York University Explained

York University
Image Upright:0.6
Caption:Coat of arms of the university
Other Name:YorkU
Motto:Tentanda via (Latin)
Mottoeng:The way must be tried
Endowment:$632.7 million (2021)[1]
President:Rhonda Lenton[2]
Students:55,700
Undergrad:49,700[3]
Postgrad:6,000
Country:Canada
Campus:Urbansuburban,
Mascot:Yeo the Lion
Administrative Staff:7,000

York University (French: Université York), also known as YorkU or simply YU, is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is Canada's third-largest university, and it has approximately 53,500 students, 7,000 faculty and staff, and over 375,000 alumni worldwide. It has 11 faculties, including the Lassonde School of Engineering, Schulich School of Business, Osgoode Hall Law School, Glendon College,[4] and 28 research centres.

York University was established in 1959 as a non-denominational institution by the York University Act, which received royal assent in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on 26 March of that year. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus at Glendon Hall (now part of Glendon College), which was leased from U of T, and began to emphasize liberal arts and part-time adult education. In 1965, the university opened a second campus, the Keele Campus, in North York, within the neighbourhood community now called York University Heights.

Over the last twenty years, York has become a centre for labour strife with several faculty and other strikes occurring,[5] [6] [7] [8] [2] [9] including the longest university strike in Canadian history in 2018. The university has also faced challenges in handling antisemitism on campus, such as attacks on the school's chapter of Hillel International and academics affiliated with the school being accused of hateful behaviour.

History

York University was established in 1959 as a non-denominational institution by the York University Act,[10] which received Royal Assent in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on 26 March of that year.[11] Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students.[12]

The policy of university education initiated in the 1960s responded to population pressure and the belief that higher education was a key to social justice and economic productivity for individuals and for society. The governance was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906, which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate (faculty), responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors (citizens) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership.[11]

In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College, and began to emphasize liberal arts and part-time adult education. York became independent in 1965, after an initial period of affiliation with the University of Toronto (U of T), under the York University Act, 1965.[13] Its main campus on the northern outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965.

Murray Ross, who continues to be honoured today at the university in several ways – including the Murray G. Ross Award – was still vice-president of U of T when he was approached to become York University's new president.[14] At the time, York University was envisaged as a feeder campus to U of T, until Ross's powerful vision led it to become a completely separate institution.[15]

In 1965, the university opened a second campus, the Keele Campus, in North York, in the Jane and Finch community. The Glendon campus became a bilingual liberal arts college led by Escott Reid, who envisaged it as a national institution to educate Canada's future leaders, a vision shared by Prime Minister Lester Pearson, who formally opened Glendon College in 1966.[16]

The first Canadian undergraduate program in dance opened at York University in 1970. In 1972, Canada Post featured the nascent institution on 8¢ stamps, entitled York University Campus, North York, Ont.[17] The first Canadian PhD program in women's studies opened with five candidates in January 1992.

Its bilingual mandate and focus on the liberal arts continue to shape Glendon's special status within York University.[18] The new Keele Campus was regarded as somewhat isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are still across the street. Some of the early architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs, but the vast expanses between buildings, which was not viewed as suitable for the climate. In the last two decades, the campus has been intensified with new buildings, including a dedicated student centre and new fine arts, computer science and business administration buildings, a small shopping mall, and a hockey arena.[19] [20] The Aviva Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread further out, York has found itself in a relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and in particular, near the Jane and Finch neighbourhood. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location. Students occupied the university's administration offices in March 1997, protesting escalating tuition hikes.

In June 2014, the university announced that a new campus would be constructed in Markham, Ontario.[21] The campus will be built near Highway 407, between Kennedy Road and Warden Avenue in partnership with Seneca College.[22] The new campus would house approximately 4,200 students[23] and is anticipated to accommodate up to 10,000 students in future phases.[24] On May 20, 2015, the provincial government announced it will provide financial contribution to this new project.[25] On October 24, 2018, the provincial government announced it would pull its funding for the campus, along with funding for the planned satellite campuses of Laurier University and Ryerson University.[26] [27] After this cancellation of funding for the Markham project, York University and its partners planned to seek alternative funding.[28] In July 2020, the provincial government allowed plans for the university to go through. The Markham Campus is due to open in September 2024.

