X-League (Japan) Explained

X-League (Xリーグ)
Formerly:Japan American Football League (1971 - 1997)
Sport:Gridiron football
Chairman:Riichiro Fukabori
Teams:55 (X1 Super & Area:20, X2:19, X3:16)
Country:Japan
Champion:Fujitsu Frontiers (8th title)
Most Champs:Obic Seagulls (9 titles)
Website:Official website

The X-League is the top-level professional gridiron football league in Japan. It was founded in 1971 as the Japan American Football League and organized the first X Bowl in 1987. The league changed its name to the X League in 1997. The league is divided into four divisions (X1 Super, X1 Area, X2, and X3) with promotion and relegation between them.[1] Teams are split into different divisions or blocks, depending on the tier. There are two types of teams, one being a company team in which only employees of that particular sponsoring company may play, and the other being a club team for which anyone can try out. Game rules are based on those of the NCAA college division in the United States, with the exception of the length of quarters, which are 12 minutes instead of 15 during the first stage of the season.

The Japanese national team, which has won the first and second editions of the American Football World Cup and was runner-up, finishing second to the American team, in the 2007 installment of the tournament, was made up almost entirely of players from this league.

Americans are often recruited to play for X League teams, with a strict rule of four per team. No more than two foreign players per team are allowed on the field of play at a time.

Season format

The league is split into 4 tiers: X1 Super, X1 Area, X2 and X3.

There are two spring tournaments as well which are used by teams to ready themselves and evaluate new players before the fall season. One is the larger Pearl Bowl which teams from eastern Japan compete in, and the other is the Green Bowl for teams in western Japan.

Regular season

The top tier, X1 Super, includes 12 teams split into 2 divisions of 6 teams who play a 5 game regular season.

The second tier, X1 Area, contains 8 teams while X2 comprises 19 teams, and X3 with 16 teams. The teams in X1 Area is divided into three groups with each team playing six games, three inside the group and three outside.

The top tier X1 Super has 2 divisions, A and B, made up of teams from all over Japan. The next league down, X1 Area, has just one division between all 8 teams. The next two leagues below, the X2 and X3, contain east, west, and central divisions. The east and central divisions comprise teams mostly in and around the Kanto area, with the west teams being in the Kansai area.

Postseason

At the end of the X1 Super season, the top four teams in each division head into the quarterfinals then the semifinals. The winners of the semifinals would advance to the Japan X Bowl.

The top two teams in the X1 Area compete in the X1 Area Bowl for the chance to advance to the Area/Super promotional matches against the 7th and 8th place X1 Super teams.

Japan X Bowl

See main article: Japan X Bowl.

The two semifinal winners would meet for the league championship in the Japan X Bowl held at the Tokyo Dome. Since 1987, Japan X Bowl has decided the X League championship. Until 2002, it was known as the Tokyo Super Bowl. The winner of this game goes on to the Rice Bowl to face the winner of the Koshien Bowl, the national college championship game.

Relegation and Division Replacement games

The 7th and 8th place team from X1 Super would play a relegation playoff game against the 1st and 2nd place team from the X1 Area league.

The same goes for the last place team in the X1 Area who would play the X2 champion to decide who would be the 8th team in X1 Area.

2023 X-League team organization

X1 Super

style=background:white scope="col"Teamstyle=background:white scope="col"City/Areastyle=background:white scope="col"Company/Clubstyle=background:white scope="col"First seasonstyle=background:white scope="col"Head coach
Panasonic ImpulseKadoma, OsakaPanasonicNobuyoshi Araki
Obic SeagullsNarashino, ChibaClub team
formerly Recruit
Hiroshi Ono
Nojima Sagamihara RiseSagamihara, KanagawaClub team
formerly Onward Kashiyama
Shirogataki Ichiro
Tokyo Gas CreatorsKoto, TokyoTokyo GasMasato Itai
Dentsu Club CaterpillarsMinato, TokyoDentsuTakumi Fukagawa
Asahi Soft Drink ChallengersAmagasaki, HyogoAsahi Soft DrinksTakashi Masashige
Fujitsu FrontiersKawasaki, KanagawaFujitsuHiroshi Yamamoto
IBM Big BlueChiba, ChibaIBMKevin Craft
Asahi Beer Silver StarKawasaki, KanagawaAsahi BreweriesHayato Arima
Elecom Kobe FiniesKobe, HyogoElecomMasaki Tokimoto
Otonari Fukuoka SunsHakata-ku, FukuokaMarketing Applications Inc.Toru Yoshino
Tainai DeersChōfu, TokyoClub team
formerly Kajima
Yasushi Nakagawa

