ZTE explained

ZTE Corporation
Former Name:Zhongxing Telecommunication Equipment Corporation
Type:Public
state-owned enterprise
Traded As:
Foundation: (as Zhongxing Semiconductor Co., Ltd.)
Founder:Hou Weigui
Location:55 Hi-tech Road South
Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
518057
Key People:Li Zixue (Chairman and Executive Director)[1]
Xu Ziyang (Executive Director and CEO)[2]
Area Served:Worldwide
Industry:
Networking equipment
Products:Mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, hardware, software, all series of wireless, wireline, services, devices and professional telecommunications services and services to telecommunications service providers and enterprises[3]
Revenue: / US $17.68 billion[4]
Revenue Year:2022
Income Year:2022
Net Income Year:2022
Assets Year:2022
Equity: [5]
Equity Year:2022
Num Employees:74,811[6]
Num Employees Year:2022
Subsid:Nubia Technology (49.9%)
ZTEsoft
Zonergy
Owner:Zhongxingxin (20.29% in 2022); China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation
Footnotes:In consolidated financial statement;[7] shareholders' equity figure are excluding perpetual capital instrument

ZTE Corporation is a Chinese partially state-owned technology company that specializes in telecommunication. Founded in 1985, ZTE is listed on both the Hong Kong and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges.

ZTE's core business is wireless, exchange, optical transmission, data telecommunications gear, telecommunications software, and mobile phones. ZTE primarily sells products under its own name, but it is also an OEM.[8]

The company has faced criticism in the United States, India, and Sweden over ties to the Chinese government that could enable mass surveillance. In 2017, ZTE was fined for illegally exporting U.S. technology to Iran and North Korea in violations of economic sanctions.[9] In April 2018, after the company failed to properly reprimand the employees involved, the U.S. Department of Commerce banned U.S. companies (semiconductors) from exporting to ZTE for seven years. The ban was lifted in July 2018 after ZTE replaced its senior management, and agreed to pay additional fines and establish an internal compliance team for 10 years. In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated ZTE a national security threat.[10] [11] [12] [13] In 2023, the European Commission banned ZTE from providing telecommunication services.[14]

History

ZTE, initially founded as Zhongxing Semiconductor Co., Ltd in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, in 1985, was incorporated by a group of investors associated with China's Ministry of Aerospace Industry.[15] [16] [17] [18] In March 1993, Zhongxing Semiconductor changed its name to Zhongxing New Telecommunications Equipment Co., Ltd with capital of RMB 3 million, and created a new business model as a "state-owned and private-operating" economic entity. ZTE made an initial public offering (IPO) on the Shenzhen stock exchange in 1997 and another on the Hong Kong stock exchange in December 2004.[19]

While the company initially profited from domestic sales,[20] it vowed to use proceeds of its 2004 Hong Kong IPO to further expand R&D, overseas sales to developed nations, and overseas production.[21] Making headway in the international telecom market in 2006, it took 40% of new global orders for CDMA networks[22] topping the world CDMA equipment market by number of shipments.[23] [24] [25] That same year also saw ZTE find a customer in the Canadian Telus[26] [27] and membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance.[28]

By 2009, the company had become the third-largest vendor of GSM telecom equipment worldwide, and about 20% of all GSM gear sold throughout the world that year was ZTE branded.[29] As of 2011, it holds around 7% of the LTE patents.[30]

U.S. sanctions and import ban

In March 2017, ZTE pleaded guilty to illegally exporting U.S. technology to Iran and North Korea in violation of trade sanctions, and was fined a total of US$1.19 billion by the U.S. Department of Commerce. It was the largest-ever U.S. fine for export control violations.[31] [32]

