Afridi Explained

Group:Afridi
Native Name Lang:ps
Languages:Pashto
Rels:Islam
Related:KhattakOrakzaiWazirBanuchi
and other Karlani Pashtun tribes

The Afrīdī (Pushto; Pashto: اپريدی Aprīdai, plur. Pushto; Pashto: اپريدي Aprīdī; Urdu: آفریدی) are a Pashtun tribe present mostly in tribal areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

The Afridis are most dominant in the Spin Ghar range west of Peshawar in Tribal areas of modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, covering most of the Khyber Pass and Maidan in Tirah.[1] which is their Native Tribal Territory.

Etymology and origins

Etymology

Herodotus, in his Histories, mentions an Indian tribe[2] named Aparytai (Ἀπαρύται) inhabiting the Achaemenid satrapy of Arachosia.[3] Thomas Holdich and Olaf Caroe have linked them with the Afridi tribe:[4] [5] [6] [7]

Origins

Aurel Stein described Afridis with lighter and fair features, similar to their Dardic neighbours, in contrast to the Afghans living on the other side of the Khyber Pass, whom he described as darker and swarthier.[8] This supports the Dardic origins of Afridis.[9]

History

Resistance against the Mughals

The Afridis and their allies Khalils were first mentioned in the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Babar as violent tribes in need of subduing.[10] The Afridi tribes controlled the Khyber Pass, which has served as a corridor connecting the Indian subcontinent with Afghanistan and Central Asia. Its strategic value was not lost on the Mughals to whom the Afridis were implacably hostile.[11]

Over the course of Mughal rule, Emperors Akbar and Jahangir both dispatched punitive expeditions to suppress the Afridis, with little success.

Under the leadership of Darya Khan Afridi, they engaged in protracted warfare against the Mughal army in the 1670s.[12] The Afridis once destroyed two large Mughal armies of Emperor Aurangzeb: in 1672, in a surprise attack between Peshawar and Kabul, and in the winter of 1673, in an ambush in the mountain passes. The emperor sent his Rajput general Rai Tulsidas with reinforcements into the mountains to suffocate the revolt and liberate the mountain.[13] Allegedly, only five Mughal soldiers made it out of the battle alive and the rest of the Mughals were brutally slaughtered.[14] [15]

British Raj

During the First, Second, and Third Anglo-Afghan Wars, Afridis fought against the British; these skirmishes comprised some of the fiercest fighting of the Anglo-Afghan Wars.[16] Ajab Khan Afridi was a well-known independence activist against the British Raj.

The British colonial administration regarded the Pashtun Afridi tribesmen as "martial tribe" under the martial races theory.[17] Different Afridi clans also cooperated with the British in exchange for subsidies, and some even served with the Khyber Rifles, an auxiliary force of the British Indian Army.[18]

First Kashmir War

Shortly after the Partition of India and the creation of Pakistan, Afridi tribesmen were among the ranks of the Pashtun militias that invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in October 1947, sparking the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 and the ongoing Kashmir conflict.[19] Today, Afridis make use of their dominant positions along the Durand Line in areas of Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province by controlling transport and various businesses, including trade in armaments, munitions and goods.[20] Beside commercial activities, the Afridis also occupy substantial representation among Pakistan Armed Forces and paramilitary forces such as Khyber Rifles.

Clans

The Afridi Tribe is subclassified into eight sub-tribes (Ḵels), which reflect the different ethnic groups which joined to make the Afrīdīs:[21] [22]

Religion

Afridis follow the Sunni sect of Islam. Their conversion to Islam is attributed to Sultan (Emperor) Mahmud of Ghazni by Denzil Ibbetson[23] and Haroon Rashid.[24]

