Yasukuni Shrine Explained

Yasukuni Shrine
Native Name:
Japanese: Yasukuni Jinja
Map Type:Japan
Religious Affiliation:Shinto
Type:Japanese: [[Chokusaisha]]
(former Japanese: [[Bekkaku Kanpeisha|bekkaku-kanpeisha]])
Founded By:Emperor Meiji
Established:June 1869
Location:3-1-1 Kudankita, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-8246
Architecture Style:Japanese: [[Shinmei-zukuri]],
copper roofing (dōbanbuki)

is a Shinto shrine located in Chiyoda, Tokyo. It was founded by Emperor Meiji in June 1869 and commemorates those who died in service of Japan, from the Boshin War of 1868–1869, to the two Sino-Japanese Wars, 1894–1895 and 1937–1945 respectively, and the First Indochina War of 1946–1954, including war criminals.[1] The shrine's purpose has been expanded over the years to include those who died in the wars involving Japan spanning from the entire Meiji and Taishō periods, and the earlier part of the Shōwa period.[2]

The shrine lists the names, origins, birthdates and places of death of 2,466,532 men.[2] Among those are 1,066 convicted war criminals, twelve of whom were charged with Class A crimes (the planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of the war); eleven were convicted on those charges with the twelfth found not guilty on all such charges though he was found guilty of Class B war crimes. The names of two more men charged with Class A war crimes are on the list but one died during trial and one before trial so they were never convicted. This has led to many controversies surrounding the shrine. Another memorial at the Honden (main hall) building commemorates anyone who died on behalf of Japan and so includes Koreans and Taiwanese who served Japan at the time. In addition, the Chinreisha ("Spirit Pacifying Shrine") building is a shrine built to inter the souls of all the people who died during World War II, regardless of their nationality. It is located directly south of the Yasukuni Honden.

Japanese soldiers fought World War II in the name of Emperor Shōwa, who visited the shrine 8 times between the end of the war and 1975.[3] However, he stopped visiting the shrine due to his displeasure over the enshrinement of top convicted Japanese war criminals.[4] His successors Akihito and Naruhito have never visited the shrine.[5]

History

See also: State Shinto.

Foundation for the dead in the Boshin War and Meiji Restoration

The site for the Yasukuni Shrine, originally named, was chosen by order of the Meiji Emperor.[6] The shrine was established in 1869, in the wake of the Boshin War, in order to honor the souls of those who died fighting for the Emperor. It initially served as the "apex" of a network of similar shrines throughout Japan that had originally been established for the souls of various feudal lords' retainers, and which continued to enshrine local individuals who died in the Emperor's service. Following the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion, the Emperor had 6,959 souls of war dead enshrined at Tōkyō Shōkonsha.[7] In 1879, the shrine was renamed Yasukuni Jinja. The name Yasukuni, quoted from the phrase「Chinese: 吾以靖國也 in the classical-era Chinese text Zuo Zhuan (Scroll 6, 23rd Year of Duke Xi), literally means "Pacifying the Nation" and was chosen by the Meiji Emperor.[8] The name is formally written as, using the kyūjitai character forms common before the end of the Pacific War.

From First Sino-Japanese War to Second Sino-Japanese War

The enshrinement of war dead at Yasukuni was transferred to military control in 1887. As the Empire of Japan expanded, Okinawans, Ainu and Koreans were enshrined at Yasukuni alongside ethnic Japanese. Emperor Meiji refused to allow the enshrinement of Taiwanese due to the organized resistance that followed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, but Taiwanese were later admitted due to the need to conscript them during World War II.In 1932, two Sophia University (Jochi Daigaku) Catholic students refused visit to Yasukuni Shrine on the grounds that it was contrary to their religious convictions.[10] In 1936, the Society for the Propagation of the Faith (Propaganda Fide) of the Roman Curia issued the Instruction Pluries Instanterque,[11] and approved visits to Yasukuni Shrine as an expression of patriotic motive.[12] This response of the Catholic Church helped the Jesuit university avoid a fateful crisis, but it meant its bowing down to the military power and control by Emperor system.

During World War II and the GHQ occupation period

See also: Statism in Shōwa Japan and Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. By the 1930's, the military government sought centralized state control over memorialization of the war dead, giving Yasukuni a more central role. Enshrinements at Yasukuni were originally announced in the government's official gazette so that the souls could be treated as national heroes, but this practice ended in April 1944 and the identities of the spirits were subsequently concealed from the general public. The shrine had a critical role in military and civilian morale during the war era as a symbol of dedication to the Emperor.[13] Enshrinement at Yasukuni signified meaning and nobility to those who died for their country. During the final days of the war, it was common for soldiers sent on kamikaze suicide missions to say that they would "meet again at Yasukuni" following their death.[14] [15] In addition, military songs created at that time often included information about Yasukuni, such as Doki no Sakura(同期の桜) and Calming the country(国の鎮め). At that time, however, the coalition saw that Japan, which was in a tight corner, was using Yasukuni for propaganda purposes. The main point is that the Yasukuni is used as a means of pressure to induce soldiers to choose suicide bombing to escape desperate situations or to socially bury those who are captured or want to surrender.[16]

