The bureaucratic administration of Japan is divided into three basic levels: national, prefectural, and municipal. They are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
Below the national government there are 47 prefectures, six of which are further subdivided into subprefectures to better service large geographical areas or remote islands.
The 1718 municipalities (792 cities, 743 towns, and 183 villages) and 23 special wards of Tokyo are the lowest level of government; the twenty most-populated cities outside Tokyo Metropolis are known as designated cities, and are subdivided into wards.
See main article: Prefectures of Japan. The top tier of administrative divisions are the 47 prefectural entities: 43 proper, two, one, and one . Although different in name, they are functionally the same.
are the most common types of prefectural divisions total of 43 ken. The kanji (character) from which this is derived means "county".
Tokyo Metropolis is referred to as a after the dissolution of Tokyo City in 1943, Tōkyō-fu (Tokyo Prefecture) was upgraded into Tōkyō-to and the former Tokyo City's wards were upgraded into special wards. The kanji (character) from which this is derived means "capital".
Osaka Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture are referred to as an . The Chinese character from which this is derived implies a core urban zone of national importance in the middle period of China, or implies a subdivision of a province in the late period of China.
Hokkaido is referred to as a, this term was originally used to refer to Japanese regions consisting of several provinces. This was also a historical usage of the character in China meaning circuit.
There are only two types of subprefectural divisions: subprefecture and district.
See main article: Subprefectures of Japan. are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level. It acts as part of the greater administration of the state and as part of a self-government system.[1]
See main article: Districts of Japan. were administrative units in use between 1878 and 1921 that were roughly equivalent to the counties of China or the United States. In the 1920s, municipal functions were transferred from district offices to the offices of the towns and villages within the district. District names remain in the postal address of towns and villages, and districts are sometimes used as boundaries for electoral districts, but otherwise serve no official function. The Classical Chinese character from which this is derived means commandery.
See main article: Municipalities of Japan. The municipal divisions are divided into three main categories: city, town, and village. However, the city entities are further categorized. The Special wards of Tokyo are also considered to be municipal divisions.
Cities in Japan are categorized into four different types, from the highest the designated city, the core city, the special city, and the regular city at the lowest.
See main article: Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan. A, also known as a or, is a Japanese city that has a population greater than 500,000 and has been designated as such by an order of the cabinet of Japan under Article 252, Section 19 of the Local Autonomy Law. Designated cities are also subdivided into wards.
See main article: Core cities of Japan. A is a Japanese city that has a population greater than 300,000 and an area greater than 100 square kilometers, although special exceptions may be made by order of the cabinet for cities with populations under 300,000 but over 200,000.[2] This category was created by the first clause of Article 252, Section 22 of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.
See main article: Special cities of Japan. A of Japan is a city with a population of at least 200,000. This category was established by the Local Autonomy Law, article 252 clause 26.
See main article: Cities of Japan. A is a local administrative unit in Japan with a population of at least 50,000 of which at least 60% of households must be established in a central urban area, and at least 60% of households must be employed in commerce, industry or other urban occupations. Cities are ranked on the same level as and ; the only difference is that they are not a component of . Like other contemporary administrative units, they are defined by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
See main article: List of towns in Japan. A is a local administrative unit in Japan. It is a local public body along with prefecture (ken or other equivalents), city (shi), and village (mura). Geographically, a town is contained within a prefecture.
See main article: List of villages in Japan. A is a local administrative unit in Japan. It is a local public body along with,, and . Geographically, a village's extent is contained within a prefecture. It is larger than an actual settlement, being in actuality a subdivision of a rural, which are subdivided into towns and villages with no overlap and no uncovered area.
See main article: Special wards of Tokyo. The are 23 municipalities that together make up the core and the most populous part of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. Together, they occupy the land that was originally the Tokyo City before it was abolished in 1943 to become part of the newly created Tokyo Metropolis. The special wards' structure was established under the Japanese Local Autonomy Law and is unique to Tokyo Metropolis.
See main article: Wards of Japan. A is a subdivision of the cities of Japan that are large enough to have been designated by government ordinance.[3]
Although the details of local administration have changed dramatically over time, the basic outline of the current two-tiered system since the abolition of the han system by the Meiji government in 1871 are similar. Before the abolition of the han system, Japan was divided into then subdivided into and then at the bottom.
