2000 Explained

2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace^[1] and the World Mathematical Year.^[2]

Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium,^[3] because of a tendency to group the years according to decimal values, as if non-existent year zero were counted. According to the Gregorian calendar, these distinctions fall to the year 2001, because the 1st century was retroactively said to start with the year AD 1. Since the Gregorian calendar does not have year zero, its first millennium spanned from years 1 to 1000 inclusively and its second millennium from years 1001 to 2000. (For further information, see century and millennium.)

The year 2000 is sometimes abbreviated as "Y2K" (the "Y" stands for "year", and the "K" stands for "kilo" which means "thousand").^{[4] [5]} The year 2000 was the subject of Y2K concerns, which were fears that computers would not shift from 1999 to 2000 correctly. However, by the end of 1999, many companies had already converted to new, or upgraded, existing software. Some even obtained "Y2K certification". As a result of massive effort, relatively few problems occurred.

Events

January

• January 6 – The last naturally conceived Pyrenean ibex is found dead, apparently killed by a falling tree.^[6]
• January 10 – America Online announces an agreement to purchase Time Warner for $162 billion (the largest-ever corporate merger).^[7]
  • • January 14 The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 11,722.98 (at the peak of the Dot-com bubble).^[8]
  • The United Nations' International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia sentences five Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of more than 100 Bosnian Muslims.
• January 30 – Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes off the Ivory Coast into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169 people.^[9]
• January 31 – Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean; all 88 passengers and crew are killed.^[10]

February

• February 5 – Second Chechen War: Novye Aldi massacre – Russian forces summarily execute 56–60 civilians in a suburb of Grozny.^[11]
• February 6 – Second Chechen War: Battle of Grozny (1999–2000) ends as Russian forces conclude capture of the Chechen capital Grozny.^[12]
• February 9 – Torrential rains in Africa led to the worst flooding in Mozambique in 50 years, which lasted until March and killed 800 people.
• February 13 – Final Peanuts comic is printed in newspapers, preceded by author Charles M. Schulz's death the night before. It was the most popular comic strip in history, running for 50 years.^[13]
• February 17 – Microsoft releases Windows 2000.^[14]
• February 21 – UNESCO holds the inaugural celebration of International Mother Language Day.^[15]
• February 29 – A rare century leap year date occurs. Usually, century years are common years due to not being exactly divisible by 400. 2000 is the first such year to have a February 29 since the year 1600, making it only the second such occasion since the Gregorian Calendar was introduced in 1582. The next such leap year will occur in 2400.

March

• March 4  - Sony releases the PlayStation 2 in Japan to compete with the Dreamcast. It launches in other countries later in the year.^[16]
• March 10  - The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5,048.^[17] Two weeks later, the NASDAQ-100, S&P 500, and Wilshire 5000 reach their peaks prior to the Dot-com bubble, ending a bull market run that had lasted over 17 years.
• March 12
  • Pope John Paul II apologizes for the wrongdoings by members of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the ages.^[18]
  • A Zenit-3SL sea launch fails due to a software bug.^[19]
• March 13  - The United States dollar becomes the official currency of Ecuador, replacing the Ecuadorian sucre.
• March 17  - Uganda mass death: 778 members of the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in Uganda.
• March 26  - 2000 Russian presidential election: Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.

April

• April 30 – Canonization of Faustina Kowalska in the presence of 200,000 people and the first Divine Mercy Sunday celebrated worldwide.

May

• May 1 – A new class of composite material is fabricated, which has a combination of physical properties never before seen in a natural or human-made material.^{[20] [21]}
• May 4 – The 7.6 Central Sulawesi earthquake affects Banggai, Indonesia, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII (Very strong), leaving 46 dead and 264 injured.
• May 5
  • After originating in the Philippines, the ILOVEYOU computer virus spreads quickly throughout the world.
  • A rare conjunction of seven celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, planets Mercury–Saturn) occurs during the new moon.^[22]
• May 11 – India's population reaches 1 billion.^{[23] [24]}
• May 13
  • A fireworks factory disaster in Enschede, Netherlands, kills 23.
  • Millennium Force opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster
• May 24 – Real Madrid C.F. defeats Valencia CF 3–0 in the UEFA Champions League Final at Stade de France to win their second title between 1998 and 2002, and their eighth overall.