ZTE was allowed to continue working with U.S. companies, provided that it properly reprimand all employees involved in the violations. However, the Department of Commerce found that ZTE had violated these terms and made false statements regarding its compliance, having fired only 4 senior officials and still providing bonuses to 35 other employees involved in the violations. On 16 April 2018, the Department of Commerce banned U.S. companies from providing exports to ZTE for seven years.[33] [34] [35] At least 25% of components on recent ZTE smartphones originated from the U.S., including Qualcomm processors and certified Android software with Google Mobile Services.[36] An analyst stated that it would take a significant amount of effort for ZTE to redesign its products as to not use U.S.-originated components.[37]

On 9 May 2018, ZTE announced that, although it was "actively communicating with the relevant U.S. government departments" to reverse the export ban, it had suspended its "major operating activities" (including manufacturing) and trading of its shares.[38] [39] On 13 May 2018, U.S. president Donald Trump stated that he would be working with Chinese president Xi Jinping to reverse the ban.[40] It was argued that the export ban was being used as leverage by the United States as part of an ongoing trade dispute with China.[41] [42] On 7 June 2018, ZTE agreed to a settlement with the Department of Commerce in order to lift the import ban. The company agreed to pay a US$1 billion fine, place an additional US$400 million of suspended penalty money in escrow, replace its entire senior management, and establish a compliance department selected by the department.[43]

Later that month, the U.S. Senate passed a version of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 that blocked the settlement, and banned the federal government from purchasing equipment from Huawei and ZTE (citing them as national security risks due to risks of Chinese government surveillance). The settlement was criticized by Senators as being "personal favors" between Trump and the Chinese government, as the Chinese government issued a loan for an Indonesian theme park project with a Trump golf course following the May 2018 announcement.[44] [45] However, the House version of the bill, signed by Trump, did not include the provision blocking the settlement, but still included the ban on federal purchase of Huawei and ZTE products.

On 13 July 2018, the denial order was officially lifted.[46] [47] [48] [49]

In January 2019, it became public that ZTE has retained the services of former senator Joe Lieberman as a lobbyist.[50]

In June 2020, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designated ZTE as a threat to U.S. communications networks.[51] In July 2020, the U.S. government banned companies that use ZTE from receiving federal contracts. The FCC denied the company's appeal of the decision in November 2020.[52]

In September 2020, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a criminal complaint against ZTE accusing it of using two shell companies named Ryer International Trading and Rensy International Trading to violate sanctions against North Korea.[53] In December 2020, the U.S. Congress included $1.9 billion to help telecom carriers in rural areas of the U.S. to remove ZTE equipment and networks they had previously purchased.[54]

In January 2021, Gina Raimondo, President Joe Biden's nominee for United States Secretary of Commerce, said in her confirmation hearings that she would protect U.S. networks from interference by Chinese companies including ZTE.[55] In June 2021, the FCC voted unanimously to prohibit approvals of ZTE gear in U.S. telecommunication networks on national security grounds.[56]

In March 2022, ZTE was accused of violating its probation from its guilty plea for sanctions violations.[57] In November 2022, the FCC banned sales or import of equipment made by ZTE for national security reasons.[58]

Bribery investigation

In 2020, it was disclosed that the United States Department of Justice opened an investigation into ZTE for potential violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.[59] [60]

Ownership

, Zhongxing Xin (; aka ZTE Holdings), an intermediate holding company, owned 27.40% stake of ZTE.[61] [62] The shareholders of ZTE Holdings were Xi'an Microelectronics (; a subsidiary of the state-owned China Academy of Aerospace Electronics Technology) with 34%, Aerospace Guangyu (; a subsidiary of the state-owned China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Shenzhen Group) with 14.5%, Zhongxing WXT (; aka Zhongxing Weixiantong) with 49%, and a private equity fund Guoxing Ruike with 2.5%.[63] The first two shareholders are state-owned enterprises, nominating 5 out 9 directors of ZTE Holdings, while Zhongxing WXT was owned by the founders of ZTE, including Hou Weigui, which Zhongxing WXT nominated the rest of the directors (4 out 9) of ZTE Holdings.

