Zaporizhzhia Explained

Native Name:Ukrainian: Запоріжжя
Official Name:Zaporizhzhia
Translit Lang1:Ukrainian
Translit Lang1 Type1:National/"BGN/PCGN"
Translit Lang1 Info1:Zaporizhzhia
Translit Lang1 Type2:ALA-LC
Translit Lang1 Info2:Zaporiz͡hz͡hi͡a
Translit Lang1 Type3:Scholarly
Translit Lang1 Info3:Zaporižžja
Settlement Type:City
Flag Size:100px
Image Blank Emblem:Емблема (логотип) Запоріжжя.png
Pushpin Map:Ukraine Zaporizhzhia Oblast#Ukraine
Pushpin Label Position:right
Pushpin Label:Zaporizhzhia
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Oblast
Subdivision Name1:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
Subdivision Type2:Raion
Subdivision Name2:Zaporizhzhia Raion
Subdivision Type3:Hromada
Subdivision Name3:Zaporizhzhia urban hromada
Parts Type:Raions
Parts Style:coll
Parts:7
P1:Zavodskyi District
P2:Khortytskyi District
P3:Komunarskyi District
P4:Dniprovskyi District
P5:Oleksandrivskyi District
P6:Voznesenskyi District
P7:Shevchenkivskyi District
Leader Title:Mayor
Established Title:Founded
Established Date:1770
Established Title2:City rights
Established Date2:1806
Area Total Km2:334
Area Metro Km2:4675
Population As Of:2022
Population Total:710052
Population Metro:840866
Population Density Km2:1365.2
Timezone:EET
Utc Offset:+2
Timezone Dst:EEST
Utc Offset Dst:+3
Coordinates:47.85°N 35.1175°W
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:69xxx
Area Code:+380 61(2)
Blank Name:Climate
Blank Info:Dfa
Pushpin Relief:y
Blank Emblem Type:Tourist logo (since 2017)

Zaporizhzhia[1] (Ukrainian: Запоріжжя, in Ukrainian pronounced as /zɐpoˈriʒʲːɐ/; Russian: Запорожье|Zaporozhye, pronounced as /ru/), formerly known as Oleksandrivsk until 1921, is a city in southeast Ukraine, situated on the banks of the Dnieper River. It is the administrative centre of Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[2] Zaporizhzhia has a population of

Zaporizhzhia is known for the historic island of Khortytsia, multiple power stations and for being an important industrial centre. Steel, aluminium, aircraft engines, automobiles, transformers for substations, and other heavy industrial goods are produced in the region.

Names and etymology

The name Zaporizhzhia refers to the position of the city: "beyond the rapids"—downstream or south of the Dnieper Rapids. These were previously an impediment to navigation and the site of important portages. In 1932, the rapids were flooded to become part of the reservoir of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station.[3]

Before 1921, the city was called Aleksandrovsk (or Oleksandrivsk), named after the original fortress that formed a part of the Dnieper Defence Line of the Russian Empire.

History

See main article: History of Zaporizhzhia.

Zaporizhzhia was founded in 1770, when the Aleksandrovskaya (Russian: Александровская) Fortress was built as a part of the Dnieper Defence Line, to protect the southern territories of the Russian Empire from Crimean Tatar invasions.[4] Following the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1775, the southern lands of the Russian Plain and the Crimean peninsula were absorbed into the Russian Empire. The Aleksandrovskaya Fortress then lost its military significance, and became a small rural town, which from 1806 to around 1930 was called Alexandrovsk.