June

• June 4  - The 7.9 Enggano earthquake shakes southwestern Sumatra, killing 103 people and injuring at least 2,174.
• June 10 - July 2  - Belgium and the Netherlands jointly host the UEFA Euro 2000 football tournament, which is won by France.
• June 17  - A centennial earthquake (6.5 on the Richter scale) hits Iceland on its national day.^[25]
• June 21  - Another earthquake hits Iceland more west than the previous centennial earthquake.
• June 26  - A preliminary draft of genomes, as part of the Human Genome Project, is finished. It is announced at the White House by President Clinton.^[26]

July

• July 1 – The Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is officially opened for traffic.
• July 2 – France defeats Italy 2–1 after extra time in the final of the European Championship, becoming the first team to win the World Cup and European Championship consecutively.
• July 7 – The draft assembly of Human Genome Project is announced at the White House by US President Bill Clinton, Francis Collins, and Craig Venter.
• July 10 – In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline.
• July 11 - 25 – A summit meeting takes place at Camp David between United States president Bill Clinton, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority chairman Yasser Arafat, ending without an agreement.^[27]
• July 14 – A powerful solar flare, later named the Bastille Day event, causes a geomagnetic storm on Earth.^[28]
• July 25 – Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde aircraft, crashes into a hotel in Gonesse just after takeoff from Paris, killing all 109 aboard and 4 in the hotel.

August

• August 8 – The Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.
• August 12 – The Russian submarine Kursk sinks in the Barents Sea during one of the largest Russian naval exercises since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.
• August 14 – Tsar Nicholas II and his family are canonized by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.

September

• September 1  - The Nokia 3310 is released.
• September 6  - The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense.
• September 6 - 8  - World leaders attend the Millennium Summit at U.N. Headquarters.
• September 7 - 14  - Fuel protests take place in the United Kingdom, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.
• September 13  - Steve Jobs introduces the public beta of Mac OS X for US$29.95.^[29]
• September 14 – Microsoft releases Windows Me.^[30]
• September 15  - October 1  - The 2000 Summer Olympics, held in Sydney, Australia, is the first Olympic Games of the 2000s.
• September 16  - Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive; this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.
• September 26  - The Greek ferry Express Samina sinks off the coast of the island of Paros; 80 out of a total of over 500 passengers perish in one of Greece's worst sea disasters.
• September 28  - Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in East Jerusalem, sparking an uprising that became the Second Intifada.^[31]

October

• October 3  - Approximate start of Autumn 2000 Western Europe floods (particularly affecting the UK), precipitated by days of heavy rain.
• October 5  - Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Yugoslavia's president Slobodan Milošević.
• October 11  - 250e6USgal of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky, United States (considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill).
• October 12  - In Aden, Yemen, USS Cole is badly damaged by two Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, who place a small boat laden with explosives alongside the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.
• October 17 – A Great North Eastern Railway Intercity 225 Express Train is derailed, killing four people and injuring many others, in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.^[32]
  • • October 22 The Mainichi Shimbun newspaper exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud; Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises on his findings.
  • Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori and Singaporean Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong formally negotiate Japan-Singapore Economic Agreement for a New Age Partnership (JSEPA).^[33]
• October 26 – Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparent mummy of an alleged Persian Princess in the province of Balochistan, Pakistan. The governments of Iran, Pakistan as well as the Taliban of Afghanistan all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a modern-day forgery in April 2001.^[34]
  • • October 31 Soyuz TM-31 is launched, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since.^[35]
  • Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, resulting in 83 deaths.

November

• November 2 – The first residents visits the International Space Station during Expedition 1.^[36]
• November 7 – The 2000 United States presidential election: No winner can be declared, prompting a controversial recount in Florida.^[37]
• November 11 – Kaprun disaster, Austria: A funicular fire in an Alpine tunnel kills 155 skiers and snowboarders.^[38]
• November 12 – The United States recognizes the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.^[39]
• November 15 – Bihar was divided into two parts due to Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000, and Jharkhand, the 28th state of India was created. Hence, this day is celebrated as Jharkhand Foundation Day.^{[40] [41]}
• November 20 – Alberto Fujimori, President of Peru, faxes his resignation from a hotel room in Japan, after fleeing Peru after facing corruption charges.^[42] Fujimori would be officially removed from office by Congress on the 22nd.^[43]

December

• December 7 – Kadisoka temple is discovered in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
• December 12 – Bush v. Gore: The United States Supreme Court rules that the recount of the 2000 presidential election in Florida should be halted and the original results be certified, thus making George W. Bush the winner of the U.S. presidential election.^[44]
• December 15 – The third and final reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down and the station is shut down completely.
• December 24 – The Christmas Eve bombings in several churches in Indonesia kill 18 people.
• December 25 – The Luoyang Christmas fire at a shopping center in China kills 309 people.
• December 31 – The 20th century and 2nd millennium conclude.

