| Zhangzhou | |
| Nativename: | Chinese: 漳州話 / Chinese: 漳州话 (Chiang-chiu-ōa) |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[tsiaŋ˨ tsiu˨ ua˨]/ |
| States: | China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, Philippines. |
| Region: | city of Zhangzhou, southern Fujian province |
| Date: | no date |
| Familycolor: | Sino-Tibetan |
| Fam2: | Sinitic |
| Fam3: | Chinese |
| Fam4: | Min |
| Fam5: | Coastal Min |
| Fam6: | Southern Min |
| Fam7: | Hokkien |
| Ancestor: | Proto-Sino-Tibetan |
| Ancestor2: | Old Chinese |
| Ancestor3: | Proto-Min |
| Isoexception: | dialect |
| Glotto: | fuji1236 |
| Glottorefname: | Zhangzhou |
| Glottofoot: | no |
| Map: | Hokkien Map.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Zhangzhou dialect |
| Lingua: | 79-AAA-jed |
| Notice: | ipa |
The Zhangzhou dialects, also rendered Changchew, Chiangchew or Changchow, are a collection of Hokkien dialects spoken in southern Fujian province (in southeast China), centered on the city of Zhangzhou. The Zhangzhou dialect proper is the source of some place names in English, including Amoy (from pronounced as /[ɛ˨˩ mui˩˧]/, now called Xiamen), and Quemoy (from pronounced as /[kim˨ mui˩˧]/, now called Kinmen).
The Zhangzhou dialects are classified as Hokkien, a group of Southern Min varieties. In Fujian, the Zhangzhou dialects form the southern subgroup (Chinese: 南片) of Southern Min. The dialect of urban Zhangzhou is one of the oldest dialects of Southern Min, and along with the urban Quanzhou dialect, it forms the basis for all modern varieties. When compared with other varieties of Hokkien, it has an intelligibility of 89.0% with the Amoy dialect and 79.7% with the urban Quanzhou dialect.
This section is mostly based on the variety spoken in the urban area of Zhangzhou.
There are 15 phonemic initials:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | pronounced as /link/ (p) 邊 / 边 | pronounced as /link/ (t) 地 | pronounced as /link/ (ch) 曾 | pronounced as /link/ (k) 求 | pronounced as /link/ (-) 英 | ||
| pronounced as //pʰ// (ph) 頗 / 颇 | pronounced as //tʰ// (th) 他 | pronounced as //tsʰ// (chh) 出 | pronounced as //kʰ// (kh) 氣 / 气 | ||||
| pronounced as /link/ (b) 門 / 门 | pronounced as /link/ (j) 熱 / 热 | pronounced as /link/ (g) 語 / 语 | |||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ (s) 時 / 时 | pronounced as /link/ (h) 喜 | |||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ (l) 柳 | ||||||
When the rime is nasalized, the three voiced phonemes pronounced as //b//, pronounced as //l// and pronounced as //g// are realized as the nasals pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/, respectively.
There are 85 rimes:
| Open syllable | Nasal coda | Nasal vowel coda | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| open mouth | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 阿 | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 好 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 鞋 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 家 | pronounced as //ai// | pronounced as //au// | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 毋 | pronounced as //am// Chinese: 庵 | Chinese: 森 | pronounced as //an// Chinese: 按 | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 霜 | pronounced as //aŋ// Chinese: 港 | pronounced as //ɔŋ// Chinese: 王 | pronounced as //ã// | pronounced as //ɔ̃// Chinese: 毛 | pronounced as //ɛ̃// Chinese: 暝 | pronounced as //ãi// Chinese: 妹 | pronounced as //ãu// Chinese: 矛 | |
| checked | pronounced as //aʔ// | pronounced as //ɔʔ// Chinese: 嘔 / Chinese: 呕 | pronounced as //oʔ// | pronounced as //eʔ// Chinese: 八 | pronounced as //ɛʔ// Chinese: 百 | pronounced as //auʔ// Chinese: 落 | pronounced as //m̩ʔ// Chinese: 默 | pronounced as //ap// Chinese: 合 | pronounced as //ɔp// Chinese: 啑 | pronounced as //at// | pronounced as //ŋ̍ʔ// | pronounced as //ak// Chinese: 六 | pronounced as //ɔk// | pronounced as //ãʔ// Chinese: 焓 | pronounced as //ɔ̃ʔ// Chinese: 膜 | pronounced as //ɛ̃ʔ// | pronounced as //ãuʔ// | |||
| even teeth | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 魚 / Chinese: 鱼 | pronounced as //ia// Chinese: 椰 | pronounced as //io// Chinese: 叫 | pronounced as //iu// Chinese: 油 | pronounced as //iau// Chinese: 鳥 / Chinese: 鸟 | pronounced as //im// Chinese: 心 | pronounced as //iam// | pronounced as //in// Chinese: 今 | pronounced as //ian// Chinese: 燕 | pronounced as //iŋ// Chinese: 星 | pronounced as //iaŋ// Chinese: 央 | pronounced as //iɔŋ// Chinese: 衝 / Chinese: 冲 | pronounced as //ĩ// Chinese: 圓 / Chinese: 圆 | pronounced as //iã// Chinese: 影 | pronounced as //iɔ̃// Chinese: 娘 | pronounced as //iũ// Chinese: 妞 | pronounced as //iãu// Chinese: 貓 / Chinese: 猫 | |||