The opening of the Kichkas Bridge at the start of the 20th century, the first rail crossing of the Dnieper, was followed by the industrial growth of Zaporizhzhia.[5] In 1916, during World War I, the DEKA Stock Association transferred its aircraft engine manufacturing plant from Saint Petersburg to Zaporizhzhia.[6]

During the Russian Civil War (19181921), Zaporizhzhia was the scene of fierce fighting between the Red Army and the White armies of Denikin and Wrangel, Petliura's Ukrainian People's Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and German-Austrian troops. The opposing armies used the strategically important Kichkas Bridge to transfer troops, ammunition, and medical supplies. The Soviet government industrialized Zaporizhzhia still further during the 1920s and 1930s, when the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, and the Zaporizhzhia Steel Plant, and the Dnieper Aluminium Plant were built.[7] [8] [9] In the 1930s, the American United Engineering and Foundry Company built a strip mill similar to the Ford River Rouge steel mill to produce rolling steel strip. The annual capacity of the mill reached 600000ST of 66abbr=inNaNabbr=in wide steel.[10]

World War II (1941–1945)

After the outbreak of the War between the USSR and Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet government began evacuating Zaporizhzhia's industries to Siberia.[11] and the Soviet security forces began shooting political prisoners in the city.[12] On 18 August 1941, elements of the German 1st Panzergruppe reached the outskirts of Zaporizhzhia on the right bank and seized the island of Khortytsia.[13]

The Red Army blew a NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet) hole in the Dnieper hydroelectric dam on 18 August 1941, producing a flood wave that swept from Zaporizhzhia to Nikopol.[11] The flood killed local residents as well as soldiers from both armies, with historians estimating a death toll between 20,000 and 100,000.[14] Despite reinforcements, Zaporizhzhia was taken on 3 October 1941.[15] The German occupation lasted two years; during which the Germans shot over 35,000 people, and sent 58,000 people to Germany as forced labourers.[11]

The Germans reformed Army Group South in February 1943, and put its headquarters in Zaporizhzhia.[16] Adolf Hitler visited the headquarters in February 1943, and again the following month, where he was briefed by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein and his air force counterpart Field Marshal Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, and in September 1943,[17] the month the Army Group moved its headquarters to Kirovohrad.[18]

In August 1943, the Germans built the Panther-Wotan defence line along the Dnieper from Kyiv to Crimea. They retreated back to this line in September 1943, holding the city as a bridgehead over the Dnieper with elements of 40th Panzer and 17th Corps.[19] The Soviet Southwestern Front, commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky, attacked Zaporizhzhia on 10 October 1943.[19] The defenders repelled these attacks, but the Red Army launched a surprise night attack on 13 October, which succeeded in reclaiming most parts of the city.[20]

1991–present

In 2004, to alleviate congestion around the Zaporizhzhia Arch Bridge area, construction began on the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge, although construction was halted soon after it began, due to a lack of funding.[21]

During the 2014 Euromaidan regional state administration occupations, during protests against President Viktor Yanukovych,[22] Zaporizhzhia's regional state administration building was occupied by 4,500 protesters,[23] and there were clashes between Ukrainian and pro-Russian activists in April 2014.[24]

On 19 May 2016, the Verkhovna Rada approved the "Decommunisation Law".[25] Since the introduction of the law, the city council renamed over 50 streets and administrative areas of the city, monuments of the Soviet Union leaders Lenin and Felix Dzerzhinsky have been destroyed,[26] and names honouring Soviet leaders in the titles of industrial plants, factories, culture centres, and the DniproHES have been removed.[27]

Russian invasion (2022)

Russian forces have been engaged in ongoing attacks on Zaporizhzhia since the beginning of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 27 February, fighting was reported in the southern outskirts,[28] and Russian forces began shelling the city later that evening.[29] Russia invaded and occupied part of Zaporizhzhia Oblast but failed to take Zaporizhzhia itself. On 3 March, Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, raising concerns about a potential nuclear meltdown.[30] [31] Russian military forces fired missiles on Zaporizhzhia on the evening of 12/13 May.[32]

On 30 September, hours before Russia formally annexed Southern and Eastern Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces launched S-300 missiles at a civilian convoy in Zaporizhzhia, killing at least 30 people.[33] On 9 October, Russian forces launched rockets at residential buildings, killing at least 17 people.[34]

Geography

Zaporizhzhia is located in south-eastern Ukraine. The Dnieper splits the city in two; between them is Khortytsia Island. The city covers at an elevation of above sea level.[35] The New and Old Dnieper flow past around Khortytsia: The is about 800m (2,600feet) wide while the is about 200m (700feet) wide. The island size is . Smaller rivers in the city also enter the Dnieper: and,, and .