The mixed ownership model of ZTE was described as "a firm is an SOE from the standpoint of ownership, but a POE [privately owned enterprises] from the standpoint of management" by an article in The Georgetown Law Journal.[64] ZTE described itself as "state-owned and private-run".[65] The South China Morning Post and the Financial Times have both described ZTE as state-owned.[66] [67] Other scholars have noted the links between ZTE's state-owned shareholders and the People's Liberation Army.[68]

Subsidiaries

ZTE has several international subsidiaries in countries including Indonesia, Australia,[69] [70] Germany,[71] the United States,[72] [73] India,[74] Brazil,[75] [76] Sri Lanka,[77] Myanmar,[78] Singapore,[79] and Romania.[80]

ZTEsoft engages in ICT industry and specializes in providing BSS/OSS, big data products and services to telecom operators, and ICT, smart city and industry products and services to enterprises and governments.

Nubia Technology was a fully owned subsidiary of ZTE Corporation. The company has subsequently disposed of the majority of its equity in the company. In 2017 it reduced its stake to 49.9%.[81]

Zonergy is a renewables company with interests in electricity generation through solar parks in China and Pakistan and palm oil cultivation in Indonesia to produce biofuels. ZTE is a major shareholder and was instrumental in the creation of the company in 2007 but holds a minority of the shares in the entity.[82]

ZTE agreed to take over a 48% stake in Turkish company Netaş Telekomünikasyon A.Ş. for $101.3 million from the American private equity firm One Equity Partners in December 2016.[83] [84] [85] Following the acquisition in August 2017, ZTE has become its largest shareholder while Netaş remains an independent company.[86]

Products

ZTE operates in three business segments: carrier networks, government and corporate business, and consumer business.[87] In October 2010, ZTE's unified encryption module received U.S./Canada FIPS140-2 security certification.[88] [89]

ZTE was also reported to have developed identification cards for Venezuela that were allegedly used for tracking and social control.[90]

Customers

During the 2000s, the majority of ZTE's customers were mobile network operators that came from the developing world, but ZTE products also saw use in developed countries as well. Among ZTE's clients from the first world included Britain's Vodafone, Canada's Telus and Fido, Australia's Telstra, as well as France Telecom have all purchased equipment from ZTE.[91]

Many Chinese telecommunications operators are also clients of ZTE, including China Netcom,[92] China Mobile,[93] China Satcom,[94] China Telecom,[95] and China Unicom.[96] [97]

ZTE began to offer smartphones in the United States in 2011. The company elected to focus its efforts on low-cost products for discount and prepaid wireless carriers, including devices with premium features typically associated with high-end products, such as large high-resolution screens and fingerprint readers.

Sponsorship

In May 2016, ZTE became the co-sponsor of German soccer term, Borussia Mönchengladbach.[98]

Since 2015, several U.S.-based National Basketball Association teams have had sponsorship deals with ZTE, including the Houston Rockets, Golden State Warriors, and New York Knicks.[99] [100]

Controversies

Bans

ZTE has been banned in multiple countries over national security concerns and alleged spying.[101] [102] [103] [104] [105]

Bribes for contracts

Norway

Norwegian telecommunications giant Telenor, one of the world's largest mobile operators, banned ZTE from "participating in tenders and new business opportunities for 6 months because of an alleged breach of its code of conduct in a procurement proceeding" during a five-month time span ending in March 2009.[106]

Philippines

See main article: NBN–ZTE deal corruption scandal. Contracts with ZTE to build a broadband network for the Philippine government reportedly involved kickbacks to government officials.[107] The project was later cancelled.[107] [108]

West AfricaCourt documents filed in the US show that ZTE had a practice of handing over “brown paper bags” of cash to win contracts in West Africa. The company had an entire department dedicated to bribe management.[109] [110]

Surveillance system sale

In December 2010, ZTE sold systems for eavesdropping on phone and Internet communications to the government-controlled Telecommunication Company of Iran. This system may help Iran monitor and track political dissidents.[111]

