ZeniMax Media explained

ZeniMax Media Inc.
Type:Subsidiary
Industry:Video games
Predecessor:Media Technology Limited
Hq Location City:Rockville, Maryland
Hq Location Country:US
Key People:James L. Leder (CEO)
Equity Year:2016
Num Employees:2,300+
Num Employees Year:2020
Footnotes:[1] [2]

ZeniMax Media Inc. is an American video game holding company based in Rockville, Maryland. The company was founded in 1999 by Christopher Weaver and Robert A. Altman as the parent company for Weaver's video game publisher Bethesda Softworks. The company additionally owns the development studios Bethesda Game Studios (The Elder Scrolls, Fallout, and Starfield), id Software (Doom, Quake, and Rage), Arkane Studios (Dishonored, Prey, and Redfall), MachineGames (Wolfenstein), and ZeniMax Online Studios (The Elder Scrolls Online). Microsoft acquired ZeniMax Media for $8.1 billion in March 2021 and operates it under the Microsoft Gaming division.

History

Formation, investements, and growth (1999–2007)

Christopher Weaver, the founder of the video game publisher Bethesda Softworks, and Robert A. Altman, a lawyer, founded ZeniMax Media in 1999.[3] The name is a portmanteau of "zenith" and "maximum".[4] The company was established to succeed Media Technology Limited as the parent company of Bethesda Softworks. Weaver brought Altman onboard as the chief executive officer, contributing his stock in Bethesda Softworks so that ZeniMax Media would be able to obtain funding. Weaver served as the chief technology officer from 1999 to 2002, when he moved into a non-executive role. Later that year, he filed a lawsuit against ZeniMax, alleging breach of contract and claiming he was owed US$1.2 million in severance pay.[5] [6] By February 2007, Weaver only held a 33% stake in the company, which by 2020 had been reduced to "a pittance of the stock".[7]

Among the original board members were Harry E. Sloan, Les Moonves,[8] and Robert Trump.[9] In 2000, SBS Broadcasting Group, operated by Sloan, acquired a 12.5% stake in ZeniMax as part of a partnership between the two companies.[10] Among the partnerships between the companies, ZeniMax's subsidiary e-Nexus Studios developed entertainment portals and websites for SBS.[11] [12] In the same year, Terry McAuliffe, George Mitchell, Dean Devlin, and Jon Feltheimer joined ZeniMax as advisors.[13] The company acquired the Fallout franchise from Interplay Entertainment in 2004.[14]

In August 2007, ZeniMax announced the formation of the studio ZeniMax Online Studios, led by Matt Firor.[15] In October, after ProSiebenSat.1 Media purchased SBS Broadcasting Group and inherited its stake in ZeniMax Media, now 9% of the shares, ProSiebenSat.1 Media announced it would intensify its relationship with ZeniMax. The company launched SevenGames.com, the international edition of its German-language game platform, in December and worked with ZeniMax to develop online games.[16] [17] [18] In the same year, Providence Equity Partners bought a 25% stake in ZeniMax for $300 million.[19] [20] [21] ZeniMax had 200 employees in October 2007.[22] It acquired the Prey and Rage franchise in 2009.[23] [24] After Providence Equity Partners invested another $150 million for an undisclosed stake in 2010,[25] [26] the company grew to 400 employees by January 2011.[27] ZeniMax subsequently announced a partnership with the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts to support its Interactive Media Division with a comprehensive educational program of guest lectures and internships.[28]

Litigation with Oculus VR (2014–2017)

In May 2014, ZeniMax sent a letter to Facebook and its Oculus VR subsidiary, asserting that any contributions John Carmack made to the Oculus Rift project were the intellectual property of ZeniMax, stating that "ZeniMax provided necessary VR technology and other valuable assistance to Palmer Luckey and other Oculus employees in 2012 and 2013 to make the Oculus Rift a viable VR product, superior to other VR market offerings." The company filed a lawsuit against Oculus VR later that month.[29] [30] In June, Oculus VR filed a response to the lawsuit, stating that ZeniMax was falsely claiming ownership to take advantage of its acquisition by Facebook. Oculus VR also claimed that the Oculus Rift did not share any code or technology with ZeniMax's.[31] [32] A jury ruled in favor of ZeniMax in February 2017. They found that, while Oculus VR had not misappropriated ZeniMax's trade secrets, it had violated ZeniMax's copyrights and trademarks in addition to a non-disclosure agreement. ZeniMax was awarded $500 million.[33] [34] In the meantime, ProSiebenSat.1 Media had sold its stake in ZeniMax back to the company for €30 million.[35] [36]