After World War II, the US-led Occupation Authorities (known as GHQ for General Headquarters) issued the Shinto Directive, which ordered the separation of church and state and forced Yasukuni Shrine to become either a secular government institution or a religious institution independent from the Japanese government. Yasukuni Shrine has been privately funded and operated since 1946, when it was elected to become an individual religious corporation independent of the Association of Shinto Shrines.[17] [18] The GHQ planned to burn down the Yasukuni Shrine and build a dog race course in its place.[19] However, Father Bruno Bitter of the Roman Curia and Father Patrick Byrne of Maryknoll insisted to GHQ that honoring their war dead is the right and duty of citizens everywhere, and GHQ decided not to destroy the Yasukuni shrine. Moreover, the Roman Curia reaffirmed the Instruction Pluries Instanterque in 1951.

Post-war issues and controversies

See main article: Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine.

Enshrinement of war criminals

The shrine authorities and the Ministry of Health and Welfare established a system in 1956 for the government to share information with the shrine regarding deceased war veterans. Most of Japan's war dead who were not already enshrined at Yasukuni were enshrined in this manner by April 1959. War criminals prosecuted by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East were initially excluded from enshrinement after the war. Government authorities began considering their enshrinement, along with providing veterans' benefits to their survivors, following the signature of the Treaty of San Francisco in 1951, and in 1954 directed some local memorial shrines to accept the enshrinement of war criminals from their area.[20] No convicted war criminals were enshrined at Yasukuni until after the parole of the last remaining incarcerated war criminals in 1958. The Health and Welfare Ministry began forwarding information on Class B and Class C war criminals (those not involved in the planning, preparation, initiation, or waging of the war) to Yasukuni Shrine in 1959, and these individuals were gradually enshrined between 1959 and 1967, often without permission from surviving family members.

Information on fourteen men who had been charged with Class A war crimes—eleven were convicted on these charges, one was convicted of Class B war crimes, and two died before completing trial; this group included the prime ministers and top generals from the war era—was forwarded to the shrine in 1966. The shrine passed a resolution to enshrine these individuals in 1970. The timing for their enshrinement was left to the discretion of head priest Fujimaro Tsukuba, who delayed the enshrinement through his death in March 1978. His successor Nagayoshi Matsudaira, who rejected the Tokyo war crimes tribunal's verdicts, enshrined these fourteen convicted or alleged war criminals in a secret ceremony in 1978. Emperor Shōwa, who visited the shrine as recently as 1975, was privately displeased with the action, and subsequently refused to visit the shrine. The details of the enshrinement of war criminals eventually became public in 1979, but there was minimal controversy about the issue for several years. No Emperor of Japan has visited Yasukuni since 1975.

The head-priest Junna Nakata at Honzen-ji Temple (of the Shingon sect Daigo-ha) requested the pontiff Pope Paul VI to say a Mass for the repose of the souls of all people in the Yasukuni, which would include the 1,618 men condemned as Class A, B and C war criminals, and he promised to do so. In 1980, Pope John Paul II complied, and a Mass was held in St. Peter's Basilica for all the fallen civilians and fallen dead worshiped in the shrine.

Statements by the shrine museum

The museum and website of the Yasukuni Shrine have made statements criticizing the United States for "convincing" the Empire of Japan to launch the attack on Pearl Harbor in order to justify the Pacific War, as well as claiming that Japan went to war with the intention of creating a "Co-Prosperity Sphere" for all Asians.[21]

Chronology

[22] [23] [9] See details on related controversy in Controversies surrounding Yasukuni Shrine.

Annual celebrations

[61] [62]

Enshrined deities

There are over 2,466,000 enshrined kami (deities) listed in the Yasukuni's Symbolic Registry of Divinities. This list includes soldiers, as well as women and students who were involved in relief operations in the battlefield or worked in factories for the war effort.[2] There are neither ashes nor spirit tablets in the shrine. Enshrinement is not exclusive to people of Japanese descent. Yasukuni has enshrined 27,863 Taiwanese and 21,181 Koreans.[63] Many more kami – those who fought in opposition to imperial Japan, as well as all war dead regardless of nationality – are enshrined at Chinreisha.[64]

Eligible categories

As a general rule, the enshrined are limited to military personnel who were killed while serving Japan during armed conflicts. Civilians who were killed during a war are not included, apart from a handful of exceptions. A deceased must fall into one of the following categories for enshrinement in the honden:

  1. Military personnel, and civilians serving for the military, who were:
    • killed in action, or died as a result of wounds or illnesses sustained while on duty outside the Home Islands (and within the Home Islands after September 1931)
    • missing and presumed to have died as a result of wounds or illnesses sustained while on duty
    • died as a result of war crime tribunals which have been ratified by the San Francisco Peace Treaty
  2. Civilians who participated in combat under the military and died from resulting wounds or illnesses (includes residents of Okinawa)
  3. Civilians who died, or are presumed to have died, in Soviet labor camps during and after the war
  4. Civilians who were officially mobilized or volunteered (such as factory workers, mobilized students, Japanese Red Cross nurses and anti air-raid volunteers) who were killed while on duty
  5. Crew who were killed aboard Merchant Navy vessels
  6. Crew who were killed due to the sinking of exchange ships (e.g. Awa Maru)
  7. Okinawan schoolchildren evacuees who were killed (e.g. the sinking of Tsushima Maru)
  8. Officials of the governing bodies of Karafuto Prefecture, Kwantung Leased Territory, Governor-General of Korea and Governor-General of Taiwan

Although new names of soldiers killed during World War II are added to the shrine list every year, no one who was killed due to conflicts after Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty that formally ended World War II in 1951 has been qualified for enshrinement. Therefore, the shrine does not include members of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces which was established after the peace treaty.

Enshrinement is carried out unilaterally by the shrine without consultation of surviving family members and in some cases against the stated wishes of the family members. Some families from foreign countries such as South Korea have requested that their relatives be delisted on the grounds that enshrining someone against their beliefs in life constitutes an infringement of the Constitution.[65]

Conflicts

Japan has participated in 16 other conflicts since the Boshin War in 1869. The following table chronologically lists the number of people enshrined as kami at the honden (as of October 17, 2004) from each of these conflicts.

ConflictDescriptionYear(s)Number of enshrinedNotes
Boshin War and Meiji RestorationJapanese civil war1867–18697,751[66]
Satsuma RebellionJapanese civil war18776,971
Taiwan Expedition of 1874Conflict with Paiwan people (Taiwanese aborigines)18741,130
Ganghwa Island incidentConflict with Joseon Army18752[67]
Imo IncidentConflict with Joseon Rebel Army over Korea188214[68] [69] [70]
Gapsin Coupa failed 3-day coup d'état in the late Joseon Dynasty of Korea18846[71]
First Sino-Japanese WarConflict with Qing China over Korea1894–9513,619
Boxer UprisingEight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China19011,256
Russo-Japanese WarConflict with Russian Empire over Korea and Manchuria1904–0588,429
World War IConflict with German Empire (Central Powers) over Mediterranean Sea and Shandong, a Chinese province1914–19184,850
Battle of QingshanliConflict with the Korean Independence Army over Korea192011
Jinan IncidentConflict with the Kuomintang of China over Jinan, the capital of Shandong province1928185
Wushe IncidentThe last major uprising against colonial Japanese forces in Taiwan1930Unknown
Nakamura IncidentThe extrajudicial killing of Imperial Japanese Army Captain Shintarō Nakamura and three others, on 27 June 1931 by Chinese soldiers in Manchuria193119[72]
Mukden IncidentLeading to the occupation of Manchuria1931–193717,176[73]
Second Sino-Japanese WarConflict with China1937–1941191,250
World War II Pacific theatre
(including Indochina War[74])		Conflict with the Allied forces and involvement in the Pacific theater (including Class A, B, & C War Criminals, and Forced labor of Japanese in the Soviet Union)
(Conflict with France)		1941–1945
1945–		2,133,915
 Total2,466,584

The Yasukuni shrine does not include the Tokugawa shogunate's forces (particularly from the Aizu domain) or rebel forces who died during the Boshin War or Satsuma Rebellion because they are considered enemies of the emperor. They are enshrined at Chinreisha.[64]

Precinct

There are a multitude of facilities within the 6.25 hectare grounds of the shrine, as well as several structures along the 4 hectare causeway. Though other shrines in Japan also occupy large areas, Yasukuni is different because of its recent historical connections. The Yūshūkan museum is just the feature that differentiate Yasukuni from other Shinto shrines. The following lists describe many of these facilities and structures.

Shrine structures

On the shrine grounds, there are several important religious structures. The shrine's haiden, Yasukuni's main prayer hall where worshipers come to pray, was originally built in 1901 in styles of Irimoya-zukuri, Hirairi, and Doubanbuki (copper roofing) in order to allow patrons to pay their respects and make offerings. This building's roof was renovated in 1989. The white screens hanging off the ceiling are changed to purple ones on ceremonial occasions.[75]

The honden is the main shrine where Yasukuni's enshrined deities reside. Built in 1872 and refurbished in 1989, it is where the shrine's priests perform Shinto rituals. The building is generally closed to the public.[76]

The building located on the right side of haiden is the (Assembly Hall), which was rebuilt in 2004. Reception and waiting rooms are available for individuals and groups who wish to worship in the Main Shrine.[77]

