| Zuwara | |
| Nativename: | Twillult |
| States: | Libya |
| Region: | Zuwara |
| Speakers: | ? |
| Familycolor: | Afro-Asiatic |
| Fam2: | Berber |
| Fam3: | Northern |
| Fam4: | Zenati |
| Fam5: | East Zenati |
| Iso3: | none |
| Glotto: | tuni1262 |
| Glottorefname: | Tunisian-Zuwara Berber |
| Map: | Tunisia-Zuwara Berber Map.PNG |
| Mapcaption: | Berber-speaking areas belonging to Kossmann's "Tunisian-Zuwara" dialectal group |
Zuwara Berber or Twillult language (also: Zuara, Zwara, (Berber name: Twillult,) is a Berber dialect, one of the Berber Zenati languages. It is spoken in Zuwara city, located on the coast of western Tripolitania in northwestern Libya.
Several works of Terence Mitchell, most notably Zuaran Berber (Libya): Grammar and texts,[1] provide an overview of the language's grammar along with a set of texts, based mainly on the speech of his consultant Ramadan Azzabi. Some articles on this subject were also published by Luigi Serra.[2]
The speakers refer to their specific variety of the language as twillult /t.ˈwil.lult/ ‘the language of Willul’, and the word "Mazigh" /ˈma.ziʁ/ may refer both to the wider Amazigh language or to any Amazigh person.[3] Although rare for a Berber idiom, the masculine form is used to refer to the language.
Ethnologue considers this language a dialect of Nafusi, although the two belong to different branches of Berber according to Kossmann (1999).[4]
By some estimates, 297,000 people speak Zuwara Berber or a similar dialect. Approximately 247,000 of these speakers reside in Libya.[5]
This language uses the Naskh variant of the Arabic script.
Zuwara Berber has many consonants compared to vowels. However, words can end in both consonants and vowels. For instance, the Latinized words "ˈa.man" and "ˈa.nu" mean "water" and "water well" in English, respectively.
Zuwara Berber has a total of 31 consonants.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | phar. | plain | phar. | plain | phar. | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||||
Zuwara Berber has a total of four vowels: /i/, /u/, /ə/, and /a/.
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
In roughly 85% of words, the stress goes on the penultimate syllable, especially for native Zuwara Berber words. For instance, the Latinized word "a.ˈzi.zaw" means "green" in English and has three syllables. Thus, the stress is on the second syllable, "ˈzi".