| Prefectural | Subprefectural | Municipal | Submunicipal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefectures (excluding Tokyo Metropolis) | Subprefecture | "designated city" | Ward | |
| District | Town Village | none | ||
| Subprefecture | District | |||
| "core city" "special city" City | ||||
| Metropolis | City Special wards | |||
| District Subprefecture | Town Village | |||
| Level | Type | Kanji | Romaji | No. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prefectural | Tokyo Metropolis | 都 | to | 1 | Tokyo (東京都 Tōkyō-to) | ||
| "circuit" | 道 | dō | 1 | Hokkaido (北海道 Hokkaidō) | |||
| "urban prefecture" | 府 | fu | 2 | Kyoto Prefecture (京都府 Kyōto-fu) and Osaka Prefecture (大阪府 Ōsaka-fu) | |||
| Prefecture | 県 | ken | 43 | Prefectures except Tokyo, Hokkaido, Kyoto Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture | |||
| Subprefectural | Subprefecture | 支庁 | shichō | 158 | |||
| District | 郡 | gun | 374 | ||||
| Municipal | "designated city" | 政令指定都市 | seirei shitei toshi | 20 | |||
| "core city" | 中核市 | chūkaku-shi | 42 | ||||
| "special city" | 特例市 | tokurei-shi | 40 | ||||
| City | 市 | shi | 792 | Including designated, core and special cities. | |||
| Town | 町 | chō machi | 743 | ||||
| Village | 村 | mura son | 183 | ||||
| Special ward | 区 (特別区) | ku (tokubetsu-ku) | 23 | Special wards of Tokyo (東京都区部 Tōkyō-to kubu), 23 wards of Tokyo (東京23区 Tōkyō nijūsan-ku) | |||
| Submunicipal | Ward | 区 (行政区) | ku (gyōsei-ku) | 175 | Only used for designated cities | ||
| ISO | Prefecture | Kanji | Region | Cities (Special wards) | Wards | Districts | Towns | Villages | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP-23 | Japanese: 愛知県 | 38 | 16 | 7 | 14 | 2 | |||
| JP-05 | Japanese: 秋田県 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 3 | ||||
| JP-02 | Japanese: 青森県 | 10 | 8 | 22 | 8 | ||||
| JP-12 | Japanese: 千葉県 | 37 | 6 | 6 | 16 | 1 | |||
| JP-38 | Japanese: 愛媛県 | 11 | 7 | 9 | |||||
| JP-18 | Japanese: 福井県 | 9 | 7 | 17 | |||||
| JP-40 | Japanese: 福岡県 | 28 | 14 | 12 | 30 | 2 | |||
| JP-07 | Japanese: 福島県 | 13 | 13 | 31 | 15 | ||||
| JP-21 | Japanese: 岐阜県 | 21 | 9 | 19 | 2 | ||||
| JP-10 | Japanese: 群馬県 | 12 | 7 | 15 | 8 | ||||
| JP-34 | Japanese: 広島県 | 14 | 8 | 5 | 9 | ||||
| JP-01 | Japanese: 北海道 | 35 | 10 | 66 | 129 | 15[4] | |||
| JP-28 | Japanese: 兵庫県 | 29 | 9 | 8 | 12 | ||||
| JP-08 | Japanese: 茨城県 | 32 | 7 | 10 | 2 | ||||
| JP-17 | Japanese: 石川県 | 11 | 5 | 8 | |||||
| JP-03 | Japanese: 岩手県 | 14 | 10 | 15 | 4 | ||||
| JP-37 | Japanese: 香川県 | 8 | 5 | 9 | |||||
| JP-46 | Japanese: 鹿児島県 | 19 | 8 | 20 | 4 | ||||
| JP-14 | Japanese: 神奈川県 | 19 | 28 | 6 | 13 | 1 | |||
| JP-39 | Japanese: 高知県 | 11 | 6 | 17 | 6 | ||||
| JP-43 | Japanese: 熊本県 | 14 | 5 | 9 | 23 | 8 | |||
| JP-26 | Japanese: 京都府 | 15 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 1 | |||
| JP-24 | Japanese: 三重県 | 14 | 7 | 15 | |||||
| JP-04 | Japanese: 宮城県 | 13 | 5 | 10 | 21 | 1 | |||
| JP-45 | Japanese: 宮崎県 | 9 | 6 | 14 | 3 | ||||
| JP-20 | Japanese: 長野県 | 19 | 14 | 23 | 35 | ||||
| JP-42 | Japanese: 長崎県 | 13 | 4 | 8 | |||||
| JP-29 | Japanese: 奈良県 | 12 | 7 | 15 | 12 | ||||
| JP-15 | Japanese: 新潟県 | 20 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 4 | |||
| JP-44 | Japanese: 大分県 | 14 | 3 | 3 | 1 | ||||
| JP-33 | Japanese: 岡山県 | 15 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 2 | |||
| JP-47 | Japanese: 沖縄県 | 11 | 5 | 11 | 19 | ||||
| JP-27 | Japanese: 大阪府 | 33 | 31 | 5 | 9 | 1 | |||
| JP-41 | Japanese: 佐賀県 | 10 | 6 | 10 | |||||
| JP-11 | Japanese: 埼玉県 | 40 | 10 | 8 | 22 | 1 | |||
| JP-25 | Japanese: 滋賀県 | 13 | 3 | 6 | |||||
| JP-32 | Japanese: 島根県 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 1 | ||||
| JP-22 | Japanese: 静岡県 | 23 | 6 | 5 | 12 | ||||
| JP-09 | Japanese: 栃木県 | 14 | 5 | 12 | |||||
| JP-36 | Japanese: 徳島県 | 8 | 8 | 15 | 1 | ||||
| JP-13 | Japanese: 東京都 | 26 (23) | 8 | ||||||
| JP-31 | Japanese: 鳥取県 | 4 | 5 | 14 | 1 | ||||
| JP-16 | Japanese: 富山県 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 1 | ||||
| JP-30 | Japanese: 和歌山県 | 9 | 6 | 20 | 1 | ||||
| JP-06 | Japanese: 山形県 | Tōhoku | 13 | 8 | 19 | 3 | |||
| JP-35 | Japanese: 山口県 | 13 | 4 | 6 | |||||
| JP-19 | Japanese: 山梨県 | 13 | 5 | 8 | 6 | ||||
| Total | 792 (23) | 175 | 307 | 743 | 183 | ||||