Acquisition by Microsoft (2020–present)

In September 2020, Microsoft announced it had entered into an agreement to acquire ZeniMax and its subsidiaries for $7.5 billion.[37] [38] [39] For Providence Equity Partners, the deal represented a six-time return on investment. Altman had considered selling ZeniMax for several years and at one point was close to a deal with rival Electronic Arts.[40] Prior the deal's closure, he died on February 3, 2021, aged 73, at a Baltimore hospital.[41] The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the European Commission greenlit the acquisition in March 2021.[42] [43] A preliminary injunction to block the acquisition was being sought in a class-action lawsuit that ZeniMax faced over Fallout 4, with the plaintiffs arguing that Microsoft could shield ZeniMax's assets from damages should it be found liable after the acquisition.[44] Microsoft announced the completion of the acquisition on March 9, 2021.[45] The final cost of the transaction was $8.1 billion.[46] ZeniMax's board of directors was consequently dissolved.[47]

300 QA testers, a majority at ZeniMax Studios voted to unionize as ZeniMax Workers United-CWA in January 2023. This follows the unionization efforts of QA testers at Activision Blizzard which was also acquired by Microsoft.[48] In 2024, Microsoft signed a labor-neutrality agreement with CWA union, agreeing not to interfere with unionization efforts in any ZeniMax Media subsidiaries.[49]

In May 2024, Microsoft announced the impending closures of the ZeniMax studios Arkane Austin, Alpha Dog Games, and Tango Gameworks, as well as Roundhouse Studios' absorption into ZeniMax Online Studios.[50] In July 2024, over 200 Bethesda Game Studios employees unionized with CWA. The wall-to-wall unit was recognized by Microsoft, and includes artists, engineers, programmers, and designers.[51] In August 2024, Krafton agreed to buy Tango Gameworks, preventing its closure.[52]

