Yorkville, Manhattan Explained

Yorkville
Settlement Type:Neighborhood
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: United States
Subdivision Type1:State
Subdivision Type2:City
Subdivision Name2:New York City
Subdivision Type3:Borough
Subdivision Name3:Manhattan
Subdivision Type4:Community District
Subdivision Name4:Manhattan 8[1]
Area Footnotes:[2]
Area Total Sq Mi:0.492
Population Footnotes:[3]
Population Total:78,241
Population As Of:2020
Population Density Sq Mi:auto
Demographics Type1:Ethnicity
Demographics1 Title1:White
Demographics1 Title2:Black
Demographics1 Title3:Hispanic
Demographics1 Title4:Asian
Demographics1 Title5:Other
Demographics Type2:Economics
Demographics2 Title1:Median income
Demographics2 Info1:$103,234
Timezone1:Eastern
Utc Offset1:−5
Timezone1 Dst:EDT
Utc Offset1 Dst:−4
Postal Code Type:ZIP Codes
Postal Code:10028, 10075, 10128
Area Code Type:Area codes
Area Code:212, 332, 646, and 917

Yorkville is a neighborhood on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, United States. Its southern boundary is East 79th Street, its northern East 96th Street, its western Third Avenue, and its eastern the East River.[4] Yorkville is one of the most densely populated city subdivisions in the world.

Yorkville is part of Manhattan Community District 8, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10028, 10075, and 10128.[1] It is patrolled by the 19th Precinct of the New York City Police Department.

History

Early history

Pre-colonization, Yorkville was an undeveloped area of forests and streams. In August 1776, George Washington stationed half of his Continental Army in Manhattan and the other half in Brooklyn. Many troops in the Yorkville area on Manhattan's Upper East Side were in defensive positions along the East River to protect a possible retreat off Long Island, and to inflict damage on invading land and sea British forces.[5] Following their August 27 defeat in the Battle of Long Island, the Continentals implemented an orderly pivoting retreat in the Yorkville area, leading the enemy to entice the Continentals to fight by piping "Fly Away", about a fox running away from hounds. The Continentals' disciplined northerly retreat led to the successful Battle of Harlem Heights in September 1776.

In 1815, the Upper East Side was a farmland and market garden district.[6] The Boston Post Road traversed the Upper East Side, locally called the Eastern Post Road; milepost 6 was near the northeast corner of Third Avenue and 81st Street. From 1833 to 1837 the New York and Harlem Railroad, one of the earliest railway systems in the United States, was extended through the Upper East Side along Fourth Avenue (later renamed Park Avenue).[7] A hamlet grew near the 86th Street station, becoming the Yorkville neighborhood as gradual yet steady commercial development occurred. The current street grid was laid-out between 1839 and 1844 as part of the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, so the Eastern Post Road was abandoned. The community had been referred to as Yorkville before 1867.[8]

By 1850, a significant proportion of the inhabitants of the area were the Germans and Irish that helped build the Croton Aqueduct.[9] The area was included in the 19th administrative district, whose boundaries were 40th and 86th Street. In 1858, horsecars began running on Second and Third Avenues. After the American Civil War, mansions replaced slums in Yorkville.[10] On December 30, 1878, the IRT Third Avenue Line opened, followed by the IRT Second Avenue Line in August 1879.

Ethnic settlement

For much of the 19th and into the 20th centuries, Yorkville was a mostly German enclave of middle- to working-class families. Over time, many people of Czech, Slovak, Irish, French Canadian, Polish, Hungarian, and Lebanese descent moved in. The neighborhood became more affluent.[11]

From 1880, Yorkville became a destination for German-born immigrants. However, by the 1900s, many German residents moved to Yorkville and other neighborhoods from "Kleindeutschland" (Little Germany) on the Lower East Side after the General Slocum disaster on June 15, 1904. The ship caught fire in the East River just off the shores of Yorkville, leading family members to move closer to the site of the incident.[12] Most of the passengers on the ship were German.[13] [14] In addition, the general trend towards moving to the suburbs reduced the German population in Manhattan; by 1930, most German New Yorkers lived in Queens.