X1 Area

style=background:white scope="col"Clubstyle=background:white scope="col"City/Areastyle=background:white scope="col"Company/Clubstyle=background:white scope="col"First seasonstyle=background:white scope="col"Head coach
Meiji Yasuda PentaOcean PiratesHachiōji, TokyoMeiji Yasuda LifeFumito Kawahata
Fuji Xerox Minerva AFCEbina, KanagawaFuji XeroxTakao Asakura
Keishichou EaglesChiyoda, TokyoTokyo Metropolitan Police DepartmentKosuke Sato
All Mitsubishi LionsHachiōji, TokyoMitsubishi UFJ Financial GroupAkira Hayashi
Bullseyes-TokyoMinato, TokyoClub teamTakuya Yagi
AsOne Black EaglesOsaka, OsakaAS ONE Corp.Yusuke Kano
Nagoya CyclonesNagoya, AichiClub teamMasaki Kobayashi
Mitsubishi Club TriaxToshima-ku, TokyoClub teamSong Qinghua

X2

East

Central

West

X3

East

West

A Block
B Block

Past League Results

X-League Divisional Standings since 1997

+NotationsAdvanced to Final6, Super9 or Post SeasonPromoted from X2Demoted to X2 at the end of the season.Team Folded at the end of the season.
East/Central
YearDivision1st2nd3rd4th5th6th
1997EastAsahi Beer Silver StarOnward OaksBank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi ApricotFujitsu FrontiersTokai Bank Red WaveRenown Rovers
CentralKajima DeersNissan Prince TokyoRecruit SeagullsSkylark Co., Ltd. SkylarksSanwa Bank Lark HillsSakura Bank Dainosu
1998EastNissan Prince TokyoAsahi Beer Silver StarSkylark Co., Ltd. SkylarksTokai Bank Red WaveSumitomo Bank SpringsBank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi Apricot
CentralKajima DeersRecruit SeagullsOnward OaksFujitsu FrontiersRenown RoversSanwa Bank Lark Hills
1999EastOnward OaksRecruit SeagullsNissan Prince TokyoTokyo Marine DolphinsTokyo-Mitsubishi Bank ApricotSankura Bank Dainosu
CentralKajima DeersAsahi Beer Silver StarFujitsu FrontiersSkylark Co., Ltd. SkylarksTokyo Marine DolphinsSanwa Bank Lark Hills
2000EastFujitsu FrontiersAsahi Beer Silver StarOnward OaksSkylark Co., Ltd. SkylarksClub DainosuRenown Rovers
CentralRecruit SeagullsNissan Prince TokyoKajima DeersTokyo-Mitsubishi BankTokyo Marine DolphinsTokyo Skyliners
2001EastKajima DeersFujitsu FrontiersNissan Prince TokyoGakusei-Engokai RocbullClub DainosuClub Huskies
CentralRecruit SeagullsAsahi Beer Silver StarOnward OaksLionsRenown RoversPenta-Ocean Construction Co. Pirates
2002EastFujitsu FrontiersKajima DeersLionsNissan SkylinersIBM Big BlueSakura Bank Dainosu
CentralSeagullsOnward SkylarksAsahi Beer Silver StarGakusei-Engokai RocbullRenown RoversClub Huskies
2003EastOnward SkylarksAsahi Beer Silver StarFujitsu FrontiersNissan SkylinersTokyo Gas CreatorsClub Huskies
CentralKajima DeersObic SeagullsPenta-Ocean Construction Co. PiratesAll Mitsubishi LionsGakusei-Engokai RocbullIBM Big Blue
2004EastKajima DeersAsahi Beer Silver StarAll Mitsubishi LionsIBM Big BlueGakusei-Engokai RocbullPenta-Ocean Construction Pirates
CentralOnward SkylarksObic SeagullsNissan SkylinersFujitsu FrontiersTokyo Gas CreatorsClub Huskies
2005EastObic SeagullsOnward SkylarksFujitsu FrontiersYasuda L.A. PiratesTokyo Gas CreatorsAll Mitsubishi Lions
CentralKajima DeersAsahi Beer Silver StarIBM Big BlueNissan SkylinersGakusei-Engokai RocbullRenesas Hurricanes
2006EastOnward SkylarksKajima DeersIBM Big BlueAll Mitsubishi LionsMeiji Yasuda PiratesGakusei-Engokai Rocbull
CentralAsahi Beer Silver StarObic SeagullsFujitsu FrontiersNissan SkylinersTokyo Gas CreatorsRenesas Hurricanes
2007EastFujitsu FrontiersObic SeagullsAsahi Beer Silver StarAll Mitsubishi LionsRenesas HurricanesGakusei-Engokai Rocbull