Studios

Former

Notes and References

  1. News: Providence Said to Weigh Options for Video-Game Maker ZeniMax . Porter . Kiel . May 11, 2016 . June 4, 2016 . . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160621073130/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-11/providence-said-to-weigh-options-for-video-game-maker-zenimax . June 21, 2016 . live.
  2. News: Dina . Bass . Microsoft to Buy Bethesda for $7.5 Billion to Boost Xbox . bloomberg.com . September 21, 2020 . September 22, 2020 . September 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921204343/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-21/microsoft-to-buy-bethesda-studios-for-7-5-billion-to-boost-xbox . live.
  3. Book: Gamers at Work: Stories Behind the Games People Play . Morgan Ramsay . August 13, 2016 . 9781430233510 . January 31, 2012 . February 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204231633/https://books.google.com/books?id=lroZsP4zyIYC&q=zenimax+weaver+robert+altman&pg=PA281 . live.
  4. Web site: Robert A. Altman, founder of Bethesda parent ZeniMax Media, dies at 73 . Owen S. . Good . February 4, 2021 . . February 4, 2021 . February 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204233444/https://www.polygon.com/2021/2/4/22266679/robert-altman-zenimax-media-bethesda-obituary . live.
  5. News: Musgrove . Mike . Out of the Dark and Into the Spotlight . October 20, 2022 . . August 15, 2005 . May 22, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220522220559/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2005/08/15/out-of-the-dark-and-into-the-spotlight/01e11d6e-e6a0-4c5a-8a6a-435c16e4fee8/ . live.
  6. Web site: Blancato . Joe . Bethesda:The Right Direction . . February 6, 2007 . October 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221018141835/https://www.escapistmagazine.com/bethesda-the-right-direction/ . October 18, 2022 . live.
  7. Web site: Kleinman . Jake . Bethesda founder: Microsoft deal is "brilliant counter-move against Sony" . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924085042/https://www.inverse.com/gaming/bethesda-microsoft-xbox-exclusivity-elder-scrolls-6-interview . September 24, 2020 . 2020-09-23 . Inverse . en.
  8. Web site: December 13, 2018 . Leslie Moonves Quietly Exits AFI and Paley Center Boards . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170613/https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/leslie-moonves-afi-paley-center-boards-zenimax-1203088219/ . September 21, 2020 . September 5, 2020 . Variety.
  9. Web site: McAloon . Alissa . August 17, 2020 . Obituary: ZeniMax board member Robert Trump . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204233502/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/368358/Obituary_ZeniMax_board_member_Robert_Trump.php . February 4, 2021 . September 5, 2020 . Gamasutra.
  10. Web site: Skillz Set to Go Public to Bring Competitive Mobile Gaming to Everyone . . . September 2, 2020 . September 5, 2020 . September 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200903093738/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200902005370/en/Skillz-Set-Public-Bring-Competitive-Mobile-Gaming . live.
  11. Web site: January 27, 2000 . SBS BROADCASTING SA AND UNITED PAN-EUROPE COMMUNICATIONS EXPAND THEIR STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP . https://web.archive.org/web/20180206131532/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/sbs-broadcasting-sa-and-united-pan-europe-communications-expand-their-strategic-partnership-156220525.html . February 6, 2018 . March 1, 2019 . PR Newswire.
  12. Web site: November 17, 1999 . SBS Broadcasting SA Announces Major European Internet Initiatives; SBS Invests in Bidlet and Partners with Sweden's Largest Auction Site . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301001817/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sbs-broadcasting-sa-announces-major-european-internet-initiatives-sbs-invests-in-bidlet-and-partners-with-swedens-largest-auction-site-77243152.html . March 1, 2017 . September 26, 2016 . PR Newswire.
  13. Web site: ZeniMax Media business advisory board . https://web.archive.org/web/20001027084350/http://www.zenimax.com/profile9.html . October 27, 2000 . September 24, 2020.
  14. Web site: Facing Fallout . . April 2, 2007 . July 8, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120820031243/http://www.edge-online.com/features/facing-fallout . August 20, 2012.
  15. Web site: ZeniMax Media Announces Establishment of Online Gaming Division – ZeniMax Online Studios . gamesindustry.biz . August 1, 2007 . July 3, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190703124313/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/zenimax-media-announces-establishment-of-online-gaming-division-zenimax-online-studios . July 3, 2019 . live.
  16. Web site: Meza . Ed . ProSieben tightens hold on ZeniMax . Variety . October 30, 2007 . January 23, 2013.
  17. Web site: Global Finance and the Development of Regional Clusters:Tracing Paths in Munich's Film & TV Industry . 22 . Prof. Dr. Hans-Martin Zademach . May 1, 2009 . July 8, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161201030728/http://www.uis.no/getfile.php/Forskning/Senter%20for%20Innovasjonsforskning/Zademach2009_Global%20Finance%20and%20CLuster%20Development.pdf . December 1, 2016 . live.