The flora of Khortytsia is unique and diverse, due to the dry steppe air and a large freshwater basin, which cleans the air polluted by industry. The island is a national park. The ground surface is cut by large ravines ("Ukrainian: balka"), hiking routes and historical monuments. The island, which is a popular recreational area, has sanatoriums, resorts, health centres, and sandy beaches.[36]

Climate

Governance

See also: List of mayors of Zaporizhzhia. Zaporizhzhia is the main city of Zaporizhzhia Oblast with a form of self-rule within the oblast. The city is divided into 7 urban districts.

style="padding-left:1em;"

The population of the districts of the city of Zaporizhzhia as of 1 November 2015:[37]
№ Raion Population Percent of Total
1 Oleksandrivskyi 68,666 9.06
2 50,750 6.7
3 133,752 17.64
4 Dniprovskyi 135,934 17.95
5 Voznesenivskyi101,349 13.37
6 115,641 15.27
7 Shevchenkivskyi 151,558 20.0

    Demographics

    City population

    The city population has been declining since the first years of state independence. In 2014–2015 the rate of the population decrease was −0.56%/year.[38]

    In January 2017, the population was 750,685.[39] The total reduction of the population of the city since independence has been around 146,000 (not including 2017–2018).

    Ethnic structure

    According to the 2001 census,[63] 70.28% of the population of Zaporizhzhia (total population 815,300) were Ukrainians, 25.39% were Russians, 0.67% were Belarusians, 0.44% were Bulgarians, 0.42% were Jews, 0.38% were Georgians, 0.38% were Armenians, 0.27% were Tatar, 0.15% were Azeris, 0.11% were Roma (Gypsies), 0.1% were Poles, 0.09% were Germans, 0.09% were Moldovans, and 0.07% were Greeks.

    Language

    Ukrainian is used for official government business. The native language of people living in Zaporizhzhia, according to censuses in Ukraine (by percent):

    Language 1897[64] 1926[65] 1989[66] 2001[67]
    Ukrainian 43.0 33.8 41.3 41.6
    Russian 24.8 52.2 57.0 56.8
    Yiddish 27.8 9.7 0.1

    Religion

    The following religious denominations are present in Zaporizhzhia:[68]

    Christianity
    OrthodoxyMost of the citizens are Orthodox Christians of Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) or Orthodox Church of Ukraine. Among the Orthodox churches the, which is under the Moscow Patriarchate, is most popular. There are also St. Nicholas Church and St. Andrew's Cathedral in the city.
    ProtestantismProtestantism is represented by:
    CatholicismCatholicism is represented by:

    The biggest Catholic church is Church of God, the Father of Mercy

    JudaismOrthodox Judaism is represented by one union and six communities.
    IslamIn the Zaporizhzhia district there are five communities which are part of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Ukraine and four independent Muslim communities.
    HinduismThe city hosts a branch of the Vedic Academy.

    Economy

    Industry

    Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of Ukraine, the country's main car manufacturing company, the Motor-Sich aircraft engine manufacturer. Well supplied with electricity, Zaporizhzhia forms, together with the adjoining Donets Basin (Donbas) and the Nikopol manganese and Kryvyi Rih iron mines, one of Ukraine's leading industrial complexes.

    The city is a home of Ukraine's main automobile production centre, which is based at the Zaporizhzhia Automobile Factory (ZAZ), producing Ukrainian car brands such as Zaporozhets and Tavria.

    After the end of the Russian Revolution, the city became an important industrial centre. The presence of cheap labor and the proximity of deposits of coal, iron ore, and manganese created favorable conditions for large-scale enterprises of the iron and mechanical engineering industries. Today Zaporizhzhia is an important industrial centre of the region with heavy industry (particularly metallurgy), aluminium, and chemical industry. Cars, avia motors and radioelectronics are manufactured in the city. The port of Zaporizhzhia is important for transshipment for goods from the Donbas.

