programmes, such as significant parts of the workshare, in the TP400 turboprop engine for the A400M and the F136 engine for the F-35 Lightning II. Recently, Bristol has also been confirmed as the centre for the development and testing of the civil RB282 engine, which will, however, be produced in Virginia.

Rolls-Royce's main locations are at Derby, Bristol, Hucknall, Barnoldswick/Burnley, Inchinnan.

Safran

Safran's operations include its Messier-Dowty and Turbomeca subsidiaries (now renamed Safran Landing Systems and Safran Helicopter Engines respectively), alongside the manufacturing of aircraft seats (South Wales) and nacelles (Burnley).https://www.safran-group.com/countries/united-kingdom

Swift Aircraft

Swift Aircraft is based in Coltishall, Norfolk. It is currently developing a new, fully composite, training aircraft with the aim to replace existing aging military and civilian fleets.

Leonardo

The UK businesses of Leonardo have a workforce of approximately 8,000 and include Leonardo Helicopters (Yeovil), the successor to AugustaWestland and the UK's only domestic helicopter manufacturer. Models manufactured at Yeovil include the AW159 Wildcat and AW101 Merlin. Alongside core operations in Italy and the UK, the company trades in the United States, Germany, Turkey, Romania, Brazil, Saudi Arabia and India.

Surrey Satellite Technology

Surrey Satellite Technology is a small satellite development and production company. It currently has c.600 employees and is the world leader in small satellites.[104] In its 22-year history, it has developed satellites for 27 missions. The two Galileo satellite navigation proofing satellites, GIOVE-A and GIOVE-A2, are two of their better-known satellites. Originally a spin-out company from the University of Surrey, Surrey Satellite Technology is now 99% owned by the Airbus Defence and Space division of Airbus.[105]

Thales Group

Thales Group including its UK-based Thales Air Defence (Belfast), Thales Avionics and Thales Optronics subsidiaries has capabilities including avionics, UAVs, simulation.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: United Kingdom – Country Commercial Guide. 4 July 2022. International Trade Administration U.S. Department of Commerce.
  2. News: Britain's aerospace sector soars amid fears Brexit could clip its wings. 6 August 2016. Telegraph. 29 June 2016.
  3. News: Our Sectors – Aerospace. 6 August 2016. ADS Group.
  4. Web site: The aerospace industry: statistics and policy . BRIEFING PAPER Number 00928 . Philip . Brien . Chris . Rhodes . 8 November 2017 . . London.
  5. Web site: UK: number of people employed in aerospace industry 2020 . 2022-12-09 . Statista.
  6. https://www.sipri.org/publications/2018/sipri-fact-sheets/sipri-top-100-arms-producing-and-military-services-companies-2017 SIPRI Top 100 Arms-Producing and Military Services Companies
  7. News: Top 100 for 2015. 6 August 2016. Defense News.
  8. Web site: Rolls-Royce – What we do. Rolls-Royce. 6 August 2016.
  9. News: Boeing 787 Dreamliner handed over to first customer after years of delays. The Telegraph. 27 September 2011. 26 September 2011. London. Graham. Ruddick.
  10. Web site: Gloster Meteor . 20 October 2010 . Imperial War Museum Duxford . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100817061601/http://duxford.iwm.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.1199 . 17 August 2010 .
  11. News: 1952: Comet inaugurates the jet age. 20 October 2010. BBC News. 2 May 1952. https://web.archive.org/web/20100913071231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/2/newsid_2480000/2480339.stm. 13 September 2010 . live.
  12. English Electric Aircraft and their Predecessors, Stephen Ransom & Robert Fairclough, Putnam, London, 1987, (p.227)
  13. Web site: Concorde. 20 October 2010. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. 13 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120313004712/http://www.nasm.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A20030139000. dead.
  14. News: Harrier jet's replacement ten years away. 20 October 2010. Channel 4 News. 19 October 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101022141045/http://www.channel4.com/news/harrier-jets-replacement-ten-years-away. 22 October 2010 . live.
  15. News: Airbus to say goodbye to the airplane that started it all. 20 October 2010. Air Transport World. 8 March 2006.
  16. News: The A320's Fly-by-Wire System. 20 October 2010. The New York Times. 29 June 1988. Barnaby J.. Feder.
  17. News: Demand Soars Past Indian Aviation. 20 October 2010. The Wall Street Journal. 11 October 2010. Devin. Banerjee. https://web.archive.org/web/20101023193611/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703598204575471444279694812.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. 23 October 2010 . live.
  18. Web site: Aerospace Growth Partnership. 2020-07-29. Aerospace Growth Partnership.
  19. Web site: The aerospace industry: statistics and policy. Parliament. HM Government. 8 August 2016.
  20. News: Quantum: Flagship UK telecommunications satellite launches . Amos . Jonathan . BBC News . 30 July 2021 . 30 July 2021.
  21. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 476
  22. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 479
  23. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 487
  24. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) pp. 487–8
  25. Robin Higham 1968 Quantity vs. Quality: The Impact of Changing Demand on the British Aircraft Industry, 1900–1960 The Business History Review Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter, 1968)
  26. David Edgerton 2013 England and the Aeroplane – Militarism, Modernity and Machines. pp. 22–23
  27. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 491
  28. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p.490
  29. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 488
  30. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p.493
  31. Peter Fearon 1985 The Growth of Aviation in Britain. Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 20 No.1 P24-5
  32. Peter Fearon 1985 The Growth of Aviation in Britain. Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 20 No.1 P25-7
  33. Peter Fearon 1985 The Growth of Aviation in Britain. Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 20 No.1 p. 27
  34. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 492
  35. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan. p43
  36. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan. p50
  37. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan. p51
  38. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan.p52
  39. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan. p54
  40. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan.p55
  41. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan.p48
  42. John Myerscough 1985 Airport Provision in the Inter-War Years Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 20, No. 1 Jan.p61
  43. Peter Fearon 1969: The Formative Years of the British Aircraft Industry, 1913–1924 The Business History Review Vol. 43 No. 4 (Winter 1969) p. 493
  44. David Edgerton 2013 England and the Aeroplane – Militarism, Modernity and Machines.pp. 43–47
  45. Peter Fearon 1974: The British Airframe Industry and the State 1918 – 1935 The Economic History Review Vol. 27 No.2 (May 1974) p. 248
  46. Peter Fearon 1974: The British Airframe Industry and the State 1918 – 1935 The Economic History Review Vol. 27 No.2 (May 1974) p. 249
  47. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Edward Petter, by Anne Pimlott Baker
  48. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Whittle, Sir Frank by G. B. R. Feilden
  49. David Edgerton, 2013, England and the Aeroplane – Militarism, Modernity and Machines.pp. 55–59
  50. David Edgerton, 2013, England and the Aeroplane – Militarism, Modernity and Machines.pp. 57–58
  51. http://www.aerosociety.com/news/celebrating-the-centenary-of-the-rae/ www.aerosociety.com/news/celebrating-the-centenary-of-the-rae/
  52. News: UK's Vertical Aerospace eVTOL makes first flight . 4 March 2024 . Flyer . 19 July 2023.
  53. Web site: About us. Eurofighter Typhoon. 13 August 2016.
  54. http://www.vectorsite.net/avhawk.html Vectorsite.net
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