Accident Explained

An accident is an unintended, normally unwanted event that was not directly caused by humans.^[1] The term accident implies that nobody should be blamed, but the event may have been caused by unrecognized or unaddressed risks. Most researchers who study unintentional injury avoid using the term accident and focus on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity.^[2] For example, when a tree falls down during a wind storm, its fall may not have been caused by humans, but the tree's type, size, health, location, or improper maintenance may have contributed to the result. Most car wrecks are not true accidents; however, English speakers started using that word in the mid-20th century as a result of media manipulation by the US automobile industry.

Types

Physical and non-physical

Physical examples of accidents include unintended motor vehicle collisions, tongue biting while eating, electric shock by accidentally touching bare electric wire, drowning, falls, being injured by touching something sharp or hot, or bumping into something while walking.

Non-physical examples are unintentionally revealing a secret or otherwise saying something incorrectly, accidental deletion of data, or forgetting an appointment.

Accidents by activity

• Accidents during the execution of work or arising out of it are called work accidents. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more than 337 million accidents happen on the job each year, resulting, together with occupational diseases, in more than 2.3 million deaths annually.^[3]
• In contrast, leisure-related accidents are mainly sports injuries.

Accidents by vehicle

It has been argued by some critics that vehicle collisions are not truly accidents, given that they are mostly caused by preventable causes such as drunk driving and intentionally driving too fast, and as such should not be referred to as accidents.^[4] Since 1994, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has asked media and the public to not use the word accident to describe vehicle collisions.

Train wrecks

Domino effect accidents

In the process industry, a primary accident may propagate to nearby units, resulting in a chain of accidents, which is called domino effect accident.

Common causes

See also: Preventable causes of death. Poisons, vehicle collisions and falls are the most common causes of fatal injuries. According to a 2005 survey of injuries sustained at home, which used data from the National Vital Statistics System of the United States National Center for Health Statistics, falls, poisoning, and fire/burn injuries are the most common causes of death.^[5]

The United States also collects statistically valid injury data (sampled from 100 hospitals) through the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System administered by the Consumer Product Safety Commission.^[6] This program was revised in 2000 to include all injuries rather than just injuries involving products.^[6] Data on emergency department visits is also collected through the National Health Interview Survey.^[7] In The U.S. the Bureau of Labor Statistics has available on their website extensive statistics on workplace accidents.^[8]

Accident models

Many models to characterize and analyze accidents have been proposed,^[9] which can be classified by type. No single model is the sole correct approach.^[10] Notable types and models include:^[11]

• Sequential models
  • Domino theory^[12]
  • Loss causation model^[13]
• Complex linear models
  • Energy damage model^[14]
  • Time sequence models
    • Generalized time sequence model^[15]
    • Accident evolution and barrier function^[16]
  • Epidemiological models
    • Gordon 1949
    • Onward mappings model based on resident pathogens metaphor^[17]
• Process model
  • Benner 1975
• Systemic models
  • Rasmussen
  • Reason model of system safety (embedding the Swiss cheese model)
    • Healthcare error proliferation model
    • Human reliability
  • Woods 1994
• Non-linear models
  • System accident^[18]
  • Systems-theoretic accident model and process (STAMP)^[19]
  • Functional resonance analysis Method (FRAM)^[20]
  • Assertions that all existing models are insufficient^[21]

Ishikawa diagrams are sometimes used to illustrate root-cause analysis and five whys discussions.

See also

General

• Occupational safety and health
• Safety
• Personal protective equipment
• Safety engineering
• Fail-safe
• Idiot-proof
• Poka-yoke
• Risk management
• Accident analysis
  • Root cause analysis
• Accident-proneness
• Injury
  • Injury prevention
• List of accidents and disasters by death toll

Transportation

• Bicycle safety
• Road vehicle safety
  • Automobile safety
  • Traffic collision
• List of rail accidents
• Tram accident
• Maritime incident
• Air safety
  • Aviation accidents and incidents

Other specific topics

• Aisles: Safety and regulatory considerations
• Explosives safety
• Nuclear and radiation accidents
  • Criticality accident
• Sports injury

Notes and References

1. Book: Woodward, Gary C.. The Rhetoric of Intention in Human Affairs. 2013. Lexington Books. 978-0-7391-7905-5. 41. en. Since 'accidents' by definition deprive us of first-order human causes….
2. Book: Robertson, Leon S. . Injury Epidemiology: Fourth Edition . 2015 . Lulu Books . 2017-12-09 . 2018-01-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185850/http://www.nanlee.net/ . live .
3. "ILO Safety and Health at Work ". International Labour Organization (ILO)
4. Web site: Stromberg. Joseph. 2015-07-20. We don't say "plane accident." We shouldn't say "car accident" either.. 2021-09-07. Vox. en. 2021-09-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20210907052859/https://www.vox.com/2015/7/20/8995151/crash-not-accident. live.
5. Runyan CW, Casteel C, Perkis D . Unintentional injuries in the home in the United States Part I: mortality . Am J Prev Med . 28 . 1 . 73–9 . January 2005 . 15626560 . 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.09.010 . etal.
6. CPSC. National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) . Database query available through: NEISS Injury Data .
7. NCHS. Emergency Department Visits . CDC.
8. Web site: Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities. www.bls.gov. 2014-04-02. 2019-06-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20190602190845/https://www.bls.gov/iif/. live.
9. A long list of books and papers is given in: Book: Enhancing Occupational Safety and Health. limited. 2004. Taylor, G.A.. Easter, K.M.. Hegney, R.P.. Elsevier. 0750661976. 241–245, see also pp. 140–141, 147–153, also on Kindle.
10. Book: Kjellen. Urban. Prevention of Accidents and Unwanted Occurrences: Theory, Methods, and Tools in Safety Management, Second Edition. Albrechtsen. Eirik. 2017. CRC Press. 978-1-4987-3666-4. 75. en.
11. Book: OHS Body of Knowledge . Yvonne Toft . Geoff Dell . Karen K Klockner . Allison Hutton . Models of Causation: Safety . HaSPA (Health and Safety Professionals Alliance) . Safety Institute of Australia Ltd. . 2012 . 978-0-9808743-1-0 . 2017-03-25 . 2017-02-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170225133142/http://www.ohsbok.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/32-Models-of-causation-Safety.pdf . live .
12. Book: H.W. Heinreich . 1931 . Industrial Accident Prevention . McGraw-Hill.
13. Book: Bird . Frank E.. Germain. George L. . 1985. Practical Loss Control Leadership. International Loss Control Institute . 978-0880610544. 858460141.
14. Gibson, Haddon, Viner
15. Viner
16. Svenson. Ola. The Accident Evolution and Barrier Function (AEB) Model Applied to Incident Analysis in the Processing Industries. Risk Analysis. September 1991. 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1991.tb00635.x. 11. 3. 499–507. 1947355 . 1991RiskA..11..499S .
17. Book: Reason, James T. . Too Little and Too Late: A Commentary on Accident and Incident Reporting . 1991 . 9–26 . Near Miss Reporting as a Safety Tool . Butterworth-Heinemann . Van Der Schaaf . T.W. . Lucas . D.A. . Hale . A.R..
18. Book: Perrow, Charles . 1984. Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk Technologies. 978-0465051434. Basic Books.
19. Leveson . Nancy. April 2004. . A new accident model for engineering safer systems. 42. 4. 237–270. 10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X. 10.1.1.141.697.
20. Hollnagel, 2012
21. Dekker 2011