Campuses

Keele Campus

See main article: Keele Campus.

The Keele Campus is the main campus of York University and is located in northern Toronto bordering York Region.[29] Most of the university's faculties reside here, including Liberal Arts, Fine Arts, Business, Law, Environmental Studies, Science and Engineering, Education, and Health. All together, nearly 50,000 students attend classes on the Keele campus.York University station is a Toronto subway station located on Keele campus. Other transit infrastructure located on or near Keele campus includes the York University Busway and the former York University GO Station.

Glendon Campus

See main article: Glendon College. Glendon College is a bilingual liberal arts faculty and separate campus of York University.[30] Glendon College is home to the Leslie Frost library.[31]

Markham Campus

In 2018, York University announced a proposal to construct a third campus in the City of Markham. The Government of Ontario supported to partially fund the construction and was announced by premier Doug Ford on July 23, 2020.[32] The Markham Campus is due to open for the spring 2024 term.[33]

Other locations

While most of the Schulich School of Business and Osgoode Hall Law School programs are offered at the Keele Campus, both of them maintain satellite facilities in downtown Toronto. Schulich operates the Miles S. Nadal Management Centre at 222 Bay Street (Ernst & Young Tower within the Toronto-Dominion Centre), while Osgoode Hall has a Professional Development Centre at One Dundas West Tower within the Toronto Eaton Centre.

Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change The Lillian Meighen Wright Centre is billed as an eco campus next to Las Nubes Forest Reserve in Costa Rica.[34]

The Schulich School of Business operates a co-campus with GMR School of Business at Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, India.[35]

In 2024, the Government of Ontario provided $9 million initial start-up funding to establish the York University School of Medicine that will be located in the Vaughan Healthcare Centre Precinct (VHCP) just beside Cortellucci Vaughan Hospital in Vaughan.[36] York will be the third medical school in the Greater Toronto Area, joining Toronto Metropolitan University (Renamed from Ryerson University in 2023)[37] and the University of Toronto. In April 2024, it was announced that the York University School of Medicine will accept 80 undergraduate students and 102 postgraduate residents at doors open in 2028, expanding to 240 undergraduate students and 293 postgraduate residents across all years, once at full capacity. [38] [39]

Academics

York's approximately 1500 full-time faculty and academic librarians and archivists are represented by the York University Faculty Association. Contract faculty, teaching assistants, and graduate assistants are represented by CUPE Local 3903.[40]

Admissions

York University has over 120 undergraduate programs with 17 degree types (BA, iBA, BHS, BSc, iBSc, BBA, iBBA, BEng, BES, BDes, BPA, BFA, BCom, BEd, BDEM, BHRM, BScN, BSW) and offers over 170 degree options. They admit to 30 international degrees offering international language study and opportunities to study abroad at more than 100 international universities. Its international students represent over 150 countries around the world. York University's Film Department houses Canada's oldest film school.[41]

Reputation

York University has been ranked in a number of post-secondary rankings. The 2025 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 362rd in the world, and 16th in Canada.[42] The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked York 351–400 in the world, and 18th in Canada. In 2024, York ranked 35th Globally and 9th in Canada in the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings for Sustainable Development.[43] The 2024 Academic Ranking of World Universities ranking placed York in the 401-500 global bracket and tied for 17th in Canada.[44] In the 2024–25 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, the university ranked 466th in the world, and 17th in Canada.[45] The Canadian-based Maclean's magazine ranked York University 4th in their 2024 Canadian comprehensive university category.

The university's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluates the impact a university has on academic publications. The 2019 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked the university 488th in the world, and 19th in Canada,[46] whereas the University Ranking by Academic Performance placed the university 488th in the world, and 19th in Canada.[47]

York University has also been featured in rankings that evaluates the employment prospects of its graduates. In QS's 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 301–500 in the world, and 10–17 in Canada.