    Zaporizhstal, Ukraine's fourth largest steel maker, and ranking 54th in the world, is based in the city.

    Electricity generation

    Zaporizhzhia is a large electricity generating hub. There are hydroelectric power plant known as "DniproHES" Dnieper Hydroelectric Station and the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Prior to the 2022 invasion, the plants generated about 25% of the Ukrainian electricity supply. Located near Enerhodar and about 60km (40miles) from Zaporizhzhia is the Zaporizhzhia thermal power station and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, the largest nuclear power plant in Europe.

    Culture

    Zaporizhzhia has an orchestra, museums, theatres, and libraries. These include the Magara Academic Drama Theatre, the Municipal Theatre Lab "VIE", the Theatre for Young-Age spectators, the Theatre of Horse Riding "Zaporizhzhian Cossacks", the Zaporizhzhia Regional Museum, the National Museum of the History of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, the Zaporizhzhia Regional Art Museum, the Motor Sich Aviation Museum, and the Zaporizhzhia Region Universal Scientific Library.

    There are a number of small amateur groups of folk music bands, art galleries in Zaporizhzhia. The city regularly holds festivals, Cossack martial arts competitions, and art exhibitions.

    Zaporizhzhia has an open-air exhibition-and-sale of Zaporizhzhia city association of artists «Kolorit» near the 'Fountain of Life' at the . A daily exhibition of artists' organizations of the city is a unique place in Zaporizhzhia, where people can meet craftsmen and artists, watch carving, embroidery, beading classes, and receive advice from professional artists and designers.

    Main sights

    The historical and cultural museum "Zaporizka Sich" is placed on the northern rocky part of Khotritsa Island. The museum is a reconstruction of the stronghold of the Zaporizhzhian Cossacks, and contains features of the military camp life and their lifestyle.

    Each of the smaller islands between the dam and the island Khortytsia has its own legend. On one of them, Ukrainian: Durnya Scala ("Rock of the Fool"), Tzar Peter the Great flogged the Cossacks for their betrayal of the Russians during the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. Another small island, Ukrainian: Stolb ("Pillar"), has a geological feature, which looks like a large bowl in granite slabs, the Cossack's Bowl. It is said that in summer days, water can be boiled in this "bowl", and the Cossacks used it for cooking Ukrainian: galushki (boiled dough in a spicy broth).[70]

    Transport links

    Zaporizhzhia is an important transportation hub in Ukraine that includes roads, as well as rail, river and air links for passenger and freight transport. Zaporizhzhia International Airport, located to the east of the city on the left-bank of the Dnieper, serves domestic and international flights. Shyroke Airfield is to the west of the city on the right-bank of the Dnieper.

    Zaporizhzhia is bypassed beyond its eastern outskirts by a major national highway M18, which connects Kharkiv with Simferopol. The H08, which starts just outside Kyiv and travels southeast along the Dnieper through Kremenchuk, Kamianske, Dnipro, passes through Zaporizhzhia on the way to Mariupol. The H15 from Donetsk and the from Kropyvnytskyi via Kryvyi Rih, both end in Zaporizhzhia.

    There are four road bridges and two rail bridges over the Dnieper, nearly all of which bridges cross Khortytsia Island. President Volodymyr Zelenskyy opened the first stage of the New Zaporizhzhia Dniper Bridge early in 2022.

    The city has two rail stations, Zaporizhzhia-1 railway station and Zaporizhzhia-the-Second. The First is the central station, located in the southern part of the city and is a part of Simferopol-Kharkiv, the "north-south" transit route. The line of the Zaporizhzhia-the-Second station connects the Donbas coalfield with Kryvyi Rih. The city has an extensive tram network with 7 lines called the Zaporizhzhia Tram.

    The city's two river ports are part of the national water transportation infrastructure that connects Kyiv to Kherson along the Dnieper. Freight ships and cutter boats travel between Zaporizhzhia and nearby villages. The island of Khortytsia splits the Dnieper into two; the main channel passes the island on its eastern side, with the Ukrainian: Staryi Dnipro (Old Dnieper) flowing past the island on the western side.

