| Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station | |
| Name Official: | Запорізька атомна електростанція |
| Coordinates: | 47.5083°N 34.5844°W |
| Country: | Ukraine |
| Location: | Enerhodar, Zaporizhzhia Oblast |
| Status: | Shutdown |
| Construction Began: | Unit 1: 1 April 1980 Unit 2: 1 January 1981 Unit 3: 1 April 1982 Unit 4: 1 April 1983 Unit 5: 1 November 1985 Unit 6: 1 June 1986 |
| Commissioned: | Unit 1: 25 December 1985 Unit 2: 15 February 1986 Unit 3: 5 March 1987 Unit 4: 14 April 1988 Unit 5: 27 October 1989 Unit 6: 17 September 1996 |
| Owner: | Energoatom |
| Operator: | Energoatom (De jure) Rosatom (De facto) |
| Np Reactors: | 6 |
| Np Reactor Type: | PWR |
| Np Reactor Supplier: | Atomstroyexport |
| Ps Cooling Source: | Kakhovka Reservoir |
| Ps Cooling Towers: | 2 |
| Ps Units Operational: | 6 × 950 MW |
| Ps Units Manu Model: | 6 × VVER-1000/320 |
| Ps Thermal Capacity: | 6 × 3000 MWth |
| Ps Electrical Capacity: | 5700 |
| Ps Electrical Cap Fac: | 58.68% |
The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station (Ukrainian: Запорізька атомна електростанція|translit=Zaporiz'ka atomna elektrostantsiia) in southeastern Ukraine is the largest nuclear power plant in Europe and among the 10 largest in the world. It has been under Russian control since 2022. It was built by the Soviet Union near the city of Enerhodar, on the southern shore of the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper river. From 1996 to 2022, it was operated by Energoatom, which operates Ukraine's other three nuclear power stations.
The plant has six VVER-1000 pressurized light water nuclear reactors (PWR), each fuelled with U (LEU) and generating 950 MWe, for a total power output of 5,700 MWe.[1] The first five were successively brought online between 1985 and 1989, and the sixth was added in 1995. In 2020, the plant generated nearly half of the country's electricity derived from nuclear power, and more than a fifth of total electricity generated in Ukraine.[2] The Zaporizhzhia thermal power station is nearby.
On 4 March 2022, days into the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces seized both the nuclear and thermal power stations.[3] [4] [5] [6], the Russian company Rosatom claimed control over the plant.[7] Since its capture, the plant does not generate power and is mostly shut down.[8]
The spent nuclear fuel is stored in cooling pools inside the reactor containments for up to five years. It is then transferred to an on-site dry cask storage facility that was commissioned in 2004.[9] [10] The reactors and spent fuel pools depend on water from the Kakhovka Reservoir for cooling. The reservoir is created by the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant dam, which is a main conflict location of the two war participants.[11] [12]
The electricity generated is supplied to the Ukrainian grid through four 750 kV overhead transmission lines and one 330 kV line.[10] One of the 750 kV lines runs northwards across the Kakhovka Reservoir and on to the Dniprovska substation just south of Vilnohirsk in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The other three 750 kV lines run south from the plant. One diverges from the others near the village of Zapovitne and runs to the Kakhovska substation just west of Nova Kakhovka. This is the newest of the lines and was commissioned in 2021.[9] Two lines continue south-southeast, diverging at the urban-type settlement of Mykhailivka. One continues southeast to the Pivdennodonbaska mines in Donetsk Oblast, while the other continues east and then north to the Zaporizka substation north of Znackove in Zaporizhzhia Oblast.[13] The 330 kV line runs to the neighbouring Zaporizhzhia thermal power station.[14]
In 2017, modernization work was completed on reactor unit 3, enabling a 10-year life extension to 2027.[15] In 2021, modernization work was completed on unit 5, enabling a 10-year life extension.[16]
On 27 January 1984, a major fire started during commissioning of unit 1, before any nuclear fuel was in the reactor. An electrical relay caused PVC insulation to catch fire, molten PVC causing more fires below in a vertical shaft. More than 4,000 control units, 41 motors, and 700 km of cables were damaged.[17]
See main article: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and War in Donbas (2014–2022). The Zaporizhzhia power plant is located around 200 km from the war in Donbas combat zone, where fighting started in 2014.