Faculties

York University currently has 11 faculties: the School of Arts, Media, Performance & Design, the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Environmental & Urban Change, Glendon College, the Faculty of Graduate Studies, the Faculty of Health, the Lassonde School of Engineering, the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, Osgoode Hall Law School, the Schulich School of Business, and the Faculty of Science.

York University's Film Department houses Canada's oldest film school[48] and has been ranked one of the best in Canada,[49] with an acceptance rate comparable to that of USC School of Cinematic Arts and Tisch School of the Arts.[50]

The Faculty of Environmental & Urban Change is the oldest and largest environmental studies faculty in Canada.[51] From 1999 to 2018, York University offered the first and largest graphic design program in Ontario York/Sheridan Design (YSDN).[52] It was a four-year University degree delivered jointly by the two leading educational institutions of design in Canada (York University and Sheridan College). The joint program has been discontinued and beginning with the class entering in 2019, four-year design students will enrol in a new Bachelor of Design offered by York University, one which is geared for the future of the profession.[53]

The Osgoode Hall Law School moved from a downtown location to the York campus in 1969, following the requirement that every law school affiliate with a university.[54] Osgoode Hall offers a number of joint and combined programs.[55]

Research centres and institutes

York University is home to 31 organized research units that provide research development beyond the traditional academic units and faculties:

The Art Gallery of York University houses the permanent art collections.[58] The collection of 1500 objects includes Canadian, American, Inuit, and European mixed media, multimedia, installations, painting, photography, prints, drawings, sculpture, sketchbooks, film and video.[59]

The School of the Arts, Media, Performance and Design (AMPD, formerly the Faculty of Fine Arts),[60] offers programmes such as design, ethnomusicology, cultural studies, visual arts, music, dance, and theatre. York's Jazz Department was once overseen by Oscar Peterson. York also has a joint Bachelor of Design program with Sheridan College. York's Departments of Film, Theatre and Creative Writing (which is not affiliated with the Faculty of Fine Arts) offers programmes in film production/directing, acting, and writing respectively, producing many award-winning graduates.

Seneca@York

The Keele campus is host to a satellite facility of Seneca College,[61] and York University offers a number of joint programs with Seneca College

Libraries

See main article: York University Libraries. The York University library has a number of branches.[62] The Scott Library has materials in humanities, social sciences, fine arts, and environmental studies.[63] The business library is the Peter F. Bronfman Business Library.[64]

Study abroad programs

The university also offers the opportunity for students to earn credits towards their degree while studying abroad through international internships, the "Discover India" program operated between York and FLAME University, and student exchange programs.[65] The university has student exchange agreements with over 120 institutions in 40 countries.[66]

Student life

Colleges and residences

York has nine undergraduate residential colleges:

Colleges of York University
Name
(Founded)		Motto/MandateAcademic AffiliationsNamesake
Calumet(1970)"Technology and the Arts"Business Administration, Economics, Business and Society, Cognitive Science, Communication Studies, PsychologyNorman-French for pipe or pipestem.
Founders(1965)"Self, Culture & Society"Anthropology, English, Environmental Studies, French, Geography, Italian, History, African studies, East Asian studies, Social Work, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, South Asian Studies, International Development, Urban studiesThe Group of Seven, often referred to as "The Founders of Canadian Art"
Glendon(1966)Bilingual Liberal ArtsLiberal Arts, English, French, Public Policy, International AffairsA combination of "glen" meaning "valley" and "Don" for the Don River.
McLaughlin(1968)Public Policy & Social SciencesPolitical Science, Sociology, Law and Society, Criminology, Public Policy, Health and Society, Labour StudiesColonel Samuel McLaughlin, businessman and philanthropist.
New College(2009)Professional StudiesCommerce, Human Resources, Information TechnologyNewest college at York University.
Norman Bethune(1972)"Science and its Place in the World"Natural Sciences, Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Science and Technology Studies (formerly Science and Society)Norman Bethune, Canadian doctor and Chinese hero.
Stong(1969)Language and SportKinesiology, Health ScienceThe Stong family lived on the land now occupied by the Keele campus.
Vanier(1965)HumanitiesChildren's Studies, Classical Studies & Classics, Culture and Expression, Hellenic Studies, Individualized Studies, Jewish Studies, Liberal Studies, Philosophy, Religious Studies, Social and Political Thought, all Undecided Majors in the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional StudiesGeorges Vanier, Governor-General of Canada.
Winters(1967)Fine Arts & Education StudiesArts, Media, Performance & Design, Faculty of EducationRobert Winters, Canadian Cabinet Minister and York's first chairman.
Glendon College acts as both a faculty and a college of the university. New College was created in 2009 to accommodate the creation of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies.

