| Zambales | |||||
| Official Name: | Province of Zambales | ||||
| Flag Size: | 120x80px | ||||
| Seal Size: | 100x80px | ||||
| Nickname: | Chromite Capital of the Philippines[1] | ||||
| Anthem: | Himno ng Zambales Marcha Zambaleño | ||||
| Subdivision Type: | Country | ||||
| Subdivision Type1: | Region | ||||
| Established Title: | Founded | ||||
| Established Date: | 1578 | ||||
| Seat Type: | Capital | ||||
| Leader Title: | Governor | ||||
| Leader Name: | Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. (PFP) | ||||
| Leader Title1: | Vice Governor | ||||
| Leader Name1: | Jacqueline Rose F. Khonghun (Aksyon) | ||||
| Leader Title2: | Legislature | ||||
| Leader Name2: | Zambales Provincial Board | ||||
| Area Footnotes: | [2] | ||||
| Area Rank: | 35th out of 81 | ||||
| Area Note: | (excluding Olongapo City) | ||||
| Population Total: | 909932 | ||||
| Population Rank: | 46th out of 81 | ||||
| Population Density Km2: | auto | ||||
| Population Density Rank: | 54th out of 81 | ||||
| Population Note: | (excluding Olongapo) | ||||
| Elevation Max M: | 2,037 | ||||
| Elevation Max Point: | Mount Tapulao | ||||
| Demographics Type1: | Divisions | ||||
| Demographics1 Title1: | Independent cities | ||||
| Demographics1 Title2: | Component cities | ||||
| Demographics1 Info2: | 0 | ||||
| Demographics1 Title3: | Municipalities | ||||
| Demographics1 Title4: | Barangays | ||||
| Demographics1 Title5: | Districts | ||||
| Demographics Type2: | Demographics | ||||
| Demographics2 Title1: | Ethnic groups | ||||
| Demographics2 Title2: | Languages | ||||
| Demographics2 Title3: | Major religions | ||||
| Demographics2 Info3: |
| ||||
| Demographics2 Title4: | Ecclesiastical dioceses | ||||
| Demographics2 Info4: | Diocese of Iba (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Zambales (Aglipayan Church) | ||||
| Demographics2 Title5: | Patron saint | ||||
| Demographics2 Info5: | Our Lady of Poon Bato | ||||
| Demographics2 Title6: | Feast day | ||||
| Demographics2 Info6: | January 24 | ||||
| Timezone: | PST | ||||
| Utc Offset: | +8 | ||||
| Postal Code Type: | ZIP code | ||||
| Website: | www.zambales.gov.ph | ||||
| Seat1: | Olongapo | ||||
| Seat1 Type: | Largest city | ||||
| Image Map1: |
| ||||
Zambales, officially the Province of Zambales (Probinsya nin Zambales; Iloko: Probinsia ti Zambales; Pangasinan: Luyag/Probinsia na Zambales; Filipino; Pilipino: Lalawigan ng Zambales), is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Iba, which is located in the middle of the province. Olongapo is the largest city of the province wherein it is geographically located but politically independent.
Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north and northeast, Tarlac to the east, Pampanga to the southeast, Bataan to the south and the South China Sea to the west. With a total land area of (including the independent city of Olongapo), Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon after Nueva Ecija. The province is noted for its mangoes, which are abundant from January to April.
Zambales does not have a functional airport; the closest functional airport is Clark International Airport in Angeles City in the neighbouring province of Pampanga. Subic Bay International Airport, which is located in Cubi Point (geographically located inside Morong, Bataan) in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone is no longer functional for domestic and international flights.[3]
The Freeport Zone (SBFZ) is host to many tourist attractions which include casinos, parks, malls, beach-side huts, cottages and resorts, as well as historical sites.
