A Zeiss projector is one of a line of planetarium projectors manufactured by the Carl Zeiss Company.Main models include Copernican (1924), Model I (1925), Model II (1926), Model III (1957), Model IV (1957), Model V (1965), Model VI (1968), Spacemaster (1970), Cosmorana (1984), Skymaster ZKP2 (1977), and Skymaster ZKP3 (1993).[1]
The first modern planetarium projectors were designed and built in 1924 by the Zeiss Works of Jena, Germany in 1924.[2] Zeiss projectors are designed to sit in the middle of a dark, dome-covered room and project an accurate image of the stars and other astronomical objects on the dome. They are generally large, complicated, and imposing machines.
The first Zeiss Mark I projector (the first planetarium projector in the world) was installed in the Deutsches Museum in Munich in August, 1923.[3] It possessed a distinctive appearance, with a single sphere of projection lenses supported above a large, angled "planet cage". Marks II through VI were similar in appearance, using two spheres of star projectors separated along a central axis that contained projectors for the planets. Beginning with Mark VII, the central axis was eliminated and the two spheres were merged into a single, egg-shaped projection unit.
The Mark I was created in 1923–1924 and was the world's first modern planetarium projector. The Mark II was developed during the 1930s by Carl Zeiss AG in Jena. Following WWII division of Germany and the founding of Carl Zeiss (West Germany) in Oberkochen (while the original Jena plant was located in East Germany), each factory developed its own line of projectors.[4]
Marks III – VI were developed in Oberkochen (West Germany) from 1957 to 1989. Meanwhile, the East German facility in Jena developed the ZKP projector line.[4] The Mark VII was developed in 1993 and was the first joint project of the two Zeiss factories following German reunification.[4]
, Zeiss currently manufactures three main models of planetarium projectors. The flagship Universarium models continue the "Mark" model designation and use a single "starball" design, where the fixed stars are projected from a single egg-shaped projector, and moving objects such as planets have their own independent projectors or are projected using a full-dome digital projection system. The Starmaster line of projectors are designed for smaller domes than the Universarium, but also use the single starball design. The Skymaster ZKP projectors are designed for the smallest domes and use a "dumbbell" design similar to the Mark II-VI projectors, where two smaller starballs for the northern and southern hemispheres are connected by a truss containing projectors for planets and other moving objects.[5]
Between 1923 and 2011, Zeiss manufactured a total of 631 projectors.[6] Therefore, the following table is highly incomplete.
| Planetarium | Zeiss Projector Model | Acquisition Date | End Date | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| , The Hague, Netherlands | Mark I | 1934 | 1976 | Destroyed by fire, although the projector has been restored.[7] |
| Silesian Planetarium, Chorzów, Poland | Mark II | 1955 | 2018 | Silesian Planetarium, the oldest Mark II still in use worldwide, the oldest and biggest planetarium in Poland. Retired in July 2018, will be reopened after upgrade in mid 2020. |
| Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen, Denmark | Starmaster | 1989 | 2012 | The only experienced operator in Denmark retired in 2012. Jesper H. |
| Adler Planetarium, Chicago, Illinois, USA | Mark II/III | 1930 | 1969 | Projector was converted from Mark II to Mark III from 1959 to 1961[8] [9] [10] |
| Mark VI | 1969 | 2011 | Replaced with "Digital Starball" system from Global Immersion Ltd. | |
| Planetario Luis Enrique Erro, Mexico City, Mexico | Mark IV | 1964 | 2006 | It was the first planetarium in Mexico opened to general public and it is also one of the oldest in Latin America.[11] |
| Planetario Simon Bolivar, Maracaibo, Venezuela | Starmaster | 1968 | Present | It was the second planetarium in Venezuela. |
| , Budapest, Hungary | Mark VI | 1969 | 2017 | The planetarium closed indefinitely in 2017 due to rain damage. |
| Buhl Planetarium, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA | Mark II | 1939 | 1994 | Now on exhibit (but not in operation) at the Carnegie Science Center. |
| Ukraine. Kyiv planetarium | Mark IV | 1988 | Present | The dome is the second largest in Europe with a screen area of 830 m² |
| Bangkok Planetarium, Bangkok, Thailand | Mark IV | 1964 | 2016 | Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 5. The projector is still inside the planetarium but not in operation.[12] |
| , Osaka, Japan | Mark II (No.23) | 1937 | 1989 | First Planetarium in Japan Preserved at Osaka Science Museum. |
| , Tokyo, Japan | Mark II (No.26) | 1938 | ||
| , Tokyo, Japan | Mark IV(No.1) | 1957 | 2001 | |
| , Akashi, Japan | Universal(UPP)23/3 | 1960 | Present | The oldest projector which is operating in Japan. |