  18. Web site: Scott . Roxborough . Game time for ProSiebenSat.1 . . October 31, 2007 . July 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161011102559/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/game-time-prosiebensat1-153859 . October 11, 2016 . live.
  19. Web site: RR Donnelley Private Equity . https://web.archive.org/web/20140808053544/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/38310700/RR-Donnelley-Private-Equity . August 8, 2014 . October 18, 2012 . Docstoc.com.
  20. Web site: June 25, 2009 . ZeniMax Media Buys DOOM Maker | peHUBpeHUB . https://web.archive.org/web/20160315210131/https://www.pehub.com/2009/06/zenimax-media-buys-doom-maker/ . March 15, 2016 . January 23, 2013 . Pehub.com.
  21. Web site: October 25, 2007 . ZeniMax Media Receives $300 Million Investment From Providence Equity Partners . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20080905143333/http://zenimax.com/news_pressrelease10.25.07.htm . September 5, 2008 . July 3, 2016 . ZeniMax.com.
  22. Web site: Kreutzer . Laura . September 21, 2020 . Providence Equity's Sale of ZeniMax Will Bring Lucrative End to 13-Year Deal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200922151947/https://www.wsj.com/articles/providence-equitys-sale-of-zenimax-will-bring-lucrative-end-to-13-year-deal-11600725932 . September 22, 2020 . September 22, 2020 . The Wall Street Journal.
  23. Web site: Thorsen . Tor . September 8, 2009 . Prey IP acquired by id/Bethesda parent ZeniMax? . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814220458/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/prey-ip-acquired-by-id-bethesda-parent-zenimax/1100-6216957/ . August 14, 2017 . December 11, 2016 . . CBS Interactive.
  24. Web site: Purchese . Robert . December 15, 2009 . Bethesda takes Rage from EA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091218041257/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/bethesda-takes-rage-from-ea . December 18, 2009 . January 2, 2010 . Eurogamer.
  25. Web site: Hoffman . Liz . May 1, 2014 . Oculus, Facebook Face Challenge to Rights Over 'Rift' . bot: unknown . https://archive.today/20230831073403/https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/SB10001424052702303948104579534013624548846 . August 31, 2023 . June 13, 2016 . The Wall Street Journal.
  26. Web site: October 6, 2010 . ZeniMax Media Receives $150 Million Investment From Providence Equity Partners . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20130309205120/http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease10.06.10.htm . March 9, 2013 . July 3, 2016 . ZeniMax.com.
  27. Web site: January 8, 2011 . Providence Equity Partners executive says video-game industry is 'challenging' . https://web.archive.org/web/20160611001228/https://callcenterinfo.tmcnet.com/news/2011/01/08/5232949.htm . June 11, 2016 . October 3, 2020 . tmcnet.com.
  28. Web site: March 3, 2011 . ZeniMax Partners with USC School of Cinematic Arts . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20130309205151/http://www.zenimax.com/news_pressrelease03.03.11.html . March 9, 2013 . June 14, 2016 . ZeniMax.com.
  29. Web site: Hollister . Sean . Oculus and Facebook face legal challenge from John Carmack's former employer . The Verge . May 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140502054047/http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5671620/oculus-and-facebook-face-legal-challenge . May 2, 2014 . live . May 2014.
  30. Web site: Hollister . Sean . One document could decide whether Oculus owes ZeniMax millions . The Verge . May 2, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140502033951/http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/1/5672928/this-document-could-decide-whether-oculus-owes-zenimax-millions . May 2, 2014 . live . May 2014.
  31. Web site: Sarkar . Samit . June 25, 2014 . Oculus: ZeniMax suit is a 'transparent attempt to take advantage' of Facebook acquisitione . . June 25, 2014 . February 4, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204233414/https://www.polygon.com/2014/6/25/5841764/oculus-zenimax-lawsuit-response . live.
  32. News: Orland . Kyle . Oculus accused of destroying evidence, Zuckerberg to testify in VR theft trial . January 16, 2017 . Ars Technica . January 16, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116211622/http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/01/oculus-accused-of-destroying-evidence-zuckerberg-to-testify-in-vr-theft-trial/ . January 16, 2017 . live.
  33. Web site: Matney . Lucas . Jury awards ZeniMax $500 million in Oculus VR lawsuit . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170201211643/https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/01/jury-awards-zenimax-500-million-in-oculus-vr-lawsuit/ . February 1, 2017 . February 1, 2017 . TechCrunch.
  34. News: Orland . Kyle . February 1, 2017 . Oculus, execs liable for $500 million in ZeniMax VR trial . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170201225128/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/02/oculus-execs-liable-for-500-million-in-zenimax-vr-trial/ . February 1, 2017 . February 1, 2017 . Ars Technica.
