ABL (gene) explained

Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL) located on chromosome 9.^[1] c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene, which was initially isolated from the Abelson murine leukemia virus.^[2]

Function

The ABL1 proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in processes of cell differentiation, cell division, cell adhesion, and stress response such as DNA repair.^{[3] [4] [5] [6]} Activity of ABL1 protein is negatively regulated by its SH3 domain, and deletion of the SH3 domain turns ABL1 into an oncogene. The t(9;22) translocation results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in many cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The DNA-binding activity of the ubiquitously expressed ABL1 tyrosine kinase is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function for ABL1. The ABL1 gene is expressed as either a 6- or a 7-kb mRNA transcript, with alternatively spliced first exons spliced to the common exons 2–11.^[7]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the ABL1 gene are associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22. This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate without being regulated by cytokines. This, in turn, allows the cell to become cancerous.

This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely in some other leukemia forms. The BCR-ABL transcript encodes a tyrosine kinase, which activates mediators of the cell cycle regulation system, leading to a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. The BCR-ABL protein can be inhibited by various small molecules. One such inhibitor is imatinib mesylate, which occupies the tyrosine kinase domain and inhibits BCR-ABL's influence on the cell cycle. Second generation BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are also under developmentto inhibit BCR-ABL mutants resistant to imatinib.^[8]

Interactions

ABL gene has been shown to interact with:

• ABI1,^{[9] [10] [11]}
• ABI2,^{[12] [13]}
• ABL2,^[12]
• ATM,^{[14] [15]}
• BCAR1,^{[16] [17]}
• BCR,^{[18] [19]}
• BRCA1,^[20]
• CAT,^[21]
• CBL,
• CRKL,^{[22] [23]}
• DOK1,^{[24] [25]}
• EPHB2,^[26]
• GPX1,^[27]
• GRB10,^{[28] [29]}
• MTOR,^[30]
• GRB2,^[31]
• MDM2,^[32]
• NCK1,^{[33] [34]}
• NEDD9,^{[35] [36]}
• NTRK1,^{[37] [38]}
• P73,^{[39] [40]}
• PAG1,^[41]
• PAK2,^[42]
• PSTPIP1,^[43]
• RAD9A,^[44]
• RAD51,^[45]
• RB1,^{[46] [47]}
• RFX1,^[48]
• RYBP,^[49]
• SHC1,^{[50] [51]}
• SORBS2,^{[52] [53]}
• SPTA1,^[54]
• SPTAN1,^[54]
• TERF1,^[15]
• VAV1,^[55] and
• YTHDC1.^[56]

Regulation

There is some evidence that the expression of Abl is regulated by the microRNA miR-203.^[57]

See also

• BCR gene

Further reading

• Shore SK, Tantravahi RV, Reddy EP . Transforming pathways activated by the v-Abl tyrosine kinase . Oncogene . 21 . 56 . 8568–76 . December 2002 . 12476303 . 10.1038/sj.onc.1206084 . 42502628 .
• Shaul Y . c-Abl: activation and nuclear targets . Cell Death Differ. . 7 . 1 . 10–6 . 2000 . 10713716 . 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400626 . free .
• Era T . Bcr-Abl is a "molecular switch" for the decision for growth and differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells . Int. J. Hematol. . 76 . 1 . 35–43 . 2002 . 12138893 . 10.1007/BF02982716 . 10269867 .
• Book: Pendergast AM . Advances in Cancer Research Volume 85 . The Abl family kinases: mechanisms of regulation and signaling . 85 . 51–100 . 2002 . 12374288 . 10.1016/S0065-230X(02)85003-5 . 978-0-12-006685-8 .
• Keung YK, Beaty M, Steward W, Jackle B, Pettnati M . Chronic myelocytic leukemia with eosinophilia, t(9;12)(q34;p13), and ETV6-ABL gene rearrangement: case report and review of the literature . Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. . 138 . 2 . 139–42 . 2002 . 12505259 . 10.1016/S0165-4608(02)00609-X .
• Saglio G, Cilloni D . Abl: the prototype of oncogenic fusion proteins . Cell. Mol. Life Sci. . 61 . 23 . 2897–911 . 2004 . 15583852 . 10.1007/s00018-004-4271-0 . 35998018 .
• Shaul Y, Ben-Yehoyada M . Role of c-Abl in the DNA damage stress response . Cell Res. . 15 . 1 . 33–5 . 2005 . 15686624 . 10.1038/sj.cr.7290261 . free .
• Book: Yoshida K . Regulation for Nuclear Targeting of the Abl Tyrosine Kinase in Response to DNA Damage . Advances in Molecular Oncology . 604 . 155–65 . 2007 . 17695727 . 10.1007/978-0-387-69116-9_15 . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology . Springer . 978-0-387-69114-5 . registration . https://archive.org/details/advancesinmolecu00inte/page/155 .

External links

• • (ABL)
  • Drosophila Abl tyrosine kinase - The Interactive Fly
• ABL1 Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway
• ABL1 on the Atlas of Genetics and Oncology

Notes and References

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4. Salles D, Mencalha AL, Ireno IC, Wiesmüller L, Abdelhay E . BCR-ABL stimulates mutagenic homologous DNA double-strand break repair via the DNA-end-processing factor CtIP . Carcinogenesis . 32 . 1 . 27–34 . January 2011 . 20974687 . 10.1093/carcin/bgq216 . free .
5. Siddiqui A, Tumiati M, Joko A, Sandholm J, Roering P, Aakko S, Vainionpà R . 6 . Targeting DNA Homologous Repair Proficiency With Concomitant Topoisomerase II and c-Abl Inhibition . Frontiers in Oncology . 2021 . 11 . 3666. 34616682. 10.3389/fonc.2021.733700. 8488401 . free .
6. Web site: UniProtKB - P00519 (ABL1_HUMAN). Uniprot . 18 May 2020.
7. Web site: Entrez Gene: ABL1 v-abl Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1.
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