Security

At least one ZTE mobile phone (sold as the ZTE Score in the United States by Cricket and MetroPCS) can be remotely accessed by anyone with an easily obtained password.[112]

ZTE, as well as Huawei, has faced scrutiny by the U.S. federal government over allegations that Chinese government surveillance could be performed through its handsets and infrastructure equipment.[113] In 2012, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence issued a report recommending that the government be prohibited from purchasing equipment from the firms, citing them as possible threats to national security.[114] [115] [116] A ban on government purchases of Huawei and ZTE equipment was formalized in a defense funding bill passed in August 2018.[117]

Following the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes, India announced that ZTE would be blocked from participating in the country's 5G network for national security reasons.[118] Sweden has also banned the use of ZTE telecommunications equipment in its 5G network on the advice of its military and security service, which said China is "one of the biggest threats against Sweden."[119]

Operations in Russia

See also: China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, ZTE refused to withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University published on 10 August 2022 identified ZTE among the companies defying demands to exit Russia or reduce business activities.[120]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Li Zixue . 2023-10-13 . www.zte.com.cn . en.
  2. Web site: Xu Ziyang . 2023-10-13 . www.zte.com.cn . en.
  3. Web site: Company Introduction . 2023-10-13 . www.zte.com.cn . en.
  4. Web site: Tomás . Juan Pedro . 2023-03-10 . ZTE's 2022 revenues up 7.4% year-on-year . 2023-10-13 . RCR Wireless News . en-US . 12 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231112064313/https://www.rcrwireless.com/20230310/network-infrastructure/zte-2022-revenues-up-7-year-on-year . live .
  5. Web site: 2023 Interim Result Announcement . 14 October 2023 . www.zte.com.cn . 4 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004184849/https://www.zte.com.cn/content/dam/zte-site/res-www-zte-com-cn/mediares/zte/investor/en_announcement/2023081803.pdf . live .
  6. Web site: ZTE - Annual Report 2022 . 14 October 2023 . www.zte.com.cn . 13 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231013231604/https://www.zte.com.cn/content/dam/zte-site/res-www-zte-com-cn/mediares/zte/investor/en_annual_report/20230315.pdf . live .
  7. Annual Report 2017 . 26 March 2018 . ZTE . 8 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043402/http://res.www.zte.com.cn/mediares/zte/Investor/20180326/E1.pdf . 9 April 2018 . dead.
  8. News: Mukherjee . Supantha . 26 January 2011 . UPDATE 3-LSI sees second half better than first . . Bangalore . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015534/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/lsi-idUSSGE70P07P20110127 . 17 November 2015.
  9. News: Freifeld . Karen . Sijia . Jiang . 2017-03-08 . China's ZTE pleads guilty, settles U.S. sanctions case for nearly $900 million . en . . New York / Hong Kong . live . 2020-07-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200226181549/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-zte-idUSKBN16E1X1 . 26 February 2020.
  10. News: McCabe . David . 2020-06-30 . F.C.C. Designates Huawei and ZTE as National Security Threats . en-US . . live . 2020-07-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702160918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/technology/fcc-huawei-zte-national-security.html . 2 July 2020 . 0362-4331.
  11. News: Shields . Todd . June 30, 2020 . FCC Calls Huawei, ZTE Security Threats as It Bars Subsidies . . live . July 11, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702034351/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-30/fcc-designates-china-s-huawei-zte-as-national-security-threats . 2 July 2020.
  12. News: Rapoza . Kenneth . 30 June 2020 . The FCC Just Designated China's Huawei And ZTE A Security Threat . . dead . 14 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200714031027/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2020/06/30/the-fcc-just-designated-chinas-huawei-and-zte-a-security-threat/ . 14 July 2020.
  13. News: Shepardson . David . 2020-07-09 . Exclusive: U.S. finalizing federal contract ban for companies that use Huawei, others . en . . Washington . live . 2020-08-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200715161755/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-contracting-exclusive-idUSKBN24A22F . 15 July 2020.