World population

World population^[45]
	2000	1995			2005
World	6,070,581,000	5,674,380,000	+396,201,000	+6.98%	6,453,628,000	+383,047,000	+6.31%
Africa	795,671,000	707,462,000	+88,209,000	+12.47%	887,964,000	+92,293,000	+11.60%
Asia	3,679,737,000	3,430,052,000	+249,685,000	+7.28%	3,917,508,000	+237,771,000	+6.46%
Europe	727,986,000	727,405,000	+581,000	+0.08%	724,722,000	−3,264,000	−0.45%
Latin America	520,229,000	481,099,000	+39,130,000	+8.13%	558,281,000	+38,052,000	+7.31%
Northern America	315,915,000	299,438,000	+16,477,000	+5.50%	332,156,000	+16,241,000	+5.14%
Oceania	31,043,000	28,924,000	+2,119,000	+7.33%	32,998,000	+1,955,000	+6.30%

Births and deaths

See main article: Births in 2000.

Nobel Prizes

• Chemistry – Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, and Hideki Shirakawa
• Economics – James Heckman and Daniel McFadden
• Literature – Gao Xingjian
• Peace – Kim Dae-jung
• Physics – Zhores Alferov, Herbert Kroemer, and Jack Kilby
• Physiology or Medicine – Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, and Eric Kandel