    Notable people

    Sport

    In popular culture

    Zaporizhzhia is a setting in two Axis victory in World War II short novels by the American author Harry Turtledove, Ready for the Fatherland (1991) and The Phantom Tolbukhin (1998).

    Twin towns – sister cities

    See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine. Zaporizhzhia is twinned with:[71] [72]

    In 1969, the city renamed one of its streets after the city of Wrocław. The Wrocław authorities reciprocated, and a part of the SudeckaGrabiszyńska Street towards the Square of the Silesian Insurgents was renamed Zaporoska Street.[73]

    See also

    References

    Sources

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: 28 August 2017 . Про затвердження транслітерації написання географічної назви міста Запоріжжя латиницею. Рішення виконавчого комітету №476 . Zaporizhzhia city council. Executive committee . 20 January 2020 . 26 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200726072410/https://zp.gov.ua/uk/documents/item/25339 . live .
    2. http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/publ2_u.htm
    3. Pospelov, pp. 25–26
    4. Я. П. Новицкий. История города Александровска, (Екатеринославской губ.) в связи с историей возникновения крепостей Днепровской линии 1770–1806 г. – Екатеринослав: Типография Губернского Земства, 1905. – 176 с.
    5. http://www.zounb.zp.ua/resourse/scarbnicya/Adelberg/indexf.html The bridges of Zaporizhzhia (Мосты Запорожья)
    6. http://meria.zp.ua/test/index.php?id=5 Official Portal Zaporizhzhia city authorities, History (Офіційний портал, Запорізької міської влади, Історія міста)
    7. Web site: Sovetskai︠a︡ arkhitektura. 27 October 1969 . Искусство . Google Books .
    8. http://www.tsuab.ru/PUBLICATION/VESTNIK/2009/4/4-2009-06-meerovich.pdf Меерович М. Г. Соцгород – базовое понятие советской градостроительной теории первых пятилеток
    9. Web site: История Запорожья . photoalbum.zp.ua . 11 April 2011 . 2 May 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080502150118/http://photoalbum.zp.ua/history/history/part2.htm . live .
    10. The Soviet economy and the Red Army, 1930–1945, by Walter Scott Dunn, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, page 13.
    11. http://www.zabor.zp.ua/zaporozhye/istoria_zaporozhye.htm The Great Patriotic War on the territory of Zaporizhzhia (Великая Отечественная война на территории Запорожья)
    12. Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union, by Horst Boog, Jürgen Förster, Joachim Hoffmann, Ernst Klink, Rolf-Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär, pub Clarendon Press, 1998,, p. 909.
    13. Web site: The Eastern Front, Timeline 1941 . 18 April 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719023845/http://www.theeasternfront.co.uk/timeline1941.htm . 19 July 2011 . dead.
    14. http://www.rferl.org/content/european-remembrance-day-ukraine-little-known-ww2-tragedy/25083847.html Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty
    15. Germany and the Second World War, Volume IV The Attack on the Soviet Union, p. 607, says that Zaporizhzhia was captured on 1 October 1941.
    16. Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, translated by Anthony G Powell, pdf version p267-270.
    17. Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, pdf version p290-2.
    18. Lost Victories, by Field Marshal Eric von Manstein, says that the Germans finished repairing the railway bridge only a few months before they lost the city in October 1943.
    19. Web site: The Eastern Front, Timeline 1943 . 18 April 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719024008/http://www.theeasternfront.co.uk/timeline1943.htm . 19 July 2011 . dead.
    20. http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/lelyushenko_dd/index.html Moscow-Stalingrad-Berlin-Prague, Memories of Army Commander ("Москва-Сталінград-Берлін-Прага". Записки командарма)
    21. Web site: Почему мосты строят по 14 лет – и что говорит Укравтодор . 4 July 2018 . 13 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180813055939/https://fakty.ictv.ua/ru/videos/chomu-mosty-buduyut-po-14-rokiv-i-shho-kazhe-ukravtodor/ . live .