| checked | pronounced as //iʔ// Chinese: 滴 | pronounced as //iaʔ// Chinese: 頁 / Chinese: 页 | pronounced as //iɔʔ// Chinese: 諾 / Chinese: 诺 | pronounced as //ioʔ// | pronounced as //iuʔ// Chinese: 喌 | pronounced as //iauʔ// Chinese: 寂 | pronounced as //ip// Chinese: 入 | pronounced as //iap// Chinese: 葉 / Chinese: 叶 | pronounced as //it// Chinese: 必 | pronounced as //iat// Chinese: 滅 / Chinese: 灭 | pronounced as //ik// Chinese: 色 | pronounced as //iak// | pronounced as //iɔk// Chinese: 祝 | pronounced as //ĩʔ// Chinese: 物 | pronounced as //iãʔ// | pronounced as //iãuʔ// Chinese: 蟯 / Chinese: 蛲 | ||||
| closed mouth | pronounced as /link/ Chinese: 有 | pronounced as //ua// Chinese: 花 | pronounced as //ue// Chinese: 火 | pronounced as //ui// Chinese: 水 | pronounced as //uai// Chinese: 歪 | pronounced as //un// | pronounced as //uan// Chinese: 完 | pronounced as //uã// Chinese: 山 | pronounced as //uĩ// Chinese: 黃 / Chinese: 黄 | pronounced as //uãi// Chinese: 檨 / Chinese: 檨 | ||||||||||
| checked | pronounced as //uʔ// Chinese: 托 | pronounced as //uaʔ// Chinese: 辣 | pronounced as //ueʔ// Chinese: 郭 | pronounced as //ut// Chinese: 骨 | pronounced as //uat// Chinese: 越 | pronounced as //uãiʔ// Chinese: 跩 | ||||||||||||||
The vowel pronounced as /link/ is the open central unrounded vowel pronounced as /link/ in most rimes, including pronounced as //a//, pronounced as //ua//, pronounced as //ia//, pronounced as //ai//, pronounced as //uai//, pronounced as //au//, pronounced as //iau//, pronounced as //ã//, pronounced as //ãʔ//. In the rimes pronounced as //ian// and pronounced as //iat//, pronounced as /link/ is realized as pronounced as /link/ (i.e. as pronounced as /[iɛn]/ and pronounced as /[iɛt̚]/) or pronounced as /link/ (i.e. as pronounced as /[iən]/ and pronounced as /[iət̚]/).
The rimes pronounced as //iŋ// and pronounced as //ik// are usually realized with a short pronounced as /link/ between the vowel pronounced as /link/ and the velar consonant. In many areas outside of the urban area of Zhangzhou, including Pinghe, Changtai, Yunxiao, Zhao'an and Dongshan, pronounced as //iŋ// and pronounced as //ik// are pronounced as pronounced as //eŋ// and pronounced as //ek// instead.
The codas pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/ are unreleased, i.e. pronounced as /[p̚]/, pronounced as /[t̚]/ and pronounced as /[k̚]/, respectively.
There are seven tones:
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level Chinese: 陰平 / Chinese: 阴平 | light level Chinese: 陽平 / Chinese: 阳平 | rising Chinese: 上聲 / Chinese: 上声 | dark departing Chinese: 陰去 / Chinese: 阴去 | light departing Chinese: 陽去 / Chinese: 阳去 | dark entering Chinese: 陰入 / Chinese: 阴入 | light entering Chinese: 陽入 / Chinese: 阳入 |
| Tone contour | pronounced as /˦/ (44) | pronounced as /˩˧/ (13) | pronounced as /˥˧/ (53) | pronounced as /˨˩/ (21) | pronounced as /˨/ (22) | pronounced as /˧˨/ (32) | pronounced as /˩˨˩/ (121) |
| Example hanzi | Chinese: 東 / Chinese: 东 | Chinese: 同 | Chinese: 董 | Chinese: 棟 / Chinese: 栋 | Chinese: 動 / Chinese: 动 | Chinese: 督 | Chinese: 獨 / Chinese: 独 |
Most people in the urban area do not pronounce the dark level tone as high-level, but slightly mid-rising. While most sources still records this tone as 44, its tone value has also been recorded as 24, 45, 34 or 35 to reflect its rising nature.
The Zhangzhou dialect has nine tone sandhi rules: only the last syllable of nouns and clause endings remain unchanged by tone sandhi. The two-syllable tone sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi | Example word & sandhi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| dark level 44 | 22 | ||
| light level 13 | 22 | ||
| rising 53 | 44 | ||
| dark departing 21 | 53 | ||
| light departing 22 | 21 | ||
| dark entering 32 | coda pronounced as //-ʔ// | 53 (the glottal stop pronounced as //-ʔ// is lost) | |
| coda pronounced as //-p//, pronounced as //-t//, pronounced as //-k// | 5 | ||
| light entering 121 | coda pronounced as //-ʔ// | 21 (the glottal stop pronounced as //-ʔ// is lost) | |
| coda pronounced as //-p//, pronounced as //-t//, pronounced as //-k// | 21 | ||