  14. News: Chee . Foo Yun . 2023-06-15 . Breton urges more EU countries to ban Huawei, ZTE from networks . en . . 2023-06-17 . 16 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230616094349/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/eu-countries-decision-ban-huawei-zte-networks-justified-eus-breton-says-2023-06-15/ . live .
  15. News: Kawase . Kenji . April 27, 2018 . ZTE's less-known roots: Chinese tech company falls from grace . . live . July 9, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200602202629/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Company-in-focus/ZTE-s-less-known-roots-Chinese-tech-company-falls-from-grace . 2 June 2020.
  16. News: McKenzie . Nick . Grigg . Angus . May 31, 2018 . China's ZTE was built to spy and bribe, court documents allege . . live . June 1, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180531234137/https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/china-s-zte-was-built-to-spy-and-bribe-court-documents-allege-20180531-p4ziqd.html . May 31, 2018.
  17. Web site: Doyle . Shannon . December 14, 2012 . Congressional Committee Finds Huawei And ZTE To Be Threats To National Security . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180917113404/https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/congressional-committee-finds-huawei-and-66735/ . 17 September 2018 . July 9, 2020 . JD Supra.
  18. Web site: Rogers . Mike . Ruppersberger . Dutch . 2012-10-08 . Investigative Report on the U.S. National Security Issues Posed by Chinese Telecommunications Companies Huawei and ZTE . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200508051344/https://republicans-intelligence.house.gov/sites/intelligence.house.gov/files/documents/huawei-zte%20investigative%20report%20(final).pdf . 8 May 2020 . 2020-07-10 . . en.
  19. Web site: Guo . Huang . 28 March 2005 . 20 Years History of ZTE Corporation by Mr. Huang Guo in 2005 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130320023315/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/endata/magazine/ztecommunications/2005year/no2/articles/200506/t20050622_162340.html . 20 March 2013 . 6 August 2013 . ZTE Corporation.
  20. News: Soh . Kelvin . Peters . Hans . 27 January 2011 . UPDATE 1-ZTE says 2010 net profit up 32 pct on better sales . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150827/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/27/zte-earnings-idUSTOE70Q08620110127 . 24 September 2015.
  21. News: Einhorn . Bruce . Reinhardt . Andy . 7 March 2005 . A Global Telecom Titan Called...ZTE? . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100214010915/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_10/b3923071.htm . 14 February 2010.
  22. News: Shen . Daniel . Shen . Steve . 9 March 2007 . China-based Huawei and ZTE make headway in global telecom market . . live . subscription . https://web.archive.org/web/20081203133223/http://www.digitimes.com/telecom/a20070309PD215.html . 3 December 2008.
  23. Web site: 2007 . ZTE tops 2006 international CDMA market . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230100/http://www.ciol.com/ciol-techportal/Content/Mobility/News/2007/20703081355.asp . 27 September 2007 . Cybermedia India Online Limited . Shenzhen.
  24. Web site: 12 April 2007 . ZTE Tops 2006 International CDMA Market . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201207171920/https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/magazine/zte-technologies/2007/3/en_76/161749.html . 7 December 2020 . 28 November 2020 . ZTE . ZTE Corporation.
  25. March 2007 . ZTE Tops 2006 International CDMA Market . live . ZTE Technologies . en . IMS Special Issue . ZTE . 9 . 86 . 1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201080311/https://res-www.zte.com.cn/mediares/magazine/publication/tech_en/pdf/200703.pdf . 1 December 2020 . 1 December 2020.
  26. Web site: History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707023727/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/about/corporate_information/history/ . 7 July 2011 . ZTE Corporation.
  27. Web site: 17 August 2014 . How ZTE started: the importance to enter China market in time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729051143/https://daxueconsulting.com/how-zte-started/ . 29 July 2020 . 2020-07-29 . Daxue Consulting.
  28. ZTE joins Wi-Fi Alliance - one of the first Chinese members . 30 August 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707023749/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200307/t20030723_156235.html . 7 July 2011 . ZTE Corporation.