CentralKajima DeersOnward SkylarksIBM Big BlueMeiji Yasuda PiratesTokyo Gas CreatorsFuji Xerox Minerva
2008EastOnward SkylarksFujitsu FrontiersAsahi Beer Silver StarMeiji Yasuda PiratesRenesas HurricanesFuji Xerox Minerva
CentralKajima DeersObic SeagullsIBM Big BlueAll Mitsubishi LionsAll Tokyo Gas CreatorsGakusei-Engokai Rocbull
2009EastAsahi Beer Silver StarObic SeagullsNihon Unisys BullsAll Mitsubishi LionsFuji Xerox MinervaAll Tokyo Gas Creators
CentralFujitsu FrontiersKajima DeersIBM Big BlueMeiji Yasuda PiratesHurricanes AFCBullseyes Tokyo
2010EastKajima DeersIBM Big BlueAsahi Beer Silver StarAll Mitsubishi LionsBullseyes TokyoFuji Xerox Minerva
CentralObic SeagullsFujitsu FrontiersMeiji Yasuda PiratesAll Tokyo Gas CreatorsHurricanes AFCNihon Unisys Bulls
2011EastKajima DeersFujitsu FrontiersAll Mitsubishi LionsMeiji Yasuda PiratesBullseyes TokyoFuji Xerox Minverva
CentralObic SeagullsNojima Sagamihara RiseAsahi Beer Silver StarIBM Big BlueAll Tokyo Gas CreatorsNihon Unisys Bulls
2012EastKajima DeersNojima Sagamihara RiseAsahi Beer Silver StarMeiji Yasuda PiratesNihon Unisys BullsBullseyes Tokyo
CentralObic SeagullsFujitsu FrontiersIBM Big BlueTokyo Gas CreatorsAll Mitsubishi LionsFuji Xerox Minerva
2013EastFujitsu FrontiersKajima DeersAsahi Beer Silver StarTokyo Gas CreatorsNihon Unisys BullsHurricanes
CentralObic SeagullsNojima Sagamihara RiseIBM Big BlueAll Mitsubishi LionsMeiji Yasuda PiratesTokyo MPD Eagles
2014EastFujitsu FrontiersIBM Big BlueNojima Sagamihara RiseTokyo Gas CreatorsMeiji Yasuda PiratesHurricanes
CentralLIXIL DeersObic SeagullsAsahi Beer Silver StarAll Mitsubishi LionsBulls Football ClubTaiyo Building Mgmt. Cranes
2015EastFujitsu FrontiersNojima Sagamihara RiseObic SeagullsAll Mitsubishi LionsMeiji Yasuda Penta-Ocean PiratesTokyo MPD Eagles
CentralIBM Big BlueLIXIL DeersAsahi Beer Silver StarBulls Football ClubTokyo Gas CreatorsHurricanes
2016EastFujitsu FrontiersIBM Big BlueAsahi Beer Silver StarAll Mitsubishi LionsTokyo MPD EaglesBulls Football Club
CentralObic SeagullsLIXIL DeersNojima Sagamihara RiseTokyo Gas CreatorsMeiji Yasuda Penta-Ocean PiratesBullseyes Tokyo
2017EastFujitsu FrontiersLIXIL DeersAsahi Beer Silver StarFuji Xerox Minerva AFCTokyo Gas CreatorsTokyo MPD Eagles
CentralNojima Sagamihara RiseIBM Big BlueObic SeagullsAll Mitsubishi LionsMeiji Yasuda Penta-Ocean PiratesBulls Football Club
2018EastFujitsu FrontiersIBM Big BlueAsahi Beer Silver StarAll Mitsubishi LionsMeiji Yasuda Penta-Ocean PiratesDentsu Club Caterpillars
CentralNojima Sagamihara RiseObic SeagullsLIXIL DeersTokyo Gas CreatorsFuji Xerox Minerva AFCBulls Football Club
West
YearDivision1st2nd3rd4th5th6th
1997WestMatsushita Electric Works ImpulseSunstar FiniesMYCAL BearsOsaka Black EaglesIwatani SidewindersAsahi Soft Drinks Challengers
1998WestAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersMatsushita Electric Works ImpulseMYCAL BearsIwatani SidewindersSunstar FiniesIuchi Black Eagles
1999WestAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersMYCAL BearsMatsushita Electric Works ImpulseKohaku FiniesIuchi Black EaglesIwatani Sidewinders
2000WestMatsushita Electric Works ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersMYCAL BearsKohaku FiniesIuchi Black EaglesIwatani Sidewinders
2001WestMatsushita Electric Works ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersMYCAL BearsIwatani SidewindersKohaku FiniesAS ONE Black Eagles
2002WestMatsushita Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesIwatani SidewindersHankyu BruinsKohaku Finies