List of notable Afridis

In Sports

Politicians

Combatants

Businessman

Martyrs

Others

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Ramachandran . Red Jihad: Islamic Communism in India 1920-1950 . 2023-01-26 . Indus Scrolls Press . 978-93-90981-33-5 . 280 . en.
  2. Book: Rashid, Haroon . History of the Pathans: The Sarabani Pathans . 2002 . Haroon Rashid . 10 . en.
  3. Web site: The History of Herodotus Chapter 3, Verse 91; Written 440 B.C.E, Translated by G. C. Macaulay. sacred-texts.com. 2015-02-21.
  4. Web site: Herodotus, The Histories, Book 3, chapter 91, section 4 . 2020-11-03 . www.perseus.tufts.edu.
  5. Book: Dani, Ahmad Hasan . History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages . Sang-e Meel Publications . 2007 . 978-969-35-2020-0 . 77.
  6. Book: Holdich, Thomas . The Gates of India, Being an Historical Narrative . 2019-03-12 . Creative Media Partners, LLC . 978-0-530-94119-6 . 28, 31.
  7. Book: Caroe, Olaf . Olaf Caroe . The Pathans, 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957 . 1957. 37 . Oxford University Press. 0-19-577221-0.
  8. Book: Stewart, J. . The Savage Border: The Story of the North-West Frontier . History Press . 2007 . 978-0-7524-9607-8 . 14. For Aurel Stein's views regarding relation of Afridis with Dardic people, see Stein . Aurel . 1925 . Notes on Tirahi. The Speakers of Tirahi . . 3 . 399–404 . 25220760 . 0035-869X.
  9. Web site: AFRĪDĪ . Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  10. A. S. Beveridge, Babor-nama London, 1922 [repr. 1969], p. 412
  11. http://grove.com.pk/clients/Khyber/History.php History of Khyber Agency: Gateway to the Subcontinent
  12. Book: Momand, Ahmad Gul . The Bare Language of Khoshal's Poetry . Nangarhar University . 13 .
  13. Khyber.org, 3 July 2005
  14. Book: Perverse crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Robert E. L. Masters . Eduard Lea . 1963. Julian Press. 211. 5 April 2011.
  15. Book: Sex crimes in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and necrophilia, from ancient to modern times. Robert E. L. Masters . Eduard Lea . 1963. Julian Press. 211. 5 April 2011.
  16. L. Thomas, Beyond Khyber Pass, London, n.d. (ca. 1925)
  17. Book: Clarke, Alexander . Tribals, Battles & Darings: The Genesis of the Modern Destroyer . 2020-10-30 . Seaforth Publishing . 978-1-5267-7291-6 . 40 . en.
  18. Book: Stewart, Dr Jules . The Khyber Rifles: From the British Raj to Al Qaeda . 2006-06-22 . The History Press . 978-0-7524-9558-3 . 167 . en.
  19. M.K. Teng (2001) Kashmir: The Bitter Truth Kashmir Information Network
  20. The excessive figure sometimes mentioned in Afghanistan reflects in a particular way the Afghan claim to Pashtunistan and actually represents an estimate of the whole of the Afridi tribe on both sides of the frontier.
  21. Book: Nirvan, Kiran . 21 Kesaris: The Untold Story of the Battle of Saragarhi . 2019-05-20 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-93-89000-41-2 . 20 . en.
  22. Web site: AFRĪDĪ . Encyclopaedia Iranica .
  23. Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H. A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Castes of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 217, Vol. III, Published by Asian Educational Services
  24. History of the Pathans by Haroon Rashid Published by Haroon Rashid, 2002 Item notes: v. 1 Page 45 Original from the University of Michigan
  25. M. Fahim Jemadar Mir Mast Khan Afridi: An Unsung Afridi Pashtun Hero Who Refused to Fight against Ottoman Army and Deserted the British Raj (2020) Pakistan Info
  26. https://pashtunhistory.com/2022/01/malik-wali-khan-kuki-khel-afridi-of.html?m=1 History of Pashtuns - Pashtunistan & Malik Wali Kuki Khel
  27. https://www.facebook.com/PakistanOldMemories/photos/a.619858568367499/1572713059748707/?type=3 Pakistan Old Memories (2022) Leader of the Kuki Khel Afridis
  28. Web site: Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879-1898 — Viewer — World Digital Library.
  29. "Review of Eighteen Years in the Khyber, 1879–1898 by Col. Sir Robert Warburton"

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Afridi".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.