Genoese dialect explained
Genoese, locally called '''zeneise''' or '''zeneize''' (zeˈnejze/), is the prestige dialect of Ligurian, spoken in and around the Italian city of Genoa, the capital of Liguria.
A majority of remaining speakers of Genoese are elderly. Several associations are dedicated to keeping the dialect alive, examples of which are A Compagna in Genoa and O Castello in Chiavari.[1] [2]
Written literature has been produced in Genoese since the 13th century, and the orthography has evolved in-step with the language. There are currently two spelling systems in common use, with varying degrees of standardisation. One, proposed in 2008 by the cultural association A Compagna, attempts to closely match in writing the pronunciation of the now-extinct variant of Genoese which used to be spoken in the Portoria neighbourhood of Genoa.[3] Another spelling system was proposed by a group of writers, journalists and academics by standardising the traditional orthography of 19th- and 20th-century Genoese newspapers.[4] This is the spelling used, amongst others, by the academic world[5] [6] as well as by Il Secolo XIX, the largest print newspaper in the region.[7]
Genoese has had an influence on the Llanito vernacular of Gibraltar.
Phonology
Genoese phonology includes a number of similarities with French, one being the heavily nasalized vowels before nasal consonants (in VN(C) sequences), also occurring when Genoese speakers speak standard Italian. There used to be an alveolar approximant (English-like) pronounced as //ɹ// opposed to an alveolar trill pronounced as //r// (using the 18th century spelling: caro pronounced as /ˈkaːɹu/ "dear" vs. carro pronounced as /ˈkaːru/ "cart"), but it is no longer heard in the city. It may still survive in some rural areas of Liguria, such as Calizzano and Sassello.[8] By far the most widespread type of pronounced as //r// today is the alveolar tap pronounced as /[ɾ]/ (very similar, or identical, to unstressed Standard Italian pronounced as //r//). There are several distinctive local accents of Genoese: those of Nervi, Quinto and Quarto to the east of Genoa, Voltri, Prà, Pegli and Sestri to the west. There are also accents of the central Polcevera Valley and Bisagno.
Genoese has eight vowels, twenty consonants, and three semivowels.
- Vowels
- pronounced as /link/ as in barba pronounced as /ˈbaɾba/ ("uncle"; "beard")
- pronounced as /link/ as in tésta pronounced as /ˈtesta/ ("head")
- pronounced as /link/ as in ægoa pronounced as /ˈɛːɡwa/ ("water")
- pronounced as /link/ as in bibin pronounced as /biˈbiŋ/ ("turkey")
- pronounced as /link/ as in cöse pronounced as /ˈkoːse/ ("what?")
- pronounced as /link/ as in anchêu pronounced as /aŋˈkøː/ ("today")
- pronounced as /link/ as in comme pronounced as /ˈkumme/ ("how?")
- pronounced as /link/ as in fugassa pronounced as /fyˈɡassa/ (focaccia, a kind of Italian bread)
Orthography
- ^ is a circumflex accent placed above a vowel and doubles its length.
- ao is read as the Italian “au” or the genovese “ou” or a long Italian “o”.
- è is read as a brief open e. The symbol æ, made up of vowels a ed e, is read as an open long "e"; in groups ænn-a and æn it is read as an open short “e”.
- e and é are read as a closed short “e”; ê is read as a long closed “e”.
- eu is read as if it were read in French: in eu and éu the sound is short in êu the sound is long.
- j is used infrequently and indicates that i should be heard in words such as: gjêmo (giriamo), mangjâ (mangerà), cacjæ (getterei), lascjâ (lascerà), socjêtæ (società).
- o, ó and ô are read as an Italian u like in the word muso; the length of ô is double the length of o and ó.
- ò and ö are read as o in Italian like in the word cosa; the length of ö is double ò.
- u is read as a French u with the exception in groups qu, òu and ou where the u is read as the u in the Italian word guida.
- ç always has a voiceless sound (pronounced as /[s]/) like s in the Italian word sacco.
- Word-final n and groups nn-, n- (written with a hyphen) indicate a velar n (pronounced as /[ŋ]/, such as the n in the Italian word vengo) and are therefore pronounced nasally. The same goes for when n precedes a consonant (including b and p).
- s followed by a vowel, s followed by a voiceless consonant, and s between vowels is always a voiceless pronounced as /[s]/, sound like the s in the Italian word sacco. s followed by a voiced consonant becomes voiced pronounced as /[z]/, as in Italian.