  29. News: 18 November 2009 . INTERVIEW - China's ZTE aims for fifth of global GSM gear market . . live . 28 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091121162338/http://www.reuters.com/article/technology-media-telco-SP/idUSHKG24779620091118 . 21 November 2009.
  30. News: 11 January 2011 . China's ZTE targets 10 pct of LTE patents . . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150642/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/11/zte-patents-idUSLDE70A1NG20110111 . 24 September 2015.
  31. Pettypiece . Shannon . Mayeda . Andrew . 7 March 2017 . China's ZTE Pleads Guilty in U.S. on Iran Sanctions Settlement . live . Bloomberg News . https://web.archive.org/web/20170307171032/https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-03-07/china-s-zte-said-to-settle-u-s-sanctions-case-for-1-billion . 7 March 2017 . 7 March 2017 . subscription.
  32. Brant . Tom . 7 March 2017 . ZTE Will Pay Record Fine for Sales to Iran, North Korea . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20170307222809/http://www.pcmag.com/news/352232/zte-will-pay-record-fine-for-sales-to-iran-north-korea . 7 March 2017 . 7 March 2017.
  33. Secretary Ross Announces Activation of ZTE Denial Order in Response to Repeated False Statements to the U.S. Government . 16 April 2018 . en . 16 April 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180416174729/https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/04/secretary-ross-announces-activation-zte-denial-order-response-repeated . 16 April 2018 . U.S. Department of Commerce.
  34. News: Heater . Brian . 16 April 2018 . U.S. companies banned from selling components to ZTE . en-US . . live . 16 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180416150155/https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/16/u-s-companies-banned-from-selling-components-to-zte/ . 16 April 2018.
  35. News: Liao . Shannon . 16 April 2018 . ZTE can no longer buy Qualcomm chips after US ban . . live . 16 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180417024909/https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/16/17242664/us-uk-china-smartphone-zte-security-risk-sanctions . 17 April 2018.
  36. News: Gurman . Mark . 17 April 2018 . ZTE Seeks Fix With U.S. Ban Threatening Access to Android . en . . live . 18 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180418034603/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-17/zte-is-said-to-seek-fix-as-u-s-ban-threatens-access-to-android . 18 April 2018.
  37. News: Kuo . Lily . 10 May 2018 . China's ZTE may be first major casualty of trade war with US . en . . live . 10 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180510063320/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/10/chinas-zte-may-be-first-major-casualty-of-trade-war-with-us . 10 May 2018.
  38. News: Lee . Timothy B. . 10 May 2018 . The Trump administration just forced smartphone maker ZTE to shut down . en-us . . live . 10 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180510001358/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/05/the-trump-administration-just-forced-smartphone-maker-zte-to-shut-down/ . 10 May 2018.
  39. News: Zhong . Raymond . 9 May 2018 . Chinese Tech Giant on Brink of Collapse in New U.S. Cold War . en-US . . Shenzhen . live . 10 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180509234508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/09/technology/zte-china-us-trade-war.html . 9 May 2018 . 0362-4331.
  40. News: Collins . Michael . 13 May 2018 . President Trump pledges to help ZTE, Chinese maker of budget-friendly phones, after ban . en . . . Washington . live . 13 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513212224/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/13/trump-pledges-help-chinese-phone-maker-zte/605901002/ . 13 May 2018.
  41. News: Horowitz . Julia . 27 May 2018 . Companies become bargaining chips in US-China trade turmoil . . live . 2018-05-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180528135837/http://money.cnn.com/2018/05/27/news/economy/us-china-trade-zte-qualcomm/index.html . 28 May 2018.
  42. News: Russolillo . Steven . Xie . Stella Yifan . 2018-05-28 . ZTE's Suspended Stock: 'A Headache for All Market Participants' . en-US . . Hong Kong . live . 2018-05-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180528154908/https://www.wsj.com/articles/zte-shareholders-are-in-limbo-amid-u-s-china-dispute-1527332400 . 28 May 2018 . 0099-9660.