On 86th Street, in the central portion of Yorkville, there were many German shops, restaurants and bakeries. Yorkville became the melting pot of populations arriving from various regions of the Prussian-dominated German Empire and its colonies, where many cultures spoke German. In the 1930s, the neighborhood was the home base of Fritz Julius Kuhn's German American Bund, the most notorious pro-Nazi group in 1930s United States, which led to spontaneous protests by other residents.[15] Yorkville was a haven for refugees from Nazi Germany in the 1940s, and from refugees from communist regimes in the 1950s and 1960s. The neighborhood is the site of the annual Steuben Parade, a large German-American celebration.[16]

The largest non-German group were the Irish,[17] who mostly lived in an area bounded by 81st and 85th Streets, and Lexington and Fifth Avenues. They attended mass at such churches as St. Ignatius Loyola on 84th Street and Park Avenue, Our Lady of Good Counsel (90th Street) and the Church of St. Joseph (87th Street). There were many Irish bars including Dorrian's Red Hand Restaurant. Until the late 1990s, New York's St. Patrick's Day Parade ended at 86th Street and Third Avenue, the historical center of Yorkville.[18] In addition, Jews also lived on Second Avenue.[19]

79th Street was a hub for the Austro-Hungarian populace. Popular restaurants included the Viennese Lantern, Tokay, Hungarian Gardens, Robert Heller's Cafe Abbazia at 2nd Avenue, Budapest and the Debrecen. There were also a number of butcher stores and businesses that imported goods from Hungary. Churches included St. Stephen Catholic Church and the Hungarian Reformed Church on East 82nd Street. In addition, Czechs, Poles and Slovaks lived from 65th to 73rd Street. Besides Ruc, a Czech restaurant off Second Avenue, Praha on Second Avenue, and Varsata on East 75th, there were sokol halls on 67th and 71st Streets. There were other Czech and Slovak businesses, such as Czech butcher shops, poultry and grocery stores, and shops that sold imported goods such as Bohemian books, leather products and crystal.[20]

Recent history

Around the late 1920s, Yorkville's ethnic diversity was beginning to wane. In 1926, the New York Times wrote of Yorkville's changing ethnic makeup:

In 1928, a one-block section of Sutton Place north of 59th Street, and all of Avenue A north of that point, was renamed York Avenue to honor U.S. Army Sergeant Alvin York, who received the Medal of Honor for attacking a German machine gun nest during World War I's Meuse-Argonne Offensive.[21] [22] [23]

In March 1936, the German American Bund established its headquarters on East 85th Street in Yorkville. This pro-Nazi anti-Semitic organization organized parades, rallies and summer camps for children and families and worked to keep America out of the war, to the benefit of Germany. Their 1939 rally in Madison Square Garden drew more than 10,000 Nazis and sympathizers. They were forced to disband after Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941.[24] [25] [26]

The dismantling of the Third Avenue El in 1955 led to the demolition of many mansions. This led to the acceleration of the exodus of Yorkville residents. Over the years, this trend continued. Thus, in the 1980s, a building for members of the German gymnastic society Turners, at the intersection of 86th Street and Lexington Avenue, was demolished. Cafe Mozart, on 86th Street between Second and Third Avenues, was also demolished. In their place were built high-rise residential complexes.[19]

By the turn of the 21st century, East 82nd Street was co-named St. Stephen of Hungary Way. The area from East 79th to 83rd Streets, spanning approximately four blocks east-west, is colloquially known as Little Hungary.[27]

Demographics

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Yorkville was 77,942, an increase of 1,174 (1.5%) from the 76,768 counted in 2000. Covering an area of, the neighborhood had a population density of 244.2PD/acre.[28]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 76.0% (59,233) white, 3.7% (2,858) African American, 0.1% (51) Native American, 9.3% (7,226) Asian, 0.0% (25) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (216) from other races, and 1.9% (1,466) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.8% (6,867) of the population.[29]