Student unions and organizations

York University is home to over 350 student clubs.[67] A number of larger student organizations are supported by student levy fees. These include the local chapters of the social justice group OPIRG, and Regenesis, an environmental organization on campus that runs farmers' markets at the Keele and Glendon campuses, a free store, a community bike centre and a borrowing centre.

The Village at York University

The Village at York University[68] off-campus student housing area has become a popular area of accommodation for many upper-year and post-graduate students, and the area has had a large amount of attention particularly for large parties hosted by students, including the annual Battle of the Village kegger held in March. There have also been many reports of the level of noise pollution from late-night parties from students living in the area.[69] Safety has also been a pressing issue.[70]

Campus media

Excalibur has been the university's autonomous student newspaper since 1966. In 2008, the YU Free Press was formed as an alternative campus newspaper.[71] Existere is magazine published by students of the university's professional writing program. The magazine was first published in 1978.[72]

YorkU Magazine (est. 2003) is the official magazine of York University. It is published 3 times a year in both a print and digital format.

Athletics

The university is represented in U Sports by the York Lions. Beginning in 1968 York's sporting teams were known as the "Yeomen", after the Yeomen Warders, the guardians of the fortress and palace at the Tower of London, otherwise known as Beefeaters. Later, the name "Yeowomen" was introduced to encourage women to participate in sports. Popular sentiment ran against this name scheme, however, as many students were fond of noting that a "Yeowoman" was fictitious, neither a real word nor having any historical merit. In 2003, after conducting an extensive internal study, the university replaced both names with the "Lions", as part of a larger renaming effort, and a new logo, now a white and red lion, was brought into line with the university's new visual scheme. The name change also brought York University in line with the 92% of other Canadian universities which use a single name for both sexes' sports teams. Ironically, students often refer to the female Lions teams as the "York Lionesses", even though the name "Lion" is intended to apply to both sexes.[73]

York offers 29 interuniversity sport teams, 12 sport clubs, 35 intramural sport leagues, special events and 10 pick-up sport activities offered daily.

York University has several athletic facilities, some of which are used for major tournaments. These include a football stadium, 4 gymnasia, 5 sport playing fields, 4 softball fields, 9 outdoor tennis courts, 5 squash courts, 3 dance/aerobic studios, 6 ice arenas, a swimming pool, an expanding fitness centre and the new Aviva Centre (home of the Rogers Tennis Cup).

In 2014 the York Lions won four banners: the Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) men's national track and field championship, the Ontario University Athletics women's provincial tennis championship and both the OUA and CIS men's soccer titles. York will be hosting the 2015 CIS Men's Soccer Championships at York Stadium November, 2015.[74] In 2015 and 2016 York Lions Women's Tennis team won the Canadian University National Championships.[75] The volleyball team has been coached by, among others, Olympian Sam Schachter.[76] [77] [78]

Fight song

Notable among a number of songs commonly played and sung at various events such as commencement and convocation, and athletic games are: "York Song", sung to the tune "Harvard".[79]

Fraternities and sororities

Fraternities and sororities are not recognized by York University.[80]

Phi Delta Phi (ΦΔΦ) international legal fraternity, at Osgoode Law School, was given special dispensation when the law school became part of the university, as the fraternity's history with the law school dated back to 1896, and is recognized at York.

Antisemitism

York University has had multiple instances of antisemitism on campus.[81] [82]

Notable people

York has over 200,000 living alumni. Although a large number of alumni live in Ontario, a significant number live in British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Alberta, New York, and Washington, D.C. York also has over 25,000 alumni overseas.