| Nagoya City Science Museum, Nagoya, Japan | Mark IV | 1962 | 2010 | Closed for renovation in August 2010 |
| Mark IX | 2011 | Present | Re-opened in March 2011[13] [14] | |
| Fernbank Planetarium, Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Mark V | 1967/8? | Present | [15] |
| Hamburg Planetarium, Hamburg, Germany | Mark II | 1925 | 1957 | Projector was acquired by the City of Hamburg in 1925, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1930. |
| Mark IV | 1957 | 1983 | ||
| Mark VI | 1983 | 2003 | ||
| Mark IX | 2006 | Present | ||
| Hayden Planetarium, New York, New York, USA | Mark II | 1935 | 1960 | [16] |
| Mark IV | 1960 | 1973 | ||
| Mark VI | 1973 | 1997 | ||
| Mark IX | 1999 | Present | ||
| , Caracas, Venezuela | Mark III (modified) | 1950 | Present | This planetarium is the oldest in Latin America.[17] [18] |
| Johannesburg Planetarium, Johannesburg, South Africa | Mark III (upgraded from Mark II) | 1960 | Present | Acquired from the city of Hamburg and upgraded to Mark III prior to installation.[19] |
| Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada | Mark Vs | 1967 | Present | [20] |
| Galileo Galilei planetarium, Buenos Aires, Argentina | Mark V | 1967 | 2011 | Replaced by MEGASTAR II A[21] |
| Morehead Planetarium, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA | Mark II | 1949 | 1969 | [22] |
| Mark VI | 1969 | 6 May 2011 | ||
| Planetarium of Tripoli,Tripoli, Libya | Spacemaster | 1980 | 2007 | not in operate but Still in the building |
| James S. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri, USA | Mark IX | 2001 | Present | replaced an Evans & Sutherland Digistar[23] |
| Samuel Oschin Planetarium, Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California, USA | Mark IV | 1964 | 2006 | |
| Mark IX | 2006 | Present | ||
| Strasenburgh Planetarium, Rochester, New York, USA | Mark VI | 1968 | Present | Originally cost $240,234 – in 1968 dollars.[24] |
| Planetario de Bogotá, Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia | Mark VI | 1969 | Present | [25] |
| Fiske Planetarium, Boulder, Colorado, USA | Mark VI | 1975 | 2012 | Replaced by an Ohira Tech MEGASTAR.[26] |
| , Santiago, Chile | Mark VI | 1972 | Present | [27] [28] |
| , Lisbon, Portugal | UPP 23/4 | 1965 | 2004 | [29] |
| Mark IX | 2005 | Present | ||
| Delafield Planetarium, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia, USA | Skymaster ZKP-3 | 2000 | Present | [30] |
| Charles Hayden Planetarium, Boston Museum of Science, Boston, MA, USA | Mark VI | 1970 | 2010 | [31] |
| Starmaster | 2011 | Present | [32] | |
| Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India | Mark IV | 1977 | 2003 | Replaced by an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3[33] |
| Planetario Ulrico Hoepli, Milan, Italy | Mark IV | 1968 | Present | [34] |
| Planetario Ciudad de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina | Mark IV | 1962 | Present | Projector was acquired by the City of Rosario in 1962, the planetarium was opened to the public in 1984[35] |
| Planetarium (Belgium), Brussels, BELGIUM | Mark II | 1935 | 1966 | Planetarium was closed between 1939 and 1954. Closed again in 1966. Building and projector were destroyed in 1969. A new building with a new projector was built in 1976.[36] [37] [38] [39] |
| UPP 23/5 | 1976 | present | ||
| Moscow Planetarium, Moscow, Russia | Mark II | 1929 | 1976 | Details preserved at Moscow Planetarium |
| Mark VI | 1977 | 1994 | Preserved at Moscow Planetarium Planetarium ceased work in 1994 | |
| Mark IX | 2010 | Present | Projector was acquired in 2010, the planetarium was renovated and opened to the public in 2011 | |
| London Planetarium, Baker Street, London, UK | Mark IV | 1958 | 1995 | Now in Science Museum collection.[40] [41] |
| Chabot Space and Science Center, Oakland, California, USA | Mark VIII | 1999 | Present | As of 2016, the Mark VIII projector unit was successfully repaired, after several years being dysfunctional. |
| Cozmix, Bruges, Belgium | ZKP 3b | 2002 | Present | [42] |
| Espaço do Conhecimento do UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil | ZKP 4 | 2010 | Present | [43] |
| Dow Planetarium, Montreal, Quebec, Canada | Mark V | 1966 | 2011 | Now at exhibit at the new planetarium[44] |
| Sri Lanka Planetarium, Colombo, Sri Lanka | Mark IV | 1965 | Present | This was a gift from east Germany |
| Planetário Professor Francisco José Gomes Ribeiro (Colégio Estadual do Paraná), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil | ZKP 1 | 1978 | Present | |
| Planetário da Fundação Espaço Cultural, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil | Spacemaster | 1982 | Present | [45] |
| Birla Planetarium, Kolkata, India | Universal | 1962 | [46] | |
| Sardar Patel Planetarium, Vadodara, India | Spacemaster | 1976 | ||
| Nehru Planetarium, Mumbai, India | Universal | 1977 | ||
| Sternwarte Planetarium SIRIUS, Schwanden near Sigriswil, Switzerland | ZKP 2 | 2000 | 2014 | |
| ZKP 4 | 2014 | Present |