The building located directly behind the Sanshuden is the (Reception Hall).[78]

The building located directly behind the honden is known as the (Repository for the Symbolic Registers of Divinities) built in styles of Kirizuma-zukuri, Hirairi, and Doubanbuki. It houses the —a handmade Japanese paper document that lists the names of all the kami enshrined and worshiped at Yasukuni Shrine. It was built of quakeproof concrete in 1972 with a private donation from Emperor Shōwa.[79]

In addition to Yasukuni's main shrine buildings, there are also two peripheral shrines located on the precinct. is a small shrine that was first established in Kyoto by sympathizers of the imperial loyalists that were killed during the early weeks of the civil war that erupted during the Meiji Restoration. Seventy years later, in 1931, it was moved directly south of Yasukuni Shrine's honden. Its name, Motomiya ("Original Shrine"), references the fact that it was essentially a prototype for the current Yasukuni Shrine.[80] The second peripheral shrine is the Chinreisha. This small shrine was constructed in 1965, directly south of the Motomiya. It is dedicated to those not enshrined in the honden—those killed by wars or incidents worldwide, regardless of nationality. It has a festival on July 13.[81]

Torii and Mon (gates)

There are several different torii and gates located on both the causeway and shrine grounds. When moving through the grounds from east to west, the first torii visitors encounter is the Daiichi Torii (Ōtorii). This large steel structure was the largest torii in Japan when it was first erected in 1921 to mark the main entrance to the shrine.[82] It stands approximately 25 meters tall and 34 meters wide and is the first torii. The current iteration of this torii was erected in 1974 after the original was removed in 1943 due to weather damage. This torii was recently repainted.[83]

The Daini Torii (Seidō Ōtorii) is the second torii encountered on the westward walk to the shrine. It was erected in 1887 to replace a wooden one which had been erected earlier.[82] This is the largest bronze torii in Japan.[84] Immediately following the Daini Torii is the . A 6-meter tall hinoki cypress gate, it was first built in 1934 and restored in 1994. Each of its two doors bears a Chrysanthemum Crest measuring 1.5 meters in diameter.[85] West of this gate is the (Third Shrine Gate), the last torii visitors must pass underneath before reaching Yasukuni's haiden. It was recently rebuilt of cypress harvested in Saitama Prefecture in 2006.[86]

In addition to the three torii and one gate that lead to the main shrine complex, there are a few others that mark other entrances to the shrine grounds. The Ishi Torii is a large stone torii located on the south end of the main causeway. It was erected in 1932 and marks the entrance to the parking lots.[87] The Kitamon and Minamimon are two areas that mark the north and south entrances, respectively, into the Yasukuni Shrine complex. The Minamimon is marked by a small wooden gateway.

Memorials

Other buildings and structures

(from Kudanshita Station)

List of priests

[22] [23] [9]

Guji (Chief priests): term of office

Gon-guji (associate chief priests): term of office

Organization

Yasukuni shrine is an individual religious corporation and does not belong to the Association of Shinto Shrines.[115] Yasukuni shrine has departments listed below. The controls the overall system, and the assists the Gūji.

Cultural references

Bank notes

Postage stamps

Popular music

Plays

Books

Posters

Swords

In 1933, Minister of War Sadao Araki founded the in the grounds of the shrine to preserve old forging methods and promote Japan's samurai traditions, as well as to meet the huge demand for guntō (military swords) for officers. About 8,100 "Yasukuni swords" were manufactured in the grounds of the Yasukuni Shrine between 1933 and 1945.