  35. Web site: ProSiebenSat.1 Media Q2/H1 2016 IR Presentation . 56 . August 4, 2016 . November 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107030300/http://www.prosieben.com/uploads/2016/12/06/P7S1_Q2%202016_IR-presentation.pdf . November 7, 2017 . live.
  36. News: Online-Boom hilft ProSiebenSat.1 über EM-Delle hinweg(In German) . August 4, 2016 . November 5, 2017 . Reuters . https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004759/http://de.reuters.com/article/deutschland-prosiebensat-1-idDEKCN10F0GY . November 7, 2017 . dead.
  37. News: 2020-09-21 . Microsoft acquires Fallout creator Bethesda . en-GB . BBC News . 2020-09-21 . September 21, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921170703/https://www.bbc.com/news/54233235 . live.
  38. News: Browning . Kellen . Lohr . Steve . 2020-09-21 . Microsoft Grabs Some of World's Biggest Games in $7.5 Billion Deal . en-US . The New York Times . 2020-09-28 . 0362-4331 . September 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200927233110/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/21/technology/microsoft-zenimax-video-game-deal.html . live.
  39. Web site: Liana . Ruppert . Microsoft Acquires Bethesda, The Studio Behind Fallout, The Elder Scrolls, Doom, And More . . September 21, 2020 . September 22, 2020 . September 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200922002107/https://www.gameinformer.com/2020/09/21/microsoft-acquires-bethesda-the-studio-behind-fallout-the-elder-scrolls-doom-and-more . dead.
  40. News: Christopher . Palmeri . From Banking Scandal to Video-Game CEO to Billion-Dollar Score . bloomberg.com . September 25, 2020 . September 25, 2020 . September 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200927030721/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-25/from-banking-scandal-to-video-game-ceo-to-billion-dollar-score . live.
  41. Web site: Harrison . Smith . Robert A. Altman, who went from banking scandal to video game CEO, dies at 73 . . February 6, 2021 . February 6, 2021 . February 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210206152916/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/robert-altman-dead/2021/02/05/cdc9586a-67c4-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html . live.
  42. Web site: US SEC green-lights Microsoft's acquisition of ZeniMax Media . Alissa . McAloon . March 5, 2021 . . March 6, 2021 . March 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000919/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/378190/US_SEC_greenlights_Microsofts_acquisition_of_ZeniMax_Media.php . live.
  43. Web site: The EU has approved Microsoft's acquisition of Bethesda parent ZeniMax . Andy . Robinson . March 8, 2021 . . March 8, 2021 . March 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308111057/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/the-eu-has-approved-microsofts-acquisition-of-bethesda-parent-zenimax/ . live.
  44. Web site: Ongoing Fallout 4 DLC lawsuit could impact Microsoft's takeover of Bethesda . Chris . Kerr . February 25, 2021 . February 25, 2021 . . February 25, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225173513/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/377927/Ongoing_Fallout_4_DLC_lawsuit_could_impact_Microsofts_takeover_of_Bethesda.php . live.
  45. Web site: Microsoft confirms its Bethesda acquisition is complete and 'some games' will be exclusive . Andy . Robinson . March 9, 2021 . March 9, 2021 . . March 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309164348/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/microsoft-confirms-its-bethesda-acquisition-is-complete-and-some-games-will-be-exclusive/ . live.
  46. Web site: Form 10-K . 39 . . June 30, 2021 . August 7, 2021 . August 6, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210806183040/https://microsoft.gcs-web.com/static-files/0a2b8528-fb8b-4d11-8da2-fd9fa988a155 . live.
  47. Web site: Eddie . Makuch . ZeniMax Board Of Directors Dissolved After Xbox's Bethesda Purchase . . March 17, 2021 . March 17, 2021 . March 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210321203649/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/zenimax-board-of-directors-dissolved-after-xboxs-bethesda-purchase/1100-6488918/ . live.
  48. Web site: Conditt . Jessica . 2023-01-03 . Microsoft is now the home of the video game industry's largest union . 2024-06-12 . . en-US.
  49. Web site: Shanklin . Will . 2024-06-06 . Microsoft and CWA forge labor neutrality agreement covering all ZeniMax workers . 2024-06-18 . . en-US.
  50. Web site: Yin-Poole . Wesley . Microsoft Closes Redfall Developer Arkane Austin, Hi-Fi Rush Developer Tango Gameworks, and More in Devastating Cuts at Bethesda . IGN . 7 May 2024 . May 8, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240508214113/https://www.ign.com/articles/microsoft-closes-redfall-developer-arkane-austin-hifi-rush-developer-tango-gameworks-and-more-in-devastating-cuts-at-bethesda . live.
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  62. Web site: Prey developer Human Head shuts down, is acquired by Bethesda . November 11, 2019 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191113161035/https://www.polygon.com/2019/11/13/20962923/bethesda-softworks-buys-human-head-prey-rune-roundhouse-studios . November 13, 2019.
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