    22. News: Buckley . Neil . Ukraine protests spread to Yanukovich heartland . subscription . Financial Times . 26 January 2014 . 27 October 2018 . 16 November 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181116121244/https://www.ft.com/content/0be4a86e-86b0-11e3-aa31-00144feab7de . live .
    23. News: В Запорожье участники Майдана опечатали кабинеты руководства Запорожской ОГА : Новости УНИАН . Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . 24 February 2014 . 26 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140226165807/http://www.unian.net/politics/888801-v-zaporoje-uchastniki-maydana-opechatali-kabinetyi-rukovodstva-zaporojskoy-oga.html . live .
    24. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-04-13/ukraine-s-eastern-tension-turns-deadly-in-worst-case-scenario Ukraine Tensions Escalate as Russia, U.S. Exchange Barbs
    25. http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2015/05/15/7068057/ Poroshenko signed the laws about decommunization
    26. Web site: Полный перечень переименованных в Запорожье улиц . 9 July 2018 . 5 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191205152412/http://zabor.zp.ua/www/content/polnyi-perechen-pereimenovannykh-v-zaporozhe-ulits . live .
    27. In Zaporizhzhia began to "dekomunize" DniproGES, Radio Free Europe (4 April 2016)
    28. News: Техніка росіян зайшла до Бердянська, в Запоріжжі зброю дають усім готовим захищати обласний центр . 28 February 2022 . Радіо Свобода . 27 February 2022 . uk . 27 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220227161249/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-rosijany-v-berdyansku-zaporizhzhia-teroborona/31726585.html . live . Свобода . Радіо.
    29. Web site: Жителів Запоріжжя просять не покидати укриття: Обстрілюють аеродром – новини Запоріжжя . 28 February 2022 . www.depo.ua . uk . 27 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220227221029/https://zp.depo.ua/ukr/zp/zhiteliv-zaporizhzhya-prosyat-ne-pokidati-ukrittya-obstrilyuyut-aerodrom-202202271429691 . live.
    30. News: Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster . 1 April 2022 . NPR . 11 March 2022 . 1 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220401111417/https://www.npr.org/2022/03/11/1085427380/ukraine-nuclear-power-plant-zaporizhzhia . live .
    31. "Update 1-Ukraine nuclear power plant Zaporizhzhia on fire, town mayor says". Reuters. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
    32. Web site: Invaders fire missiles on Zaporizhzhia, Sumy region at night . 13 May 2022 . 16 May 2022 . 16 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220516004811/https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3482044-invaders-fire-missiles-on-zaporizhzhia-sumy-region-at-night.html . live .
    33. News: 30 September 2022 . Ukraine war: Survivors speak of horror as Zaporizhzhia convoy hit . en-GB . BBC News . 30 September 2022 . 1 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221001130611/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63086697 . live .
    34. News: 9 October 2022 . At least 17 are killed in Zaporizhzhia . . live . 9 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221009122024/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/10/09/world/russia-ukraine-war-news#at-least-17-civilians-killed-in-overnight-missile-attack-on-zaporizhzhia . 9 October 2022.
    35. Web site: Паспорт города Запорожье . photoalbum.zp.ua . 15 April 2011 . 2 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221002112336/http://photoalbum.zp.ua/passport/history/ . live .
    36. Web site: The interactive map of island of Khortitsa (Russian) . 2 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110702035741/http://www.gis-center.com/khort_cgi/main_page.html . 2 July 2011 . dead.
    37. http://www.zp.ukrstat.gov.ua/images/stories/Exp_dem_2421.pdf Головне управління статистики в Запорізькій області — Чисельність населення м. Запоріжжя
    38. Web site: Zaporizhzhia · Population . population.city . 4 July 2018 . 4 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180704213847/http://population.city/ukraine/zaporizhzhya/ . live .