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

Regarding its controversy

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: History. Yasukuni.or.jp . 2016-03-03.
  2. Web site: Deities . Yasukuni.or.jp . 2008-04-13 . 2016-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160624201439/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/about/deities.html . dead .
  3. News: Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy . Reuters . 14 August 2021 .
  4. News: Hirohito quit Yasukuni Shrine visits over concerns about war criminals . The New York Times . 26 April 2007 .
  5. News: Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy . Reuters . 14 August 2021 .
  6. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, pp. 118–134.
  7. Web site: Hiyama. Yukio. How Japan Honors Its War Dead: The Coexistence of Complementary Systems. Nippon.com. 26 December 2013. 21 August 2013.
  8. Web site: http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/fe6700/fe_ya_05060901.htm . . ja:基礎からわかる靖国神社問題】Ｑ 戦前、戦後 どんな役割？ . 2007-01-30 . https://archive.today/20060831144856/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/fe6700/fe_ya_05060901.htm . 2006-08-31. ja.
  9. Book: Webcat Plus . ja:靖国神社略年表 . 1973 . ja .
  10. Book: The Cross in the Dark Valley The Canadian Protestant Missionary Movement in the Japanese Empire, 1931–1945 . https://web.archive.org/web/20040819043343/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5937 . dead . 2004-08-19 . 2014-01-06 . February 1999 . 978-0-88920-294-8 . A. Hamish Ion . Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press .
  11. Web site: PDF, ACTES DE S.S.PIE XI, texte latin et traduction francaise, TOME XIV (Annee 1936), Instruction Pluries Instanterque, MAISON DE LA BONNE PRESSE, Paris. (Latin-French).
  12. Web site: John Breen Archives . ja:John Breen, "Popes, Bishops and War Criminals: reflections on Catholics and Yasukuni in post-war Japan 法皇、司教、戦犯−−戦後日本のカトリックと靖国" . japanfocus.org . en,ja . 5 June 2020 .
  13. Web site: Takahashi. Tetsuya. Yasukuni Shrine at the Heart of Japan's National Debate: History, Memory, Denial. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 27 December 2013. 6 April 2007. During Japan's colonial period the emperor was the sovereign and religious power and commanded its armies. The populations of Japan and its colonies were all regarded as his servants, with a moral duty "to dedicate themselves to the emperor and the state in times of national crisis, with no regard for their own lives." Soldiers who died during these wars, which were considered holy, were an example to the nation and it was the responsibility of the Yasukuni shrine to raise military morale and foster the spiritual mobilisation of the nation for war..
  14. Web site: Higurashi. Yoshinobu. Yasukuni and the Entombment of War Criminals. Nippon.com. 26 December 2013. 25 November 2013.
  15. News: Jeong. Nam-ku. Why do Japanese politicians continue to visit the Yasukuni Shrine?. 27 December 2013. The Hankyoreh. 7 September 2013. The Japanese soldiers who fought in World War II willingly went to their death shouting "Long live the Emperor!" and they reminded each other that they would meet again at Yasukuni after they died. Hanging here and there from the cherry trees in the garden in front of Yushukan are wooden placards bearing the names of Japanese military units..
  16. Web site: Japan's "Secret" Weapon: Suicide . February 11, 2024 . www.cia.gov.
  17. Web site: Yasukuni Shrine at the Heart of Japan's National Debate . 2008-03-23 . Japan Focus . Tetsuya, Takahashi . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080404011318/http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2401 . 2008-04-04 .
  18. Web site: THE YASUKUNI SHRINE PROBLEM IN THE EAST ASIAN CONTEXT: RELIGION AND POLITICS IN MODERN JAPAN: Foundation. Okuyama, Michiaki. 2009. 1 January 2014. As part of the reforms initiated by GHQ, in February 1946 some 86,000 of the total of approximately 106,000 Shinto Shrines were merged into Jinja Honcho (the Association of Shinto Shrines) to form a private religious corporation. ... Yasukuni Shrine, however, chose to become an individual religious corporation keeping itself apart from the Association of Shinto Shrines, on the ground that its function under the imperial regime had been completely different from other Shinto shrines. ... In November 1946, GHQ decided to allow that the precinct of national property where religious facilities were located to be transferred to each facility as a private organization, but this decision did not apply to Yasukuni Shrine and other militaristic shrines. It was only after the peace treaty was effectuated in 1952 that the status of Yasukuni Shrine as a private religious corporation was finally established.. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031608/http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina3_broj2/Analiza%201.pdf. dead.
  19. Web site: Deities at Yasukuni Shrine. The Korea Times. 2013-01-06. 2013-06-02.
  20. News: Sato. Jun. Documents show state led move to enshrine war criminals at Yasukuni. 27 December 2013. Asahi Shimbun. 21 January 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131227101711/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201201210013. 27 December 2013.
  21. Book: Hotta, Eri . 2007 . Pan-Asianism and Japan's war 1931–1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . 9780230601031 . 2014-10-15.
  22. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Y0AQAAMAAJ . ja:Momoki Kamo (1912) 靖国神社誌. 1912. 靖国神社 (Tokyo. Japan).
  23. Book: Yasukuni jinja hyakunenshi. ja:Yasukuni Jinja hen (1983–87) 靖国神社百年史 全4卷、資料篇・事歴年表. 1983.
  24. Zakowski. Karol. Reaction to Popular Pressure or a Political Tool? Different Interpretations of China's Policy Regarding Koizumi's Visits to the Yasukuni Shrine. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia. 2012. 11. 2. 47–60. 10.17477/jcea.2012.11.2.047. free.