See also

• 2000 in politics
• Y2K (disambiguation)
• Year 2000 problem

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2000: International Year for the Culture of Peace . UNESCO . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20010124051400/http://www3.unesco.org/iycp/ . January 24, 2001.
2. Web site: Isaac Newton Maths posters in the London Underground . July 23, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131010060459/http://www.newton.ac.uk/wmy2kposters/ . October 10, 2013 . dead.
3. News: RadioFreeEurope .
4. Web site: Y2K, After the Hype . CalendarHome.com . September 15, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130831075015/http://calendarhome.com/clink/y2000.html . August 31, 2013.
5. News: Tina . Kelley . 'Y2K' Stands for the Year 2000. Now That Wasn't Really Difficult, Was It? . The New York Times . December 27, 1999 . September 15, 2013 . October 2, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131002222719/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/27/nyregion/y2k-stands-for-the-year-2000-now-that-wasn-t-really-difficult-was-it.html . live .
6. Web site: The Species That Went Extinct Twice . Smith . Kiona N. . January 23, 2021 . Forbes . https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073011/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2021/01/23/the-species-that-went-extinct-twice/ . January 31, 2021 . live.
7. News: How the AOL-Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong . Arango . Tim . January 10, 2010 . The New York Times . live . January 24, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100124024239/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/11/business/media/11merger.html.
8. Web site: Dow Jones . U.S. Securities and Exchanges Commission . July 25, 2018 . July 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180726071917/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/357298/000035729801500016/dowjones.html . live .
9. Web site: 25 January 2002. REPORT – Accident which occurred on 30 January 2000 in the sea near Abidjan Airport to the Airbus 310–304 registered 5Y-BEN operated by Kenya Airways. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053439/https://www.bea.aero/docspa/2000/5y-n000130a/pdf/5y-n000130a.pdf. 30 January 2019. Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety.
10. Web site: Flight 261 Special Report: Alaska Airlines Names Aviation Experts To Conduct Safety Audit. https://web.archive.org/web/20010212073412/http://www.alaskaair.com/E_latest.asp. dead. February 12, 2001. Alaska Airlines. March 24, 2000. May 29, 2018. Latest version of rolling report (originally retrieved May 31, 2009)
11. Book: Endless brutality: war crimes in Chechnya . Physicians for Human Rights . Boston, Mass . 2001 . 9781879707320 . 58.
12. Web site: Putin: 'Grozny liberated'. BBC News. 7 February 2000. July 1, 2022. August 18, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170818175746/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/632767.stm. live.
13. Web site: Writers . Jonathan Curiel, Pamela J. Podger, Chronicle Staff . 2000-02-14 . Farewell to Schulz, Peanuts / As comic strip ends, fans mourn... . 2023-12-26 . SFGATE . en.
14. Web site: Gates Ushers in Next Generation of PC Computing With Launch of Windows 2000 . February 17, 2000. Microsoft.
15. Web site: International Mother Language Day. United Nations. July 1, 2022. July 1, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220701183121/https://www.un.org/en/observances/mother-language-day/. live.
16. Web site: 2020-11-19 . History Of PlayStation: PS1, PS2, PS3, PS4, PS5 - Launch Prices, Specs, Games . 2023-12-15 . PlayStation Universe . en-US.
17. http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1000766.shtml Fifth Anniversary: Nasdaq's record all-time closing high 5,048.62
18. Web site: Boudreaux . Richard . 2000-03-13 . Pope Apologizes for Catholic Sins Past and Present . 2023-12-15 . Los Angeles Times . en-US.
19. Web site: Sea Launch malfunction blamed on software glitch . Spaceflight Now . Justin . Ray . March 30, 2000 . December 23, 2015 . March 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115644/http://spaceflightnow.com/sealaunch/ico1/000330software.html . live .
20. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184 . 10990641 . Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity . S . Schultz . SC . Nemat-Nasser . DC . Vier . WJ . 2000 . Padilla . Smith . D. R. . Physical Review Letters . 84 . 18 . 4184–7 . 2000PhRvL..84.4184S . free. 0031-9007.
21. Web site: McDonald, Kim . UCSD Physicists Develop a New Class of Composite Material with 'Reverse' Physical Properties Never Before Seen . UCSD Science and Engineering . March 21, 2000 . December 17, 2010 . June 11, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110611235821/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/mccomposite.htm . live .
22. Web site: Planetary Alignment of 5 May 2000 . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . September 15, 2013 . April 19, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200419140559/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/alignment.html . live .
23. Web site: Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search.
24. Web site: Ludington Daily News - Google News Archive Search.
25. Web site: 2020-10-05 . Historical earthquakes in Iceland – Iceland geology . 2023-12-15 . en-US.
26. Web site: President Clinton Announces the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome . web.ornl.gov . . Press release . June 25, 2000 . June 26, 2013 . live . March 18, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210318084434/https://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/clinton1.shtml.
27. Web site: BBC News MIDDLE EAST Camp David timeline . 2023-10-23 . news.bbc.co.uk . October 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231027153036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/848968.stm . live .
28. The Bastille Day (14 July 2000) event in historical large sun-earth connection events . January 2001 . 10.1023/A:1014273227639 . 2 January 2021. Watari . Shinichi . Kunitake . Manabu . Watanabe . Takashi . Solar Physics . 204 . 425–438 . 2001SoPh..204..425W . 117394988 .
29. Web site: Apple Releases Mac OS X Public Beta . . September 12, 2018 . September 13, 2000 . Apple.com . June 30, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200630033344/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2000/09/13Apple-Releases-Mac-OS-X-Public-Beta/ . live .
30. Web site: Microsoft Announces Immediate Availability Of Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me). News Center. Microsoft. September 14, 2000.
31. News: 2004-09-29 . Al-Aqsa Intifada timeline . en-GB . 2023-11-04 . July 2, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160702011849/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm . live .
32. News: How Hatfield changed the railways . . September 6, 2005 . August 23, 2016 . January 12, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4216830.stm . live.
33. Web site: Evolution of Japan's Policy Toward Economic Integration . December 1, 2001 . Munakata . Naoko . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220210024233/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/evolution-of-japans-policy-toward-economic-integration/amp/ . February 10, 2022.
34. Web site: Pakistan and Iran fight over mummified princess . November 26, 2000 . Harding . Luke . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210217203513/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/nov/26/pakistan.iran . February 17, 2021.
35. Web site: Let the new space era begin . November 6, 2000 . . August 5, 2010 . September 17, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110917103602/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2000/11/06/207767.htm?site=science_dev&topic=latest . live.
36. News: October 31, 2000 . First crew starts living and working on the International Space Station . European Space Agency . January 24, 2021 . December 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181217064333/http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/First_crew_starts_living_and_working_on_the_International_Space_Station . live.
37. News: Florida recounts votes county by county as candidates wait . November 8, 2000 . CNN.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20001109023909/http://www.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/08/election.president/ . November 9, 2000 . April 16, 2020.
38. Book: Vishnu Konoorayar . V. S. Jaya . Disaster Management and Law . 2005 . Indian Law Institute . 214.
39. Web site: Kingdom of Serbia/Yugoslavia . A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776 . Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute . United States Department of State . July 14, 2020 . February 11, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100211015136/https://history.state.gov/countries/kingdom-of-yugoslavia . live .
40. Book: Bera, Gautam Kumar . The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India . 2008 . Mittal Publications . 978-81-8324-145-8 . en.
41. Web site: 25 August 2000 . The Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 . 19 November 2023 . IndianKanoon.org . July 24, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190724073805/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1054471/ . live .
42. News: Peru's Fujimori resigns . November 20, 2000 . May 31, 2022 . October 6, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231006224932/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1032381.stm . live .
43. Web site: Peruvian Lawmakers Kick Fujimori Out of Office . . 2000-11-22 . 2022-06-08 . December 18, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191218015646/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/11/22/peruvian-lawmakers-kick-fujimori-out-of-office/0c6188f9-b45c-4afb-9b9d-b93ddc1c1550/ . live .
44. Web site: Bush v. Gore . Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute . April 16, 2020 . October 15, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071015060335/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html . live .
45. http://esa.un.org/unpp World Population Prospects