    39. Web site: Держстат України . 4 July 2018 . 25 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225235715/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2017/zb_chnn_0117.pdf . dead .
    40. News: Natalia Ostasheva Venger . . The Mennonite Industrial Dynasties in Alexandrovsk . Journal of Mennonite Studies . V21 . 89–110 . 2003 . 12 April 2011 . 19 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110819004935/http://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/view/887/886 . live .
    41. Collection of scientific works of graduate students (Збiрник наукових праць аспірантів), by T H Shevchenka, pub Vyd-vo Kyïvsʹkoho University, 1963, p87 gives the 1861 population as 3,729.
    42. Web site: The American cyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge. Edited by George Ripley and Charles A. Dana . George . Ripley . Charles A. (Charles Anderson) . Dana . 27 October 1879 . New York D. Appleton . Internet Archive.
    43. http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/all/002/2004.shtml Brockhaus and Efron's Encyclopedia (Энциклопедический Словарь Ф.А.Брокгауза и И.А.Ефрона)
    44. http://genobooks.narod.ru/Rossia_1898/Rossia_1898-0.htm Universal Calendar for 1898 (Всеобщий календарь на 1898 год)
    45. https://archive.org/stream/bolshaiantsiklo00igoog#page/n6/mode/1up Large Encyclopedia (Большая Знциклопедія)
    46. http://genobooks.narod.ru/Rossia_1906/Rossia_1906-0.htm Russian Calendar for 1906 (Русский календарь на 1906 г.)
    47. https://books.google.com/books?id=aIJMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8F%22 Ukrainian SSR (Украинская ССР)
    48. Sergina V. "City Z:1921-199", film "Year 1926" Сергина В. Город Z: 1921–1991 (Невыдуманные истории): Исторически–познавательный ТВ проект для любой зрительской аудитории. – К., 2005. – 1 компакт – диск. Фильм "Год 1926"
    49. https://www.google.com/search?hl=ru&tbo=1&tbm=bks&q=intitle%3A%22Economic+geography+of+the+USSR%22+289%2C188&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq= Economic geography of the USSR
    50. http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/J/JIROMSKAYA_Valentina_Borisovna/Polveka_pod_grifom_%27%27sekretno%27%27.(1996).%5Bdjv%5D.zip Half a century classified as 'Secret': All-Union census in 1937 (Полвека под грифом 'секретно': Всесоюзная перепись населения 1937 года)
    51. https://books.google.com/books?id=-XPaAAAAMAAJ&q=Zaporozhe The emergency evacuation of cities: a cross-national historical and geographical study
    52. Sergina V. "City Z:1921-199", film "Year 1942" (Сергина В. Город Z: 1921–1991 (Невыдуманные истории): Исторически–познавательный ТВ проект для любой зрительской аудитории. – К., 2005.- 1 компакт – диск. Фильм "Год 1942") said the population for 1942 was 103,400.
    53. http://bse.sci-lib.com/article043711.html The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (Большая Советская Энциклопедия), entry for Zaporizhzhia – Zaporizhzhia oblast centre (Запорожье – центр Запорізької обл.)
    54. https://books.google.com/books?id=_2VpAAAAMAAJ The Ukrainian quarterly, Volumes 26–27, pub Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1970, p223
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    56. https://archive.today/20120907080401/http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/ehm/Zaporojie/183731 www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie L’Encyclopédie en ligne entry for Zaporojie
    57. https://books.google.com/books?lr=&cd=4&hl=ru&q=Zaporizhzhya+intitle%3A%22Atlas+of+World+Geography%22&btnG=%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8 Rand McNally atlas of world geography
    58. http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/general/urban-rural/zaporizhya/ The size and composition of the population of Zaporizhzhia region up to the Ukrainian population census 2001 (Численность и состав населения Запорожской области по итогам Всеукраинской переписи населения 2001 года)