  25. Web site: Basic Position of the Government of Japan Regarding Prime Minister Koizumi's Visits to Yasukuni Shrine. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 27 December 2013. October 2005. The Prime Minister has stated clearly that the purpose of his visits to the shrine is that he does not visit for the sake of the Class-A war criminals, and that Japan accepted the results of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. He has acknowledged that Japan, "through its colonial rule and aggression, caused tremendous damage and suffering to the people of many countries, particularly to those of Asian nations.".
  26. Web site: Chinese suspected of attack on Tokyo shrine's Web site . https://web.archive.org/web/20040819043343/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5937 . dead . 2004-08-19 . 2014-01-06 . 2005-01-07 . Taipei Times .
  27. Web site: http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=5&key=2005111736 . ko:페이지를 찾을 수 없습니다. . ko-kr . 2015-11-19. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095410/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=5&key=2005111736. 2007-09-29.
  28. News: August 12, 2011 . Taiwanese Politician Faces Charges Over Yasukuni Protest . Japan Probe . dead . https://archive.today/20140325144912/http://www.japanprobe.com/2011/08/12/taiwanese-politician-faces-charges-over-yasukuni-protest/ . March 25, 2014 .
  29. News: Chang . Mao-sen . August 12, 2011 . Tokyo police charge lawmaker May Chin with assault . Japan Probe . Staff Reporter in TOKYO . 1 .
  30. News: Warrant issued for Yasukuni arsonist . The Japan Times . 2015-11-19.
  31. News: Yasukuni fire suspect spouts gripe . The Japan Times . 2015-11-19.
  32. News: Yasukuni arson suspect leaves Seoul for China; Abe issues regret . The Japan Times . 2015-11-19.
  33. News: - YouTube. ja:Free Uyghur (世界ウイグル会議 第4回代表大会開会式&懇親会). Japanese Culture Channel Sakura. 2012-05-17 .
  34. Web site: Korean man arrested for trespassing in Yasukuni Shrine grounds ‹ Japa…. https://archive.today/20140707102430/http://www.japantoday.com/category/crime/view/korean-man-arrested-for-trespassing-in-yasukuni-shrine-grounds. dead. 7 July 2014. 7 July 2014.
  35. News: Tokyo's Yasukuni shrine 'in arson attack' . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8977918/Tokyos-Yasukuni-shrine-in-arson-attack.html . 2022-01-12 . subscription . live . Telegraph . 2015-11-19.
  36. Web site: Basic Position of the Government of Japan Regarding Prime Minister Koizumi's Visits to Yasukuni Shrine. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2014-01-06. 2013-12-26. Statement by Prime Minister Abe "Pledge for everlasting peace".
  37. News: Japanese prime minister visits Yasukuni war shrine . 26 December 2013 . Mainichi Shimbun . 26 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131227012900/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20131226p2g00m0dm032000c.html . 27 December 2013 .
  38. News: Japanese Premier Visits Contentious War Shrine. 26 December 2013. The New York Times. 26 December 2013.
  39. News: Russia expresses regret over Abe's Yasukuni shrine visit . 26 December 2013 . Mainichi Shimbun . 26 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140202102246/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20131227p2g00m0dm026000c.html . 2 February 2014 .
  40. News: Japan PM Shinzo Abe visits Yasukuni WW2 shrine. BBC News. 26 December 2013.
  41. News: Japanese prime minister visits Yasukuni war shrine. 2014-01-06. Mainichi Shimbun. 2014-01-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20140111065827/http://japandailypress.com/us-urges-japan-to-improve-relations-with-neighbors-after-yasukuni-controversy-0641857/. 2014-01-11. dead.
  42. Web site: Japan's Shinzo Abe angers neighbours and US by visiting war dead shrine. TheGuardian.com. 26 December 2013.
  43. Web site: Statement by Prime Minister Abe. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 27 December 2013. 26 December 2013.
  44. News: ja:中韓米の靖国参拝批判、6割が「納得できない」 内閣支持率50%台に回復. 60% [of respondents] "cannot agree" with the criticism of Yasukuni Shrine visits by China, South Korea, and the U.S.; Cabinet approval rating recovers to the 50% range. http://sankei.jp.msn.com/politics/news/140106/plc14010612040012-n1.htm. 6 January 2014. Sankei Shimbun. 6 January 2014. ja:安倍首相が昨年12月26日、靖国神社に参拝したことについて「評価する」とした回答は38・1%、「評価しない」は53・0%だった。評価するとした人の74・0%が「戦争の犠牲者に哀悼の意を示した」ことを理由に挙げた。評価しない人の理由は「外交的配慮に欠ける」が61・9%に達した。ただ、首相の靖国神社参拝を中国や韓国が非難していることに対しては「納得できない」が67・7%を占め、「納得できる」（23・3%）を大きく上回った。米政府が「失望した」とする声明を出したことにも約6割が「納得できない」と回答した。. Regarding Prime Minister Abe's visit to Yasukuni Shrine on December 26th last year, 38.1% of respondents answered that they "approve" of the visit, while 53.0% answered that they "do not approve." Among those who approved, 74.0% cited the reason as "expressing condolences to the victims of war." The main reason given by those who did not approve was "lack of diplomatic consideration," which reached 61.9%. However, when it came to the condemnation of the Prime Minister's visit to Yasukuni Shrine by China and South Korea, 67.7% answered that they "cannot agree" and significantly outnumbered those who "can agree" (23.3%). About 60% also responded "cannot agree" to the statement issued by the U.S. government expressing "disappointment.". dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140106081023/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/politics/news/140106/plc14010612040012-n1.htm. 6 January 2014.
  45. Web site: 11th Japan-China Joint Opinion Poll Analysis Report (Page 32).
  46. Web site: Justin Bieber apologizes for posting Tokyo war shrine photo . IANS. news.biharprabha.com. 24 April 2014.
  47. News: Justin Bieber apologises for visiting Yasukuni Shrine in Japan: Site at centre of international row honours convicted WWII war criminals . 23 April 2014 . Independent.co.uk . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/justin-bieber-apologises-for-visiting-yasukuni-shrine-in-japan-site-at-centre-of-international-row-honours-convicted-ww2-war-criminals-9278122.html . 2022-05-07 . subscription . live.
  48. News: Abe avoids war shrine to placate neighbours on WWII surrender anniversary. 15 August 2014. 15 August 2014. The Japan News.Net.