2003WestMatsushita Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesNaigai Denki MarviesHankyu BruinsIwatani Sidewinders
2004WestMatsushita Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesNaigai Denki MarviesFinies Football ClubHankyu Bruins
2005WestMatsushita Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersNaigai Denki MarviesAS ONE Black EaglesIwatani SidewindersKobe Finies
2006WestMatsushita Denko ImpulseNagai Denki MarviesAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersSRC Kobe FiniesAS ONE Black EaglesIwatani Sidewinders
2007WestMatsushita Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersNaigai Denki MarviesAS ONE Black EaglesSRC Kobe FiniesNagoya Cyclones
2008WestAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersPanasonic Denko ImpulseSRC Kobe FiniesNaigai Denki MarviesAsahi Pretec Golden FightersAS ONE Black Eagles
2009WestPanasonic Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersSuita MarviesElecom Kobe FiniesAsahi Pretec Golden FightersAS ONE Black Eagles
2010WestPanasonic Denko ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersSuita MarviesElecom Kobe FiniesAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya Cyclones
2011WestPanasonic ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesElecom Kobe FiniesNagoya CyclonesFuji Xerox J-Stars
2012WestPanasonic ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesElecom Kobe FiniesNagoya CyclonesNishinomiya Bruins
2013WestPanasonic ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesElecom Kobe FiniesNishinomiya BruinsNagoya Cyclones
2014WestElecom Kobe FiniesPanasonic ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya CyclonesNishinomiya Bruins
2015WestPanasonic ImpulseAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersElecom Kobe FiniesAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya CyclonesFuji Xerox J-Stars
2016WestPanasonic ImpulseElecom Kobe FiniesAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya CyclonesSidewinders
2017WestPanasonic ImpulseElecom Kobe FiniesAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya CyclonesClub Hawkeye
2018WestPanasonic ImpulseElecom Kobe FiniesAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya CyclonesSidewinders
+NotationsAdvanced to SemifinalsPromoted from X1 AreaDemoted to X1 Area at the end of the season.Team Folded at the end of the season.
X1 Super
Year1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th
2019Fujitsu FrontiersObic SeagullsPanasonic ImpulseElecom Kobe FiniesIBM Big BlueTokyo Gas CreatorsAll Mitsubishi LionsNojima Sagamihara Rise
2021Panasonic ImpulseFujitsu FrontiersObic SeagullsIBM Big BlueNojima Sagamihara RiseTokyo Gas CreatorsElecom Kobe FiniesAll Mitsubishi Lions
+NotationsAdvanced to Post SeasonPromoted from X2Demoted to X2 at the end of the season.Team Folded at the end of the season.
X1 Area East/Central
YearDivision1st2nd3rd4th
2019EastAsahi Beer Silver StarFuji Xerox Minerva AFCDentsu Club CaterpillarsAFC Cranes
CentralLIXIL DeersMeiji Yasuda PentaOcean PiratesTokyo MPD EaglesBullseyes Tokyo
2021EastAsahi Beer Silver StarTokyo MPD EaglesPentaOcean PiratesFuji Xerox Minerva AFC
CentralDeers Football ClubDentsu Club CaterpillarsBullseyes TokyoBulls Football Club
X1 Area West
YearDivision1st2nd3rd4th
2019WestAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersFukuoka Opatsu SunsNagoya CyclonesAS ONE Black Eagles
2021WestAsahi Soft Drinks ChallengersEqual One Fukuoka SunsAS ONE Black EaglesNagoya Cyclones