Distinguished research professors and university professors

The ranks of "distinguished research professor" and "university professor" are the highest rank a professor can achieve at York University. There are only ever up to a maximum of 25 each of active distinguished research professors and active university professors at any time.[101] It is awarded to members of the faculty who have made outstanding contributions to the university through their work in research.[102]

Chancellors

Presidents

Labour disruptions

See main article: 2008–09 York University strike and 2018 York University strike. York University has a history of faculty and teaching assistant strikes. In 1997, there was a faculty strike by YUFA[107] that lasted seven weeks. At the time, this was the second longest strike in Canadian University history.[108] Key issues in the strike included retirement, funding, and institutional governance.

In 2001, teaching assistants and contract faculty went on strike for 11 weeks, when the university broke its own record.[109] The central issue in the 2001 disruption was the administration's proposed attempts to remove tuition indexation language.

2008 CUPE 3903 Strike

See main article: 2008–09 York University strike. A strike beginning on November 6, 2008[110] concerned a variety of institutional grievances, including job security for contract professors, elimination of the Non-Academic Student Code of Conduct, creation of whistleblower protection, and fund indexation. On January 20, 2009, CUPE 3903 defeated a forced ratification vote that would have ended the strike. On January 24, Ontario premier Dalton McGuinty announced a rare Sunday recall of the provincial legislature in order to pass back-to-work legislation mandating an immediate end to the strike.[111] On January 29, the York University Labour Disputes Resolution Act was passed in the provincial parliament on a count of 42–8 ending the long 85-day strike and setting a precedent for future university strikes in Ontario.

2015 CUPE 3903 StrikeAn additional strike by teaching assistants, contract faculty, and graduate assistants took place throughout March 2015. When the strike began, on March 2, the university cancelled nearly all classes because about 2/3 of York courses were taught by the striking contract faculty at the time. On March 10, the contract faculty ratified a new agreement, but the teaching assistants and graduate assistants rejected tentative agreements the bargaining team had reached with the university. The teaching assistants and graduate assistants, continued their strike until the end of the month. Contract faculty did not go back to work in support of the union and classes remained cancelled. The union reached a tentative agreement with the university on March 29, 2015, which was ratified on March 31, 2015, thus putting an immediate end to the 29-day strike.[112]
2018 CUPE 3903 Strike

See main article: 2018 York University strike. Units 1, 2, and 3 of CUPE Local 3903, the union represented by teaching assistants, contract faculty, and graduate assistants, began striking on Monday, March 5, 2018; several months after their previous collective agreement expired on August 31, 2017. The union's aim was to, in their words, "secure a fair collective agreement that, among other things, protected quality education and creates a less precarious working environment in Ontario's university sector."[113] The main issues of the strike revolved around job security and the path to permanent tenured employment for contract faculty. A forced ratification vote was held between April 6–9 and was rejected by an overwhelming majority by all three units.[114] On June 13, a ratification vote was held for Unit 2 members, where the union executives recommended voting against the university's offer.[115] The results of the vote were thrown out due to the fact that there were more ballots cast than signatures of eligible voters.[116] A re-vote was held on June 14 and 15, where Unit 2 ratified the university's offer, with 239 members voting in favour, and 122 opposed. Units 1 and 3 remained on strike until July 25, when the newly formed 42nd Parliament of Ontario led by Premier Doug Ford passed back-to-work legislation via the Urgent Priorities Act, ending the strike after 143 days, making it the longest strike in the post-secondary sector in Canadian history.

2024 CUPE 3903 Strike

After avoiding a strike in 2021, Units 1, 2, and 3 of CUPE 3903 went on strike beginning Monday, February 26, 2024. As in previous years, the union was focused on job stability for contract faculty and wage increases for all three units.[117]

The wage issue was twofold. In the renewal collective bargaining agreement, covering 2023 through 2026, the union hoped to win wage increases matching record inflation. In addition, the provincial government passed Bill 124 in 2019, which limited public sector raises to 1% annually.[118] The Court of Appeal for Ontario ruled that Bill 124 violated the Charter right of unions to collectively bargain, upholding a lower court's ruling. Rather than further appeal the decision to the Supreme Court, the Ford government instead decided to repeal the law in its entirety, allowing CUPE 3903 and other public sector unions in Ontario to negotiate for retroactive wage increases for the three years that Bill 124 was in effect.[119] [120]