  49. News: Explosion damages toilet at Japan's controversial shrine for war dead . 23 November 2015. 24 November 2015. Reuters.
  50. Web site: 2015-04-29. 日本旅游资讯：怀古扶今的神社赏樱景点--日本频道--人民网. 2021-10-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20150429142714/http://japan.people.com.cn/n/2014/0408/c368549-24846724.html. 2015-04-29.
  51. Web site: 微博. 2021-10-10. m.weibo.cn.
  52. News: Over 20 brands reportedly drop Chinese actor Zhang Zhehan after visiting Yasukuni Shrine. 16 August 2021. 31 August 2021. marketing-interactive.com.
  53. News: Uproar Over Vacation Snaps at Controversial Japanese Shrine Costs Chinese Actor His Endorsement Deals. 14 August 2021. 31 August 2021. caixinglobal.com.
  54. News: Chinese star Zhang Zhehan blacklisted over Japan photo. 23 August 2021. 31 August 2021. news.com.au.
  55. News: 2018-10-11 . Yasukuni Shrine: Chief priest to quit after criticising Japan's emperor . en-GB . 2023-12-28.
  56. Web site: http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/schedule/shinnen.html. ja:新年祭｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社. yasukuni.or.jp. 2014-01-14. 2013-11-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20131123030309/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/schedule/shinnen.html. dead.
  57. Web site: http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/schedule/shunki.html. ja:春季例大祭｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社. yasukuni.or.jp.
  58. http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/visit/mitama-matsuri
  59. Web site: みたままつり｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社. yasukuni.or.jp.
  60. Web site: http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/schedule/shuki.html. ja:秋季例大祭｜祭事のご案内｜靖国神社. yasukuni.or.jp.
  61. Web site: http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/schedule/index.html. ja:祭事のご案内｜靖国神社. yasukuni.or.jp.
  62. Web site: About Yasukuni Shrine│Yasukuni Shrine. yasukuni.or.jp.
  63. Web site: Yasukuni Shrine and the Double Genocide of Taiwan's Indigenous Atayal: new court verdict . https://web.archive.org/web/20040819043343/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=5937 . dead . 2004-08-19 . 2008-04-13 . 2004-05-27 . . Nobumasa, Tanaka .
  64. Web site: http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/precincts/chinreisha.html . ja:鎮霊社 . 2009-10-16 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  65. News: Suit filed over Korean soldiers enshrined at Yasukuni Shrine . 2013-10-24 . 2001-06-29.
  66. Web site: http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/annai/ . ja:靖国神社 . 2008-04-13 . 2004-10-17 . ja . https://web.archive.org/web/20060718010611/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/annai/ . 2006-07-18 . dead .
  67. Book: Designing History in East Asian Textbooks: Identity Politics and transnational aspirations . 2013-12-31 . 2011 . 9781136826924 . Mueller . Gotelind . Taylor & Francis .
  68. Web site: http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023646900 . ja:国立公文書館 アジア歴史資料センター. jacar.go.jp. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110927111415/http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023646900. 2011-09-27.
  69. Web site: Japanese Cabinet Meeting document Nov, 1882 . . 2008-12-26 . 2009-04-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090413204452/http://www.jacar.go.jp/DAS/meta/listPhoto?IS_STYLE=default&REFCODE=A03023647000 . dead .
  70. Web site: Japan Center for Asian Historical Record: Ref.A01100233700 . .
  71. Web site: Japan Center for Asian Historical Record: Ref.A03023658800 . .
  72. Web site: Japan Center for Asian Historical Record: Ref.C05021974300 . .
  73. Web site: Yasukuni Shrine: Ritual and Memory . 2008-04-13 . 2005-06-03 . Japan Focus . Breen, John . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080417170354/http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2060 . 2008-04-17 .
  74. Web site: Japan-Vietnam relations, were based on the performance of Japanese volunteers in Vietnam Independence War . 2009-09-06 . 2005-10-10 . Tokyo Foundation . Igawa, Sei . ja.
  75. Web site: Haiden (Main Hall) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20081211063857/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/haiden.html . 2008-12-11 . dead .
  76. Web site: Honden (Main Shrine) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111123030/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/honden.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  77. Web site: Sanshuden (Assembly Hall) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111095556/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/sanshuden.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  78. Web site: Tochakuden (Reception Hall) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  79. Web site: Reijibo Hoanden (Repository for the Symbolic Registers of Divinities) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111074636/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/reijubo.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  80. Web site: Motomiya(Original Shrine) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102356/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/motomiya.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  81. Web site: Chinreisha (Spirit-Pacifying Shrine) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20080408032555/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/chinreisha.html . 2008-04-08 . dead .
  82. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 130.