The name of the province is derived from "Zambales", the Hispanized name of the Sambal people. The Sambal were the original dominant ethnic group of the region.[4]
The Spanish first explored the area in 1572, led by Juan de Salcedo.[5] Off Cape Bolinao (now part of Pangasinan), he and his men liberated a Zambal chieftain and his followers from a Chinese pirate ship. This act gained the natives' goodwill. Shortly thereafter, the province was organized. Among the earliest towns founded were Subic (1572), Botolan (1572), Masinloc (1607), Iba (1611), and Santa Cruz (1612).[6] Zambales was originally derived from 2 parts: the southern area from Pampanga and the northern area from Pangasinan.
During the Spanish period, a 1774 map was made, which clearly named Scarborough Shoals as Panacot Shoal, a feature under complete sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, specifically of Zambales. The shoal's current name was chosen by Captain Philip D'Auvergne, whose East India Company East Indiaman Scarborough briefly grounded on one of the rocks on September 12, 1784, before sailing on to China. When the Philippines was granted independence in the 19th century and 20th century, Scarborough Shoal was passed by the colonial governments to the sovereign Republic of the Philippines.[7] [8] By the end of the 1700s, Zambales had 1,136 native families and 73 Spanish Filipino families.[9] [10]
Masinloc became the province's first capital. However, the capital was moved among the last three towns above during its history before finally settling in Iba, due to its strategic location. Seven of the province's original northern towns, which included Bolinao, Infanta, San Isidro, now Burgos, Anda, Bani, Agno and Alaminos were later transferred under the jurisdiction of Pangasinan because of their distance from the capital. The first civil governor of Zambales during the colonial American era was Potenciano Lesaca from 1901 to 1903.
Under a 1947 Military Bases Agreement,[11] the Philippines granted the United States a 99-year lease on several U.S. bases, including U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay.[12] A later amendment in 1966 reduced the original 99-year term of the agreement to 25 years.[13] A renewal of the agreement in 1979[14] allowed the U.S. to continue operating the bases until November 1991,[15] when the Philippine Senate rejected a bill for the renewal of U.S. bases in the Philippines.[13]
See main article: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship. The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Zambales.[16] [17] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[18] [19] the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[20] [21] [22] [23]
With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[24] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[25] [26] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[27] During the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, Zambales was one of the most militarized areas.[28] [29]
In Olongapo, the continuation of the Vietnam war through this period meant the arrival of a constantly growing number of U.S. Sailors to Subic Naval Base, and along with it, the rapid growth of prostitution.[30] The policies of the Marcos administration encouraged the growth of the sex-industry[31] because it increased the flow of higher value currency into the Philippine economy.[32] The economy of this part of Zambales evolved from a largely agricultural orientation at the end of the 1960s towards one built around sex industry related businesses such as bars by the mid-1970s.[31] [32]
In 1986, the province was one of the main supporters of the People Power Revolution in Manila, which topped the 21-year dictatorship and installed Corazon Aquino as president, bringing back democracy to the country.[33]
The province was heavily affected by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Due to this, the economy of the province weakened for some time, but regained vitality a few years after the government ordered the revitalization of the province and established growth in its southern towns, which later became a significant economic zone in the country by 1995.[34] [35]
The 2012 Scarborough Shoal standoff led to a situation where access to the shoal was restricted by the People's Republic of China.[36] However, in 2016, following meetings between the Philippine president Duterte and his PRC counterparts, the PRC allowed Filipino fishermen to access the shoals for fishing.[37]
In 2018, it was revealed that for every 3,000 peso worth of fish catch by Sambal fisherfolks, China siphoned them in exchange for 'two bottles of mineral water' worth 20 pesos.[38] The revelations led to public unrest against China and the Duterte-administered Philippine government. Filipino president Rodrigo Duterte fired back against his fellow Filipinos, including those from Zambales, saying that China's acts were 'fine' as they were 'only barter'.[39] [40] [41] On June 14, 2018, China's destruction of Scarborough Shoal's reefs surged to an extent which they became visible via Google Earth and Philippine satellites, as confirmed by the University of the Philippines Diliman.[42]
Zambales lies on the western shores of Luzon island along the South China Sea. Its shoreline is rugged and features many coves and inlets. The Zambales Mountains in the eastern length of the province occupies about 60% of the total land area of Zambales. Subic Bay, at the southern end of the province, provides a natural harbor, and was the location of the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay until its closure in 1992.