    59. http://www.zp.ukrstat.gov.ua/images/stories/Exp_dem_1377.pdf Population on 1 August 2010 (Чисельність населення на 1 серпня 2010 року), press release No 1377 issued by the State Department of Statistics in the Zaporizhzhia oblast (Держкомстат. Головне управління статистики у Запорізькій області), 16 September 2010
    60. http://zp.ukrstat.gov.ua/images/stories/exp_dem_1163.pdf Population on 1 March 2011 (Чисельність населення на 1 березня 2011 року), press release No 1163 issued by the State Department of Statistics in the Zaporizhzhia oblast (Держкомстат. Головне управління статистики у Запорізькій області), 18 April 2011
    61. http://zp.ukrstat.gov.ua/images/stories/Chisl__dem_10_15.pdf
    62. Web site: ЧИСЕЛЬНІСТЬ НАЯВНОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ . uk . 1 January 2017 . 4 July 2018 . 25 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220225235715/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/PXWEB2007/ukr/publ_new1/2017/zb_chnn_0117.pdf . dead .
    63. Web site: Лозовой Н. . 17 January 2011 . Этнические войны: украинская версия . Истеблишмент. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110815201533/http://establishment.com.ua/articles/2011/1/17/3256/. 15 August 2011 .
    64. Web site: Demoskop Weekly: Prilozhenie. Spravochnik statisticheskikh pokazateleĭ . ru:Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей. . Demoscope Weekly: appendix. Digest of statistical indicators. . 15 January 2021 . www.demoscope.ru . 19 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919051421/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=429 . live .
    65. Book: Vsesoi͡uznai͡a perepisʹ naselenii͡a 1926 goda . Издание ЦСУ Союза ССР . 1928–1929 . Moscow . ru:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года . All-union census of population 1926.
    66. Web site: Romant͡sov . V. O. . Населення України і його рідна мова за часів радянської влади та незалежності . uk:Naselenni͡a Ukraïny i ĭoho ridna mova za chasiv radi͡ansʹkoï vlady ta nezalez͡hnosti . The population of Ukraine and its native language in the periods of the Soviet régime and independence . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306024551/http://teliha.com.ua/naukovi/22-2009-10-10-19-34-24 . 6 March 2016 . 15 January 2021.
    67. Web site: Vseukraïnsʹkyĭ perepys naselenni͡a 2001 roku: Rozpodil naselenni͡a za ridnoi͡u movoi͡u, Zaporizʹka oblastʹ . uk:Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 року. Розподіл населення за рідною мовою, Запорізька область . All-Ukrainian census of population 2001: Distribution of population by native language, Zaporizka oblast. . 1 June 2021 . 6 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023348/http://database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/MULT/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=19A050501_02_023&ti=19A050501_02_023.%20%D0%EE%E7%EF%EE%E4%B3%EB%20%ED%E0%F1%E5%EB%E5%ED%ED%FF%20%E7%E0%20%F0%B3%E4%ED%EE%FE%20%EC%EE%E2%EE%FE%2C%20%C7%E0%EF%EE%F0%B3%E7%FC%EA%E0%20%EE%E1%EB%E0%F1%F2%FC%20%281%2C2%2C3%2C4%29&path=..%2FDatabase%2FCensus%2F05%2F01%2F&lang=1&multilang=uk . dead .
    68. News: Религиозная карта области . Остров Свободы . ru . 17 April 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080617004844/http://ostrov.zp.ua/nomer38-krugozor-religioznaya-karta-oblasti.html . 17 June 2008.
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    70. http://www.gis.zp.ua/products/chortitza_1.htm Galina and Maxim Ostapenko, History of our Khortytsia (Галина и Максим Остапенко История нашей Хортицы)
    71. Web site: Города-побратимы. zp.gov.ua. Zaporizhzhia. ru. 10 December 2022. 27 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190527110253/https://zp.gov.ua/ru/page/pobratymy. live.
    72. Web site: Steinbach Becomes Twin City With Zaporizhzhia. 11 January 2020. 12 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200112001057/https://steinbachonline.com/local/steinbach-becomes-twin-city-with-zaporizhia. live.
    73. Web site: Wrocław, ul. Zaporoska – Dolny.Slask.org.pl . 29 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110929220807/http://wroclaw.hydral.com.pl/MDE5Mzk=,ulica.html . 29 September 2011 . dead.

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