  83. Web site: Daiichi Torii (First Shrine Gate or Great Gate) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111074703/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/torii1.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  84. Web site: Daini Torii (Second Shrine Gate) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111030412/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/torii2.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  85. Web site: Shinmon (Main Gate) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111104712/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/shinmon.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  86. Web site: Chumon Torii (Third Shrine Gate) . 2008-03-23 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102224/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/torii3.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  87. Web site: Ishi Torii (Stone Shrine Gate) . 2008-03-24 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111165227/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/ishitorii.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  88. Web site: Day 7 – Independent Activities . 2008-03-24 . Japan Fulbright Memorial Fund . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111165227/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/ishitorii.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  89. Web site: Statue of War Widow with Children . 2013-01-04 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111074018/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/statue1.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  90. Web site: Statue of Omura Masujiro . 2008-03-24 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111105953/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/statue3.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  91. Web site: Monument of Dr. Pal . 2008-03-28 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111104610/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/monument.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  92. Web site: Dr. Manmohan Singh's banquet speech in honour of Japanese Prime Minister . 2009-09-21 . April 29, 2005 . Indian Prime Minister's Office . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051212010734/http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=114 . December 12, 2005 .
  93. Web site: Statues honoring horses, carrier pigeons and dogs killed in war service . 2008-03-24 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111072033/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/statue2.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  94. Web site: http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/tuitou/dai2/siryo1_1.html . ja:追悼・平和祈念のための記念碑等施設の 在り方を考える懇談会 （第２回）議事 （資料１－１、靖国神社について）. 2014-01-14 . a round-table conference by Chief Cabinet Secretary.
  95. Web site: Otemizusha (Main Purification Front). 2009-10-23 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  96. Web site: Dove cote . 2008-03-28 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111060617/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/dovecote.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  97. Web site: Nōgakudo . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111102550/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/nohstage.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  98. Web site: Shamusho. 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  99. Web site: Yasukuni Kaikan . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  100. Web site: Yasukuni Kaikō Bunko . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111164427/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/archives.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  101. Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 131–132.
  102. Web site: Shinchi Teien . 2014-01-04 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111165314/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/yushukan.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  103. Yoshida. Takashi. Revising the Past, Complicating the Future: The Yushukan War Museum in Modern Japanese History. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 2 December 2007. 26 December 2013. The newly renovated Yushukan that opened in 2002 has two major goals: the first is to honor the war dead who sacrificed themselves for the state, and the second is to communicate an allegedly "true" history to counter the fact that Japanese education in the postwar era emphasized Japan's wartime wrongdoings. The museum articulates the position that the "Greater East Asian War" contributed to liberating Asia and that the war was not an act of imperialist aggression..
  104. Web site: Shinchi Teien . 2008-03-28 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111103724/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/shinike.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  105. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 129.
  106. Web site: Sumo Ring . 2008-03-28 . Yasukuni Shrine . https://web.archive.org/web/20090111113711/http://www.yasukuni.or.jp/english/precinct/sumoarena.html . 2009-01-11 . dead .
  107. Web site: Shōkonsaitei . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  108. Web site: Seisentei . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  109. Web site: Seisentei . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  110. Web site: Kōuntei . 2014-01-03 . Yasukuni Shrine.
  111. Web site: Yasukuni shrine's top priest Toshiaki Nambu dies . 2014-01-02.
  112. Web site: New Yasukuni chief priest picked . 13 June 2009 . 2014-01-02.
  113. Web site: New Head Priest of Controversial Yasukuni Shrine Appointed . 22 January 2013 . 2014-01-02.
  114. Web site: http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0118/TKY201301180248.html?ref=rss . ja:靖国神社１１代宮司に徳川康久氏 . Yasuhisa Tokugawa named 11th Head Priest of Yasukuni Shrine . 18 January 2013 . 19 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120234141/http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0118/TKY201301180248.html?ref=rss . 20 January 2013.
  115. Web site: The Yasukuni Shrine Problem in the East Asian Context: Religion and Politics in Modern Japan: Foundation . 1 January 2014 . 4 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031608/http://www.politicsandreligionjournal.com/images/pdf_files/srpski/godina3_broj2/Analiza%201.pdf . dead .

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