The racial composition of Yorkville changed moderately from 2000 to 2010. The most significant changes were the increase in the Asian population by 41% (2,117), the increase in the Hispanic / Latino population by 18% (1,024), and the decrease in the white population by 4% (2,201). The Black population increased by 2% (64) and remained small, as did the population of all other races, which increased by 11% (170).[30]

The median income for a household in Yorkville is almost twice the average for the city, at $85,724.[31]

Police and crime

Yorkville is patrolled by the 19th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 153 East 67th Street.[32] The 19th Precinct ranked 14th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.[33] The 19th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.2% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported 2 murders, 12 rapes, 229 robberies, 173 felony assaults, 278 burglaries, 1,724 grand larcenies, and 192 grand larcenies auto in 2022.[34]

Fire safety

Yorkville is served by two New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Yorkville is located in three primary ZIP Codes. From south to north, they are 10075 (between 76th and 80th Streets), 10028 (between 80th and 86th Streets), and 10128 (north of 86th Street). In addition, 500 East 77th Street in Yorkville has its own ZIP Code, 10162.[37] The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Yorkville:

Education

Schools and higher education

The New York City Department of Education operates several public schools in the area.

The City University of New York has its administrative offices in Yorkville.[41] In addition Fordham Graduate Housing is located on East 81st Street between York and East End Avenues.[42]

The Lycée Français de New York is located on East 75th Street between York and East End Avenues. Further north, East Side Middle School is located on 91st Street between First and Second Avenues. The Trevor Day School is located four blocks north, on 95th Street between First and Second Avenues.

Libraries

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates two branches near Yorkville. The Yorkville branch is located at 222 East 79th Street. The branch, a Carnegie library, opened in 1902 and was renovated in 1986–1987. The three-story space is listed on the New York State Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places.[43] The Webster branch is located at 1465 York Avenue. The branch was founded in 1893 as the Webster Free Library, and the current Carnegie library structure opened in 1906.[44]

Transportation

The New York City Subway's 86th Street and 96th Street stations, served by the Second Avenue Subway, serve much of Yorkville. Meanwhile, Western Yorkville is served by 77th Street, 86th Street and 96th Street stations on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, one block west of Yorkville's western boundary at 3rd Avenue.[45] The bus routes of the New York City Bus also operate in Yorkville.

Formerly, Eastern Yorkville was very far from any subway connections, and had among the farthest walks in Manhattan to any subway stations.[46] From 2007 to 2017, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority built the Second Avenue Subway's 86th Street and 96th Street stations, leading to increased residential construction and real estate prices in advance of the opening of the new subway line.[47]

Yorkville is served by NYC Ferry's Soundview and Astoria routes, which stop at 90th Street.[48] The service started operating on August 15, 2018.[49] [50]

Prominent locations

Notable residents

Residents of Yorkville have included:

In popular culture

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: NYC Planning Community Profiles. communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. March 18, 2019.
  2. Web site: Yorkville neighborhood in New York. August 13, 2018.
  3. https://www.nyc.gov/assets/dfta/downloads/pdf/reports/Demographics_by_NTA.pdf Demographics by Neighborhood Tabulation Area (NTA)
  4. News: Living in Yorkville: Where Change Is Underfoot, and Overhead . . C. J. . Hughes . June 1, 2008 . July 12, 2013.
  5. Web site: Map - Page 1, Atlas: The Seat of Action Between the British and American Forces.... Long Island, Historical Map. Historic Map Works. LLC. www.historicmapworks.com.
  6. Web site: Search results - NYPL Digital Collections. digitalcollections.nypl.org.
  7. Web site: Happy Birthday to the New York & Harlem Railroad – 180 years!. April 25, 2011. I Ride The Harlem Line.
  8. Web site: Sheet 14: [Bounded by E. Ninety Second Street, Avenue A, E. Nintieth Street, Avenue B, E. Seventy Second Street, Avenue A, [E. Fifty Ninth Street] and 5th Avenue.]]. NYPL Digital Collections.
  9. Book: Croton-On-Hudson Historical Society . Images of America Series . Arcadia Publishing . 2001 . 41, 128 . 0738505439.
  10. Web site: Yorkville Bank: Early History and Development of Yorkville . Landmarks Preservation Commission . 2013-01-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225059/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/2510.pdf . November 3, 2012 . dead . mdy .
  11. Book: Gerald Handel . Making a Life in Yorkville: Experience and Meaning in the Life-Course Narrative of an Urban Working-Class Man . Contributions in Sociology Series, 130 . ABC-Clio; Greenwood Publishing Group . 2000 . 1, 149 . 0313313075.
  12. [Gilbert King (author)|King, Gilbert]
  13. News: A 100-Year-Old Horror, Through 9/11 Eyes; In the Sinking of the Slocum, a Template For the Arc of a City's Grief and Recovery. Glenn. Collins . The New York Times. June 8, 2004. November 20, 2007. The disaster helped accelerate the flight of Germans from the Lower East Side to Yorkville and other neighborhoods, although there were other motivations as well. 'The very dense old housing on the Lower East Side was no longer attractive to upwardly mobile Germans,' said Dr. John Logan, director of the Center for Social and Demographic Analysis at the State University of New York at Albany..
  14. News: Paths of Resistance in the East Village . John . Strausbaugh . . September 14, 2007 . December 29, 2007 . On June 15, 1904, about 1,200 people from St. Mark's Evangelical Lutheran Church (323 Sixth Street, between First and Second Avenues, the site of the Community Synagogue since 1940) died when the steamship the General Slocum, taking them on a day trip up the East River, burned. It was the deadliest disaster in the city before Sept. 11, 2001. It traumatized the community and hastened residents' flight to uptown areas like Yorkville..
  15. News: If You're Thinking of Living In: Yorkville . Barbara Presley . Noble . . July 23, 1989 . July 31, 2010.
  16. Web site: In the Heart of Yorkville, Life Has Changed for German Catholics . . David W. Dunlap . April 19, 2008 . January 12, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151102070715/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/19/nyregion/19german.html . November 2, 2015 . dead . mdy .
  17. http://www.yorkville-kleindeutschlandhistoricalsociety.com/history.html "The History of Yorkville"
  18. http://newyork.cbslocal.com/guide/a-guide-to-the-nyc-st-patricks-day-parade/ "A Guide To The NYC St. Patrick's Day Parade"
  19. , p. 1428
  20. News: Letters; Yorkville Recalled . . July 3, 1983 . July 31, 2010.
  21. Gray, Christopher. "Streetscapes/Sutton Place, Sutton Place South and One Sutton Place North; A Prestigious Enclave With a Name in Question", The New York Times, September 21, 2003. Accessed December 27, 2007.
  22. Pollak, Michael. "F. Y. I.", The New York Times, August 7, 2005. Accessed October 16, 2007. "In 1928, Sutton Place from 59th to 60th Street, and Avenue A north of 60th, were renamed York Avenue in honor of Sgt. Alvin C. York (1887–1964), a World War I hero from Tennessee and a recipient of the Medal of Honor."
  23. During his attack on October 8, 1918, York captured four German officers and 128 men and several guns. Web site: Medal of Honor Recipients – World War I. United States Army Center of Military History.
  24. https://vault.fbi.gov/german-american-bund/german-american-federation-bund-part-11-of-10 German American Bund
  25. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-american-bund German American Bund