Playing venues

style=background:white scope="col"Stadiumstyle=background:white scope="col"Locationstyle=background:white scope="col"Capacity
Kawasaki StadiumKawasaki, Kanagawa2,700
Yokohama StadiumYokohama, Kanagawa20,000
Sagamihara Asamizo Park StadiumMinami-ku, Sagamihara11,808
Amino Vital FieldChōfu, Tokyo3,000
Akitsu Soccer StadiumNarashino, Chiba2,100
Tokyo DomeBunkyo, Tokyo55,000
Oi Futo Central Seaside Park FieldShinagawa-ku, Tokyo5,000
Chiba Marine StadiumChiba City, Chiba30,082
Yurtec Stadium SendaiSendai, Miyagi19,694
Todoroki Athletics StadiumKawasaki, Kanagawa26,232
Sendai City Athletic StadiumSendai, Miyagi7,000
Expo Flash FieldSuita, Osaka3,000
Kobe Prince StadiumNada-ku, Kobe3,000
Nagai StadiumHigashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka47,816
Kincho StadiumHigashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka20,500
Minato Soccer StadiumNagoya, Aichi20,000
Tsurumi Ryokuchi FieldTsurumi-ku, Osaka3,710
Osaka Nagai Second StadiumHigashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka15,000
Handa Athletics StadiumHanda, Aichi9,074
Amagasaki Memorial Park StadiumAmagasaki, Hyogo10,000
Suzuka Sports GardenSuzuka, Mie3,300
Toyota Athletic StadiumToyota, Aichi5,500

Awards and honors

All X-League Team

See main article: All X-League Team. Since 2000, the X-League honors outstanding players by electing them to the All X-League Team. 11 offensive players, 11 defensive players and 3 special team players are voted by the Head Coaches and 5 players on each of the 18 X1 teams to be selected for the team. Starting 2019, the All X-League team was divided between 2 classifications: The 8-team X1 Super and 12-team X1 Area with both selecting 11 offensive players, 11 defensive players and 3 special team players and are voted by the Head Coaches and 5 players on each of the teams. In 2020, the X1 Area All X League Team was expanded to include a West and East team due to the shortened season caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

X-League Most Valuable Player (MVP) award

The X-League Most Valuable Player award (X-League MVP) is an award given to the Japanese Gridiron football player who is considered most valuable to his team in the X-League. Started in 2012, the award was divided between the best player in each division until 2014 when one overall MVP was awarded. Starting in 2019, the award was divided between the best player in each classification.