On 3 December 2014, Prime Minister Arseny Yatseniuk announced the occurrence of an incident several days before at the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[18] The cause of the incident was reported as a short circuit in the power outlet system and was not linked to the site's production.[19] One of the six reactors of the plant was shut down twice in December 2014. This and lack of coal for Ukraine's coal-fired power stations led to rolling blackouts throughout the country from early until late December 2014.[20]
See main article: Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine began on 24 February 2022, Energoatom shut down Units 5 and 6 to reduce risk, keeping Units 1 to 4 in operation on 25 February.[21]
At 11:28 pm local time on 3 March 2022, a column of 10 Russian armored vehicles and two tanks approached the power plant.[22] Fighting commenced at 12:48am on 4 March when Ukraine forces fired anti-tank missiles. Russian forces responded with a variety of weapons, including rocket-propelled grenades. During approximately two hours of heavy combat, a fire broke out in a training facility outside the main complex, which was extinguished by 6:20am,[23] [24] [25] though other sections surrounding the plant sustained damage.[26] [27]
The fire did not impact reactor safety or any essential equipment.[27] [28] The plant lost 1.3 GW of capacity.[29] It was later learned that a large caliber bullet pierced an outer wall of Reactor No. 4 and an artillery shell hit a transformer at Reactor No. 6.[30] The potential catastrophe quickly led Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to accuse Russian leader Vladimir Putin of “nuclear terrorism”. [31]
Ukrayinska Pravda reported on 12 March 2022 that the plant's management was told by Russian authorities that the plant now belonged to Rosatom, Russia's state nuclear power company.[7] It continued to operate and supply data, including from a remote monitoring system, to the IAEA,[32] and continued to be operated by Ukrainian staff, under Russian control.[33] Satellite imagery from 9 July 2022 and 7 August 2022 shows that Russian forces established bases and defensive positions next to the reactor units,[34] along the central supply route[35] and on the periphery of the facility.[36]
On 3 September 2022 an IAEA delegation visited the plant and on 6 September 2022 a report was published documenting damage and potential threats to plant security caused by external shelling and the presence of occupying troops in the plant.[37] [38]
With the declared annexation of Zaporizhzhia oblast, Russia also declared legal takeover of the plant, while the actual control over its operations continued to be unclear as of October 2022. Russian forces detained a number of plant's Ukrainian employees—starting from its deputy director Valery Martynyuk, his assistant Oleh Oshek, and IT manager Oleh Kostyukov—without providing any justification for their detainment.[39] [40]
As of November 2022, Ukrainian cities had drawn up plans for evacuation centers and secured supplies of potassium iodide pills, and 10% of Ukrainian emergency medical teams had been reconfigured to respond to chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear risks.[41]
The destruction of the nearby Kakhovka Dam on 6 June 2023 was reported to have no immediate risk to the plant.[42] Generally five units have been in cold shutdown with one unit kept in hot shutdown, which the IAEA reported was necessary to produce steam for nuclear safety purposes, including the processing of liquid radioactive waste in storage tanks. The IAEA is urging the investigation of whether an external boiler can be installed as an alternative to keeping one unit in hot shutdown.[43] [44]
On 19 January 2024, the IAEA reported the presence of mines along the perimeter of the power plant's territory, in the buffer zone between the inner and outer fences of the facility. According to the Agency it is "inconsistent with the IAEA safety standards." Mines that had been found there previously were removed in November 2023.[45]
On 7 April 2024, the IAEA reported that the plant was attacked by drones, apparently targeting surveillance and communication equipment. Russian troops tried to shoot down the drones without success. There was at least one casualty outside a laboratory, three direct hits on reactor containment structures and minor superficial scorching on the Unit 6 reactor dome. Although the nuclear safety was not compromised as there was no evidence of any structural damage to systems, the Agency considers strike as a major threat to nuclear safety.[46] [47]
On 11 August 2024, A fire broke out at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant, leading to mutual accusations between Ukraine and Russia over its cause. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said that Russian forces intentionally started the fire to blackmail Kyiv, while Russian-installed officials in the region blamed Ukrainian shelling. Despite the tensions, both sides confirmed that there was no radiation spike or immediate nuclear danger. The incident occurred amid Ukraine's significant military advances into Russian territory, marking a deepening of the conflict.[48]
US Professor Peter J Kuznick Director of the American University Nuclear Studies Institute stated "The Russian version of the fire at the Zaporozhye nuclear power plant looks more plausible than the Ukrainian one.". [49]
The independent IAEA which is on site stated "The evidence gathered reinforces our conclusion that the main fire seems unlikely to be at the base of the cooling tower” and that "The nuclear safety situation at Ukraine’s Zaporizhzhya Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP) is deteriorating following a drone strike that hit the road around the plant site perimeter today...reported that the damage seemed to have been caused by a drone equipped with an explosive payload."[50]