  43. News: Lee . Timothy B. . 7 June 2018 . Confirmed: ZTE to reopen after $1 billion fine, new leadership [Updated] ]. en-us . . live . 2018-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070226/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/06/zte-reportedly-finalizing-comeback-deal-with-us-government/ . 1 October 2018.
  44. News: Lee . Timothy B. . 19 June 2018 . Senate rejects Trump's plan to lift ZTE export ban . en-us . . live . 2018-10-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190527190615/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/06/senate-rejects-trumps-plan-to-lift-zte-export-ban/ . 27 May 2019.
  45. Crowe . Jack . 2018-05-14 . China Contributing $500 Million to Trump-Linked Project in Indonesia . live . . en-US . https://web.archive.org/web/20190520013045/https://www.nationalreview.com/news/china-contributing-500-million-trump-linked-project-indonesia/ . 20 May 2019 . 2018-10-01.
  46. News: Shu . Catherine . 12 July 2018 . The U.S. and ZTE reach a deal that will lift export ban . en-US . . live . 2018-07-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180714222208/https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/11/the-u-s-and-zte-reach-a-deal-that-will-lift-export-ban/ . 14 July 2018.
  47. Commerce Department Lifts Ban After ZTE Deposits Final Tranche of $1.4 Billion Penalty . 13 July 2018 . en . 13 July 2018 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180817114949/https://www.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2018/07/commerce-department-lifts-ban-after-zte-deposits-final-tranche-14 . 17 August 2018 . U.S. Department of Commerce.
  48. News: Kastrenakes . Jacob . 13 July 2018 . US lifts trade ban on ZTE in controversial deal with Chinese phone maker . . live . 2018-07-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180714135948/https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/13/17565450/zte-trade-ban-lifted-us-commerce-department-trump . 14 July 2018.
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  61. 2019 First Quarterly Report . 29 April 2019 . . Shenzhen . 28 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190828082546/https://res-www.zte.com.cn/mediares/zte/Investor/20190429/E3.pdf . 28 August 2019 . live . ZTE.
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  67. News: Fildes . Nic . 16 April 2018 . Cyber security watchdog warns UK telcos against using equipment from Chinese supplier ZTE . . London . live . subscription . 16 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180616180410/https://www.ft.com/content/24c998b4-416c-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b . 16 June 2018.
  68. News: Balding . Christopher . 19 July 2018 . ZTE's Ties to China's Military-Industrial Complex Run Deep . . live . 11 July 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200107110652/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/19/ztes-ties-to-chinas-military-industrial-complex-run-deep/ . 7 January 2020.
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  71. ZTE opens new office in Bonn, Germany . 18 November 2008 . Shenzhen, China . Ma . Margrete . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110707023745/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200811/t20081118_160172.html . 7 July 2011 . ZTE Corporation.
  72. Pocket Communications Launches ZTE's Tri-Band C79 and C78 . 2 April 2009 . Las Vegas . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110518012119/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200904/t20090402_171120.html . 18 May 2011 . ZTE Corporation.
  73. ZTE Opens LTE Laboratory in North America . 20 October 2009 . Richardson, Texas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20091125135040/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200910/t20091020_176332.html . 25 November 2009 . ZTE Corporation.
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  75. Web site: ZTE expects $1bn in Brazil sales in 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729040405/https://www.zte.com.cn/global/topics/mwc2018/newsdetail.aspx-id=119622845.html . 29 July 2020 . 2020-07-29 . ZTE.
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  77. Sri Lanka's Mobitel and ZTE Corporation Carry Out the First Successful 4G(LTE) Trial in South Asia . 17 May 2011 . Shenzhen . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200823225325/https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/351110 . 23 August 2020 . ZTE.