YearDivisionWinnerPositionTeam
2012EastYasuhiro MarutaRunning backKajima Deers
CentralNoriaki KinoshitaWide receiverObic Seagulls
WestRyohei ImanishiCornerbackPanasonic Impulse
2013EastKeiya HiramotoQuarterbackFujitsu Frontiers
CentralNoriaki KinoshitaWide receiverObic Seagulls
WestTetsuo TakataQuarterbackPanasonic Impulse
YearWinnerPositionTeam
2014Gino GordonRunning backFujitsu Frontiers
2015Tetsuo Takata[2]
QuarterbackPanasonic Impulse
2016Colby Cameron[3]
QuarterbackFujitsu
2017 Benjamin Anderson[4]
QuarterbackPanasonic Impulse
2018 Trashaun Nixon Running back Fujitsu Frontiers
YearClassificationWinnerPositionTeam
2019X1 Super Samajie Grant Running back Fujitsu Frontiers
X1 Area Garret Safron Quarterback Asahi Soft Drinks Challengers
2021X1 Super Jaboree Williams Linebacker Panasonic Impulse
X1 Area Hiroshi Kawamura Running back Asahi Beer Silver Star
2022X1 Super Trashaun Nixon Running Back Fujitsu Frontiers
X1 Area Aaron Ellis Quarterback Dentsu Club Caterpillars

X-League Rookie of the Year (ROY) award

The X-League Rookie of the Year award (X-League ROY) is an award given to the player who is considered have made a big impact during his first year with his team. Started in 2012, the award was divided between the best player in each division until 2014 when one overall ROY was awarded. Starting in 2019, the awarded was divided between 2 classifications: X1 Super and X1 Area.

YearDivisionWinnerPositionTeam
2012EastKohei AraiCenterKajima Deers
CentralKevin CraftQuarterbackIBM Big Blue
WestHisashi KurokawaOffensive tacklePanasonic Impulse
2013EastJunpei YoshimotoWide receiverFujitsu Frontiers
CentralKealakai MaiavaOffensive tackleObic Seagulls
WestDavid MotuLinebackerPanasonic Impulse
YearWinnerPositionTeam
2014Colby CameronQuarterbackFujitsu Frontiers
2015Mason MillsQuarterbackAsahi Beer Silver Star
2016Devin GardnerQuarterbackNojima Sagamihara Rise
2017Taku LiRunning backObic Seagulls
2018Michael BirdsongQuarterbackFujitsu Frontiers
YearClassificationWinnerPositionTeam
2019X1 SuperSamajie GrantRunning backFujitsu Frontiers
X1 Area Garret Safron Quarterback Asahi Soft Drinks Challengers
2021X1 SuperJerod EvansQuarterbackTokyo Gas Creators
X1 Area Satoshi Konuki Wide receiver Dentsu Caterpillars
2022X1 SuperJaylon HendersonQuarterbackPanasonic Impulse
X1 Area Kento Shibata Running Back PentaOcean Pirates

X-League Fairplay award

Since 2012, the X-League Fairplay award is awarded to the team that had accumulated the fewest penalties during the regular season.

YearDivisionTeam
2012WestPanasonic Impulse
2013CentralAll Mitsubishi Lions
2014EastHurricanes (X-League)
2015CentralHurricanes (X-League)
2016EastKeishichou Eagles
2017EastKeishichou Eagles

Team names

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: League Playoff Works . xleague.com . January 6, 2016.
  2. Web site: Takata named MVP; 8 Impulse make All X-League team . Nagatsuka . Kaz . February 2, 2016 . xleague.com . March 4, 2016.
  3. Web site: Cameron named MVP, heads 9 Frontiers on All-League team . January 31, 2017 . xleague.com . February 5, 2017.
  4. Web site: Panasonic QB Anderson named MVP; Impulse, Frontiers lead All X-League selections with 7 each. . Marantz . Ken . November 30, 2017 . xleague.com . November 30, 2017 . December 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080947/http://www.xleague.com/news/news_league/panasonic-qb-anderson-named-mvp-impulse-frontiers-lead-all-x-league-selections-with-7-each/ . dead .