  26. https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/american-nazism-and-madison-square-garden American Nazism and Madison Square Garden
  27. http://forgotten-ny.com/2009/06/little-hungary/ "Little Hungary"
  28. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  29. http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010
  30. Web site: Race / Ethnic Change by Neighborhood . Center for Urban Research, The Graduate Center, CUNY . 23 May 2011 . March 21, 2020 . Excel file.
  31. Web site: Yorkville neighborhood in New York, New York (NY) . city-data.com . 2013-01-12.
  32. Web site: NYPD – 19th Precinct. www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. October 3, 2016.
  33. Web site: Upper East Side, Central Park – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report. www.dnainfo.com. October 6, 2016. April 15, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415051837/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/manhattan/upper-east-side. dead.
  34. Web site: 19th Precinct CompStat Report. www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. March 14, 2020.
  35. Web site: Engine Company 44 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019.
  36. Web site: Engine Company 22/Ladder Company 13/Battalion 10 . FDNYtrucks.com . March 14, 2019.
  37. Web site: Upper East Side, New York City-Manhattan, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) . United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) . March 24, 2019.
  38. Web site: Location Details: Cherokee . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  39. Web site: Location Details: Gracie . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  40. Web site: Location Details: Yorkville . USPS.com . March 7, 2019.
  41. "Administrative Offices." City University of New York. Retrieved on May 4, 2010.
  42. http://www.visitmanhattanapartments.com/upper-east-side-apts-history-attractions-and-menus.html History of The Upper East Side and Yorkville
  43. Web site: About the Yorkville Library . The New York Public Library . May 10, 1907 . March 23, 2019.
  44. Web site: About the Webster Library . The New York Public Library . May 10, 1907 . March 23, 2019.
  45. Web site: Road Map of Manhattan, New York . aaccessmaps.com . January 12, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002221/http://www.aaccessmaps.com/show/map/us/ny/manhattan_subway_south . January 19, 2013 . dead . mdy .
  46. Web site: Yorkville vs. Park Slope: See how these New York City neighborhoods stack up . NY Daily News . 12 December 2013 . 27 February 2015.
  47. Hughes, C.J. "Yorkville Bets on the Second Avenue Subway", The New York Times, April 8, 2016. Accessed May 18, 2016. "But the new subway stations at East 72nd, East 86th and East 96th Streets, and the expanded one at East 63rd, seem to be having an equalizing effect on prices in what used to be more of a cotton socks district."
  48. Web site: Proposed Routes for NYC's Expanded Ferry Service. DNAinfoNewYork. Scribd. September 22, 2016.
  49. Web site: Creag . Katherine . New Yorkers Have a New, $2.75 Way to Get Around NYC . NBC New York . August 15, 2018 . August 29, 2018.
  50. Web site: Rivoli . Dan . Setting sail from Soundview in new NYC ferry . nydailynews.com . August 15, 2018 . August 29, 2018.
  51. Web site: History of the Manhattan Chamber of Commerce . October 20, 2009 . October 20, 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101113160713/http://www.manhattancc.org/common/news/reports/detail.cfm?Classification=information&topicID=70&QID=2506&ClientID=11001&subnav=about . November 13, 2010 .
  52. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Registration: Municipal Asphalt Plant. October 1978. 2011-03-25. Marjorie Pearson and Elizabeth Spencer-Ralph. New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121019154914/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=5143. October 19, 2012. mdy-all. See also: Web site: Accompanying two photos. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103616/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=5141. April 2, 2015. mdy-all.
  53. Web site: Allon . Janet . March 2, 1997 . Asphalt Green Gym Is Nearly All Roof, and It's Leaky . The New York Times.
  54. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dsny/html/swmp_implementation/final91st360.shtml/ NYC East 91st Waste Facility
  55. Web site: After deliberation, de Blasio supports the Upper East Side waste facility again . Capital New York. 2013-05-31 . 27 February 2015.