  78. Nitta . Yuichi . 17 May 2019 . ZTE signs deal to help launch 5G in Myanmar . live . . en . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729034738/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/5G-networks/ZTE-signs-deal-to-help-launch-5G-in-Myanmar . 29 July 2020 . 2020-07-29.
  79. ZTE opens Asia-Pacific headquarters in Singapore . 30 August 2006 . 2020-07-29 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200823225307/https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/350554.html . 23 August 2020 . ZTE.
  80. ZTE Wins COSMOTE Romania LTE Contract . 2014-08-25 . Shenzhen, China . en . 2020-07-29 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729033232/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140825006079/en/ZTE-Wins-COSMOTE-Romania-LTE-Contract . 29 July 2020 . Business Wire.
  81. Disposal of 10.1% of the equity interest in Nubia Technology Limited . 27 July 2017 . . 5 . 8 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170822124248/http://res.www.zte.com.cn/mediares/zte/Investor/20170727/E3.pdf . 22 August 2017 . live.
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  86. ZTE Completes Investment in Netas . 3 August 2017 . March 5, 2021 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210119105223/https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/0803ma . 19 January 2021 . ZTE.
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  89. Web site: 5 July 2011 . ZTE Unified Element Management Platform Cryptographic Module Version 4.11.10 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130313065457/http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cmvp/documents/140-1/140sp/140sp1589.pdf . 13 March 2013 . 4 September 2013 . NIST Computer Security Resource Center . ZTE Corporation and Atsec Information Security Corporation.
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  91. For Vodafone and France Telecom sales, see Web site: ZTE Wins China Mobile WAP Expansion Contract . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724133035/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200710/t20071008_156824.html . 24 July 2011 . dead . ZTE . 16 October 2007 .
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  93. Web site: dead . ZTE to Install the World's Largest Optical Transmission Network . https://web.archive.org/web/20110509090628/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200511/t20051118_156358.html . 9 May 2011 . ZTE . 30 August 2006.
  94. Web site: dead . ZTE and China Satcom to provide GoTa network for China's 10th National Games . https://web.archive.org/web/20100226214631/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200509/t20050913_156276.html . 26 February 2010 . ZTE . 30 August 2006.
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  96. Web site: dead. ZTE Secures More than Half of China Unicom GSM Value-Added Service System 2008 Tender . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724132647/http://wwwen.zte.com.cn/en/press_center/news/200812/t20081215_160193.html. 24 July 2011 . ZTE . 5 December 2008.
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  107. http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-29667620070922 Arroyo suspends telecoms deal with Chinese firm
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  115. Web site: 14 February 2018 . U.S. intelligence agencies are still warning against buying Huawei and ZTE phones . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180416204145/https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/14/u-s-intelligence-agencies-are-still-warning-against-buying-huawei-and-zte-phones/ . 16 April 2018 . 2018-04-16 . TechCrunch . en-US.
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  118. News: Chaudhary . Archana . August 13, 2020 . China's Huawei, ZTE Set To Be Shut Out of India's 5G Trials . Bloomberg News . live . August 14, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200820120541/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-13/china-s-huawei-zte-set-to-be-shut-out-of-india-s-5g-trials . 20 August 2020.
  119. News: Soderpalm . Supantha Mukherjee, Helena . 2020-10-20 . Sweden bans Huawei, ZTE from upcoming 5G networks . en . Reuters . live . 2020-12-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201214040827/https://www.reuters.com/article/sweden-huawei-int-idUSKBN2750WA . 14 December 2020.
  120. Web site: . Almost 1,000 Companies Have Curtailed Operations in Russia—But Some Remain . 10 August 2022 . . 3 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220503071556/https://som.yale.edu/story/2022/almost-1000-companies-have-curtailed-operations-russia-some-remain . live .

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