The summit and crater lake of Mount Pinatubo lies within Botolan municipality in Zambales, near the tripoint of Zambales, Pampanga and Tarlac provinces.[43] This volcano, once considered dormant, erupted violently in June 1991. The former summit of the volcano was obliterated by the massive eruption and replaced by a 2.5km (01.6miles) wide caldera, within which Lake Pinatubo is situated. With an average depth of 800m (2,600feet), Lake Pinatubo is the deepest lake in the Philippines. The highest point of the caldera rim is 1485m (4,872feet) above sea level, some 260m (850feet) lower than the pre-eruption summit. A vast portion of the Zambales province acquired desert-like features in 1991, after being buried by more than 20feet of lahar.
Zambales has two pronounced seasons: dry from October to June, and wet from July to September.
Zambales comprises 13 municipalities and 1 highly urbanized city, which are divided into two legislative districts. Olongapo City is a highly urbanized city and administers itself autonomously from the province. Panatag Shoal (Scarborough Shoal) a Philippine-claimed territory, is a designated part of the province.
The northern half of the province typically comprises the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, and Palauig. The central half of the province consists of the municipalities of Iba (the capital), Botolan, Cabangan, and San Felipe. The southern half of the province is composed of the municipalities of San Narciso, San Marcelino, San Antonio, Castillejos, Subic, and the highly urbanized city of Olongapo.
| City municipality | District | Population | Area | Density | Coordinates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botolan | 2nd | 57,707 | 735.28km2 | NaN66,739/735.28 | 31 | 15.2889°N 120.0247°W | |||||||
| Cabangan | 2nd | 25,163 | 175.29km2 | NaN28,118/175.29 | 22 | 15.1589°N 120.0555°W | |||||||
| Candelaria | 2nd | 27,174 | 333.59km2 | NaN30,263/333.59 | 16 | 15.6271°N 119.9291°W | |||||||
| Castillejos | 1st | 64,841 | 92.99km2 | NaN67,889/92.99 | 14 | 14.9301°N 120.2051°W | |||||||
| Iba | † | 2nd | 50,506 | 153.38km2 | NaN55,581/153.38 | 14 | 15.3264°N 119.9786°W | ||||||
| Masinloc | 2nd | 47,719 | 316.02km2 | NaN54,529/316.02 | 13 | 15.5379°N 119.9516°W | |||||||
| Olongapo | ‡ | 1st | — | 260,317 | 233,040 | 185km2 | NaN260,317/185.00 | 17 | 14.8314°N 120.2835°W | ||||
| Palauig | 2nd | 34,947 | 310km2 | NaN39,784/310.00 | 19 | 15.4343°N 119.9084°W | |||||||
| San Antonio | 2nd | 34,661 | 188.12km2 | NaN37,450/188.12 | 14 | 14.9488°N 120.0889°W | |||||||
| San Felipe | 2nd | 23,183 | 111.6km2 | NaN25,033/111.60 | 11 | 15.061°N 120.0702°W | |||||||
| San Marcelino | 1st | 33,665 | 416.86km2 | NaN37,719/416.86 | 18 | 14.9754°N 120.1566°W | |||||||
| San Narciso | 2nd | 28,360 | 71.6km2 | NaN30,759/71.60 | 17 | 15.0149°N 120.0789°W | |||||||
| Santa Cruz | 2nd | 58,151 | 438.46km2 | NaN63,839/438.46 | 25 | 15.7626°N 119.91°W | |||||||
| Subic | 1st | 104,771 | 287.16km2 | NaN111,912/287.16 | 16 | 14.8774°N 120.2344°W | |||||||
| Total | 649,615 | 590,848 | 3,645.83 | 3645.83km2 | NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km2 | 230 | |||||||
The 13 municipalities and 1 city of the province comprise 247 barangays, with Santa Rita in Olongapo City as the most populous in 2010, and Owaog-Nibloc in Botolan as the least. If cities are excluded, Calapacuan in Subic has the highest population as of 2010.