- scc is pronounced pronounced as /[ʃtʃ]/, like sc of the Italian word scena followed sonorously by c of the Italian word cilindro.
- x is read pronounced as /[ʒ]/ like the French j (e.g. jambon, jeton, joli).
- z, even when it is doubled as zz, is always pronounced pronounced as /[z]/ as the s in the Italian word rosa.[9]
Tongue twisters
- Mi sò asæ s'a sâ a sä asæ pe sâ a säsissa. = I don't have a clue whether the salt is going to be enough to salt the sausage.
- Sciâ scîe scignôa, sciando Sciâ xêua in scî scî. = Ski, madam, skying you fly on skis.
- A-o mêu nêuo gh'é nêue nâe nêue; a ciù nêua de nêue nâe nêue a n'êu anâ. = At the new pier there are nine new ships; the newest of the nine new ships doesn't want to go.
- Gi'àngiai g'han gi'oggi gi'uegge gi'unge cume gi'atri? = Do angels have eyes, ears, and (finger)nails like everyone else? (variant of the Cogorno comune)
Expressions
- Son zeneize, rîzo ræo, strénzo i dénti e parlo ciæo. = "I'm Genoese, I seldom laugh, I grind my teeth, and I say what I mean" (literally, "speak clearly").
- The child complains: Ò famme. = I'm hungry. The mother answers: Gràttite e zenogge e fatte e lasagne. = Scratch your knees and make lasagna.
- Chi vêu vîve da bon crestiàn, da-i begghìn o stagghe lontàn. = "If you want to live as a good Christian, stay away from those who pretend to be devout" (a traditional warning to beware of fanatics and hypocrites).
- Sciusciâ e sciorbî no se peu. = You can't have or do two contradicting things at the same time (literally, "you can't inhale and exhale").
- Belìn! = Wow! or Damn! (very informal) (literally the word means "penis", but it lost its obscene meaning and is currently used as an intensifier in a lot of different expressions, acting almost as an equivalent of the English "Fuck!" or "Fuck it!").
Songs
One of the most famous folk songs written in the Genoese dialect is called [[Ma se ghe penso]] (or Ma se ghe pensu) written by Mario Cappello.
Towards the end of the 20th century, artist Fabrizio De André wrote an entire album called [[Crêuza de mä]] in the Genoese dialect.
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Statuto del 2019 – VIGENTE. 2020-11-14. www.acompagna.org. 2020-04-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20200408082220/http://www.acompagna.org/wit/chisiamo/statuto/2019.htm. live.
- Web site: Home – Associazione Culturale O Castello. 2020-11-14. www.associazioneocastello.it. 2020-12-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20201202205842/http://www.associazioneocastello.it/. live.
- Web site: Grafia ofiçiâ . Academia Ligustica do Brenno . Official orthography . live . lij . https://web.archive.org/web/20181004101754/http://www.zeneize.net/grafia/index.htm . 4 October 2018 . 14 March 2019.
- Book: Parlo Ciæo. La lingua della Liguria. Grammatica, letteratura, storia, tradizioni . it . De Ferrari . 2015 . 978-88-6405-908-2.
- Web site: GEPHRAS: Genoese-Italian phraseological dictionary . 2021-10-26 . . 2020-08-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814175335/https://romanistik-gephras.uibk.ac.at/content?page=home . live .
- Book: Autelli . Erica . 2021 . Le nouveau dictionnaire phraséologique génois-italien online . Actes du 16e colloque international de langues dialectales . La langue génoise, expression de la terre et de la mer, langue d'ici et langue d'ailleurs . Claude . Passet.
- News: O sciòrte o libbro de Parlo Ciæo, pe chi gh'è cao a nòstra lengua . lij . Andrea . Acquarone . 2015-12-13 . 2021-10-26 . . 2020-08-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200812055141/https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/2015/12/13/news/o-sciorte-o-libbro-de-parlo-ci-o-pe-chi-gh-e-cao-a-nostra-lengua-1.38004111 . live .
- Audio samples may be heard here .
- Web site: La Grafîa ofiçiâ dell'Académia Ligùstica do Brénno. Guida alla lettura dei testi di Giuseppe Marzari (1900–1974) Come i genovesi di Genova-centro parlano in Genovese. Marzari. Giuseppe. La Grafîa ofiçiâ dell’Académia Ligùstica do Brénno. 2019-01-16. 2019-01-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070009/http://www.zeneize.net/grafia/. live.