On April 14, CUPE 3903 and York University announced that they had reached a tentative agreement. The agreement was ratified by CUPE 3903's membership on April 19, ending the strike after 53 days with the union's members returning to work on Monday, April 22, 2024.[121] [122]

See also

Bibliography

Histories

Notes and References

  1. Web site: The Fund in Review – 2021. 2022-12-04. 2022-12-05. https://web.archive.org/web/20221205032156/https://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/wp-content/uploads/sites/107/2022/07/Annual-Investment-Report-2021.pdf. live.
  2. Web site: Convocation starts for York's Class of 2018 amid record-long strike – The Star. Toronto Star. 15 June 2018. 8 August 2018. 11 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711091355/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/06/15/convocation-starts-for-yorks-class-of-2018-amid-record-long-strike.html. live.
  3. Web site: About York University. 2 August 2019. 20 July 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160720211606/http://about.yorku.ca/. live.
  4. Web site: Organization – About . Yorku.ca . 2022-03-01 . 2022-03-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302221355/https://www.yorku.ca/about/organization/ . live .
  5. News: How long will the York University strike last? 'Who knows?' union says – CBC News. 8 August 2018. 1 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180801170614/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/york-strike-day-87-1.4683704. live.
  6. Web site: Province plans to end York University strike – CityNews Toronto. 8 August 2018. 11 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711093752/https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2018/07/10/province-plans-to-end-york-university-strike/. live.
  7. Web site: York university strike: Confusion on campus – Macleans.ca. 7 March 2018. 8 August 2018. 23 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180623112830/https://www.macleans.ca/education/york-university-strike-confusion-on-campus/. live.
  8. Web site: Canadian university strike 'harbinger of things to come'. 5 June 2018. 8 August 2018. 11 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180711092411/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/canadian-university-strike-harbinger-things-come. live.
  9. News: Tories say cap-and-trade repeal, ending York strike top priorities. Shawn. Jeffords. The Hamilton Spectator. 10 July 2018. 8 August 2018. 30 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181230095756/https://www.thespec.com/news-story/8734779-tories-say-cap-and-trade-repeal-ending-york-strike-top-priorities/. live.
  10. Web site: York University Act, 1959 . Yorku.ca . 2011-03-02 . 2009-03-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090310174056/http://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/documents/act1959.htm . dead .
  11. Encyclopedia: P. Anisef, J. Lennards. Universities in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. August 17, 2019. October 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191025162902/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university. live.
  12. Encyclopedia: York University. The Canadian Encyclopedia. March 4, 2015. August 17, 2019. June 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190628014722/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/york-university. live.
  13. Web site: York University Act, 1965 . Yorku.ca . 2011-03-02 . 2009-08-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090826125847/http://www.yorku.ca/secretariat/documents/act1965.htm . dead .
  14. Book: Pound, Richard W. . Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates . Fitzhenry and Whiteside . 2005.
  15. Ross, Murray. The Way Must be Tried: Memoirs of a University Man. Toronto: Stoddart Publishing Company, 1992.
  16. Web site: YorkSpace: Item 123456789/701 . Library.yorku.ca . 1966-09-30 . 2011-03-02.
  17. Web site: Postage Stamp . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904032908/http://data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s1=%28University.TITP.%29+Or+%28University.TITI.+And+null.B742.%29&l=20&d=STMP&p=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Farchivianet%2F02011702_e.html&r=16&f=G&Sect1=STMP . dead . 2015-09-04 . Data4.collectionscanada.gc.ca . 2014-01-06 .
  18. Web site: Profiles Online – August 2000 – Features: GUIDING PRINCIPALS . Yorku.ca . 2011-03-02 . 2007-02-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070223175629/http://www.yorku.ca/ycom/profiles/past/aug00/current/features/article1.htm . live .
  19. Web site: New 'bold and twisting' building consolidates School of Continuing Studies at York University. 11 May 2023 . 2024-04-26.