The population of Zambales in the 2020 census was 649,615 people, with a density of NaNPD/km2NaNPD/km2. When Olongapo City is included for geographical purposes, the province's population is 909,932 people, with a density of .
See also: Aeta, Sambal people, Tagalog people, Ilocano people, Kapampangan people and Pangasinan people.
The Aetas of Mount Pinatubo were the earliest inhabitants of what is now the province of Zambales. They were later displaced by the Sambal, an Austronesian people after whom the province is named. Many Sambal still believe in superstitions and mysteries that have been handed down through the generations.
The Tagalogs, the Ilocanos, the Sambal, the Kapampangans, and the Pangasinans today constitute the five largest ethnic groups in Zambales; these identities may and do, however, overlap with one another due to intermarriage[44] and other factors. The less-populated valley of the province was settled by settlers from the Ilocos and the Tagalog regions, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to Ilocano & Tagalog settlers & modern decline in the Sambal cultural identity and language.[4] [45] [46] [47] [48] Most of the people of southern Zambales are migrants from different parts of the country, owing the influx of job opportunities brought on by the U.S Subic Naval Base (San Antonio and Subic) during the American regime of the country. Many people found jobs and permanently settled there. The presence of the Americans greatly influenced the culture and way of life of the inhabitants.
The people of Zambales are predominantly Roman Catholic (78.22%) under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Iba. A sizeable portion of the population also belongs to the Aglipayan Church (6.12%) under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Zambales and Iglesia ni Cristo (4.89%). The remaining are divided with other Christian groups such as Born-again Christians, United Methodist Church, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist, United Church of Christ in the Philippines as well as Non Christians which is usually represented by Muslims.
Town fiestas honoring patron saints are practiced in each parish.
See main article: Sambalic languages, Ilocano language, Kapampangan language and Pangasinan language.
Sambal, Tagalog, and Ilocano are the three main languages of Zambales. Ilocano has 115,337 native speakers, Sambal has 114,637, and Tagalog has 250,637 (plus 24,995 non-native speakers).[49] Sambal residents in Iba have switched their language from Sambal to Ilocano & Tagalog, while Castillejos has shifted from Ilocano to Tagalog, and Cabangan from Ilocano and Sambal to Tagalog.[45] Sambal & Sambalic languages as a whole are most closely related to Kapampangan. More than 119,126 spoke other languages as their parent tongue, such as Kapampangan and Pangasinan (also spoken by Sambals on the Zambales-Pangasinan boundary), including non-Philippine languages such as English and Hokkien Chinese.[49] Other Sambalic languages spoken in Zambales are Botolan, Ambala, and Mag-antsi. About 75 percent of the population speaks and understands English to varying degrees of fluency, and road signs are mostly written in that language.
Tourism plays a large role in the economy of Zambales. Local and foreign tourist flock its many beaches creating many job opportunities and contributing to the economy. Most of the province is still agricultural but there are considerable industrial zones that provide jobs not just for residents of Zambales but also for neighboring provinces. Mining has recently been booming in Zambales where there is an abundant deposit of Nickel and other minerals.
Zambales is basically an agricultural province. The chief products are rice, mangoes, corn, vegetables, and root crops. Major industries include farming, fishing, and mining.
There are a number of higher educational institutions in the province. The President Ramon Magsaysay State University (PRMSU), the first state university in the province can be found in Iba. It has also satellite campuses in the municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Botolan, San Marcelino, and Castillejos. St. Joseph College-Olongapo, a college run by the Roman Catholic Church can be found in Olongapo City. The Columban College, run by the Catholic Church can be found also in Olongapo. The Magsaysay Memorial College is also run by the Roman Catholic Church and can be found in San Narciso.