  56. Web site: Opponents to File Lawsuit in Fight Against E 91st Street Trash Facility . DNA Info . 2012-07-25 . 27 February 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150312141139/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20120724/yorkville/opponents-file-lawsuit-fight-against-e-91st-street-trash-facility . March 12, 2015 . mdy-all .
  57. Web site: McCart . Melissa . The Papaya King Comeback Is Over Before it Started . Eater NY . January 8, 2024 . January 20, 2024.
  58. Web site: Ruppert Yorkville Towers. Ruppert Yorkville Towers . en-US. 2020-04-22.
  59. News: Cousy Is Considering Retirement . Arnold H. . Lubasch . . February 26, 1961 . S7 . July 31, 2010.
  60. Dubner . Stephen J. . 29 November 1993 . "My Art Belongs to Daddy" . . New York . New York Media, LLC. . 16 January 2024.
  61. Sullivan . Eric . 27 March 2023 . "Kieran Culkin Bares (a Lot of) His Soul" . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20240116152433/https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a43399530/kieran-culkin-succession-interview-2023/ . 16 January 2024 . 16 January 2024.
  62. Gendron, Nico (July 27, 2017). "The Many Lives of Julia Fox", Office Magazine. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Accessed February 29, 2024. "Fox didn’t always like to be photographed. She was raised in Yorkville in the 90’s, a neighborhood on the Upper East Side that has since been gentrified."
  63. News: Plaque for Gehrig's Birthplace. . . August 22, 1953. November 14, 2014.
  64. Book: Rowley, Hazel. Franklin and Eleanor: An Extraordinary Marriage. 2011. November 7, 2018. Melbourne University Publishing. 9780522851793. 212.
  65. [David Kahn (writer)|Kahn, David]
  66. http://www.ny1.com/content/shows/one_on_1_archives_hp/160356/one-on-1-profile--longtime-fashion-designer-norma-kamali-infuses-her-work-with-accessibility--empowerment "Longtime Fashion Designer Norma Kamali Infuses Her Work With Accessibility, Empowerment"
  67. [Michael Bierut|Bierut, Michael]
  68. https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/107296|19820/Bert-Lahr "Bert Lahr"
  69. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19671205&id=o3BIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pFoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7398,3426659&hl=en "Comedy Wizard Dies at 72"
  70. Book: Malcolm, Janet . Still Pictures: On Photography and Memory . Farrar, Straus and Giroux . 2023 . 978-0374605131 . 1st . New York . 9–42 . English.
  71. News: In the Mansion Land of the 'Fifth Avenoodles' . John . Strausbaugh . . December 14, 2007 . January 30, 2008.
  72. Book: Marx, Harpo . Harpo Speaks! . Limelight Editions . 1962 . 0-87910-036-2 .
  73. Whitman, Alden. "Henry Miller, 88, Dies in California; A Credo of Hedonism Henry Miller, the Writer, Is Dead at 88 Travel Book Praised Some Tender Moments Books Outraged Many 'Just a Brooklyn Boy' Lamentations for Culture 'I Just Start Something'", The New York Times, June 9, 1980. Accessed May 20, 2016. "Henry Valentine Miller was born in the Yorkville section of Manhattan on Dec. 26, 1891, the son of a German-American tailor."
  74. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/31/archives/john-pmorrissey-legislator-dies-yorkville-democrat-served-in.html "John P. Morrissey, Legislator, Dies; Yorkville Democrat Served in Assembly and Senate"
  75. News: Lee . Jennifer 8. . Where Obama Lived in 1980s New York . . January 30, 2008 . January 30, 2008.
  76. Web site: More Small Dogs and Big Home Prices. The New York Times. John Freeman Gill. 2012-11-16. 2013-01-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20130126042340/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/18/realestate/east-harlem-living-in-more-small-dogs-and-big-home-prices.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. January 26, 2013. dead. mdy-all.
  77. http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/georgette-seabrooke-powell-41 Georgette Seabrook Powell
  78. Adams, Frank S. "SENATOR ROBERT F. WAGNER and the Rise of American Liberalism. By J. Joseph Huthmacher. 362 pages. Atheneum. $10.", End Papers, The New York Times, December 20, 1968. Accessed May 20, 2016. "How Bob Wagner, who came here as a boy of 9 from his native Germany and grew up in Yorkville, where his father was a janitor, became one of the key members of the New Deal and helped shape the basic labor-industrial relationships that still exist today is told in great detail in this sound but not very lively book by a Rutgers history professor."
  79. Book: Puzo , Mario . Mario Puzo. 94. The Godfather's Revenge. 2006. Penguin. 9780399153846. October 20, 2009.

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