  20. Web site: York University's Student Centre celebrates a diverse student body. 3 Dec 2010 . 2024-04-26.
  21. Web site: UPDATE: Markham, Vaughan, Richmond Hill make York University short list. 25 April 2014 . 2014-06-30. 2015-06-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20150620040707/http://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/4485061-update-markham-vaughan-richmond-hill-make-york-university-short-list/. live.
  22. Web site: Yes to York. 5 July 2015. 6 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032344/http://yestoyork.ca/. live.
  23. Web site: York University Markham Centre Campus will feature light-filled flexible space for students - York Media Relations. 29 November 2017. 8 August 2018. 9 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180809175515/http://news.yorku.ca/2017/11/29/york-university-markham-centre-campus-will-feature-light-filled-flexible-space-students/. live.
  24. Web site: York University welcomes $127.3-million in Ontario government funding for Markham Centre Campus - IMPACT: THE CAMPAIGN FOR YORK UNIVERSITY. 8 August 2018. 29 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180729130145/http://impact.yorku.ca/york-university-welcomes-127-3-million-ontario-government-funding-markham-centre-campus/. live.
  25. Web site: York U-Seneca campus to be built in Markham. 20 May 2015. thestar.com. 5 July 2015. 27 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150727215938/http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/05/20/new-york-u-seneca-campus-to-be-built-in-markham.html. live.
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  96. News: 13 October 2023 . York University condemns statement by 3 student unions on Israel-Hamas war . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231014055254/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/york-university-israel-hamas-student-unions-1.6996228 . 14 October 2023 . 15 October 2023 . CBC News.
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  110. http://www.3903strike.ca/ York University Strike CUPE 3903 TAs Contract Faculty GAs & RAs
  111. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ontario-to-legislate-end-to-york-university-strike-1.779389 "Ontario to legislate end to York University strike"
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  113. News: As York University strike moves into Week 3, CUPE 3903's call to resume bargaining met with 'deafening, shameful silence'. Canadian Union of Public Employees. 2018-10-01. en. 2018-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20180913210017/https://cupe.ca/york-university-strike-moves-week-3-cupe-3903s-call-resume-bargaining-met-deafening-shameful-silence. live.
  114. Web site: Academic workers reject York University's final offer - CUPE 3903 to commence strike action Monday. www.newswire.ca. 2018-03-03. 2018-03-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20180304052316/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/academic-workers-reject-york-universitys-final-offer---cupe-3903-to-commence-strike-action-monday-675697933.html. live.
  115. News: Executive Committee Recommends Against Ratifying York's Offer for Unit 2. 2018-06-12. CUPE 3903. 2018-10-01. en-US. 2018-07-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210751/https://3903.cupe.ca/2018/06/12/executive-committee-recommends-against-ratifying-yorks-offer-for-unit-2/. live.
  116. News: CUPE orders re-vote after striking contract faculty at York U. opt to accept offer. Fox. Chris. 2018-06-14. CP24. 2018-10-01. en-CA. 2018-06-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20180616080422/https://www.cp24.com/news/cupe-orders-re-vote-after-striking-contract-faculty-at-york-u-opt-to-accept-offer-1.3973126. live.
  117. News: 2024-02-26 . 3,000 York University academic workers go on strike . 2024-03-03 . CBC News.
  118. Web site: Bill 124, Protecting a Sustainable Public Sector for Future Generations Act, 2019 - Legislative Assembly of Ontario . 2024-04-20 . www.ola.org . en.
  119. News: Casey . Liam . February 12, 2024 . Ontario to repeal wage-cap law after Appeal Court rules Ford government's Bill 124 unconstitutional . CBC News.
  120. News: The Canadian Press . February 23, 2024 . Ontario repeals Bill 124, wage restraint law twice found unconstitutional . CBC News.
  121. Web site: Striking York University workers reach tentative deal: union. cbc.ca. April 15, 2024. April 15, 2024.
  122. Web site: April 19th 2024 Ratification Vote Results for Units 1, 2 & 3. April 19, 2024. April 19, 2024. 3903.cupe.ca.

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