Yankee Stadium Explained

Stadium Name:Yankee Stadium
Nickname:"The Stadium"[1] [2]
"The House That Jeter Built"[3]
"The House That George Built"
Logo Image:Yankee Stadium Logo.svg150px
Address:1 East 161st Street
Location:The Bronx, New York City, New York, U.S.
Opened: (workout day)
(exhibition game)
(regular season)
Owner:New York City Industrial Development Agency[4] [5]
Operator:Yankee Stadium LLC[6]
Surface:Kentucky Bluegrass
Construction Cost:US$2.3 billion[7]
Architect:Populous (formerly HOK Sport)[8]
Project Manager:Tishman Speyer/International Facilities Group, LLC.
Structural Engineer:Thornton Tomasetti[9]
Services Engineer:M-E Engineers, Inc.
General Contractor:Turner Construction[10]
Tenants:New York Yankees (MLB) (2009–present)
Pinstripe Bowl (NCAA) (2010–present)
New York City FC (MLS) (2015–present)[11]
Seating Capacity:Baseball


46,537 (2020–present)[12] [13]
47,309 (2018–2019)[14]
47,422 (2017)[15]
49,469 (2016)[16]
49,638 (2015)[17]
49,642 (2014)[18]
50,291 (2011–2013)[19]
50,287 (2009–2010)[20]
Soccer: 28,743[21] (Expandable to 47,309)
Football: 54,251[22]

Record Attendance:Baseball: 50,960[23]
Soccer: 49,653
Football: 54,251[24]
Dimensions:Baseball


Left field – 318feet
Left center – 399feet
Center field – 408feet
Right center – 385feet
Right field – 314feet
Backstop – 52feet
Soccer:
110yd x 70yd

Publictransit: Metro-North Railroad: at Yankees – East 153rd Street
New York City Subway:
at 161st Street – Yankee Stadium
New York City Bus:

Yankee Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Bronx in New York City. It is the home field of Major League Baseball’s New York Yankees and New York City FC of Major League Soccer.

The stadium opened in April 2009, replacing the original Yankee Stadium that operated from 1923 to 2008; it is situated on the 24acres former site of Macombs Dam Park, one block north of the original stadium's site. The new Yankee Stadium replicates design elements of the original Yankee Stadium, including its exterior and trademark frieze, while incorporating larger spaces and modern amenities. It has the sixth-largest seating capacity among the 30 stadiums of Major League Baseball.

Construction on the stadium began in August 2006, and the project spanned many years and faced many controversies, including the high public cost and the loss of public park land. The $2.3 billion stadium was built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies and is one of the most expensive stadiums ever built.[25]

Yankee Stadium became the home field of the MLS expansion club New York City FC in 2014, which is owned by City Football Group and the Yankees. It will be an interim venue for the club until a soccer-specific stadium is constructed. It has also occasionally hosted college football games, including the annual Pinstripe Bowl, concerts, and other athletic and entertainment events.

History

Planning

New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner began campaigning for a new stadium in the early 1980s, just a few years after the remodeled Yankee Stadium opened. Steinbrenner at the time was reportedly considering a move to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey. New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean in 1984 authorized the use of land for a new baseball stadium in the Meadowlands, but the state legislature did not provide financing for the stadium.[26] In a statewide referendum in 1987, New Jersey taxpayers rejected $185 million in public financing for a baseball stadium for the Yankees.[27] Despite the rejection from New Jersey, Steinbrenner frequently threatened to move as leverage in negotiations with New York City.

In 1988, Mayor Ed Koch agreed to have city taxpayers spend $90 million on a second renovation of Yankee Stadium that included luxury boxes and restaurants inside the stadium and parking garages and traffic improvements outside. Steinbrenner agreed in principle, but then backed out of the deal. In 1993, Mayor David Dinkins expanded on Koch's proposal by offering his Bronx Center vision for the neighborhood, including new housing, a new courthouse, and relocating the Police Academy nearby.[28]

In 1993, New York Governor Mario Cuomo proposed using the West Side Yard, a 30acres rail yard along the West Side of Manhattan and owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, as the location for a new stadium for the Yankees. However, Cuomo lost his re-election bid a few months later. By 1995, Steinbrenner had rejected 13 proposals to keep the Yankees in the Bronx.[29]

In 1998, Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer proposed spending $600 million in public money to add dozens of luxury boxes to the stadium, to improve highway and public transportation access, and to create a Yankee Village, with shops, restaurants, and a museum. Steinbrenner rejected this as well. That same year, Mayor Rudy Giuliani unveiled a plan to relocate the Yankees to the West Side Yard for a $1 billion stadium. However, with most of the funding coming from taxpayers, Giuliani tabled the proposal, fearing rejection in a citywide referendum. The West Side Stadium plan resurfaced in December 2001, and by January 2002, months after the September 11 attacks, Giuliani announced "tentative agreements" for both the New York Yankees and New York Mets to build new stadiums. He estimated that both stadiums would cost $2 billion, with city and state taxpayers contributing $1.2 billion.[30]

Michael Bloomberg, who succeeded Giuliani as mayor in 2002, called the former mayor's agreements "corporate welfare" and exercised the escape clause in the agreements to back out of both deals, saying that the city could not afford to build new stadiums for the Yankees and Mets. Bloomberg said that Giuliani had inserted a clause in this deal that loosened the teams' leases with the city and would allow the Yankees and Mets to leave the city on 60 days' notice to find a new home elsewhere if the city backed out of the agreement. At the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Bloomberg's blueprint for the stadium was unveiled in 2004, at the same time as the plan for the Mets' new stadium, Citi Field. The final cost for the two stadiums was more than $3.1 billion; taxpayer subsidies accounted for $1.8 billion.[7]

Construction

Groundbreaking ceremonies for the stadium took place on August 16, 2006, the 58th anniversary of Babe Ruth's death, with Steinbrenner, Bloomberg, and then-Governor of New York George Pataki among the notables donning Yankees hard hats and wielding ceremonial shovels to mark the occasion.[31] [32] The Yankees continued to play in the previous Yankee Stadium during the 2007 and 2008 seasons while their new home stadium was built across the street. The community was left without parkland for five years.

During construction of the new stadium, a construction worker and avid Boston Red Sox fan buried a replica jersey of Red Sox player David Ortiz underneath the visitors' dugout with the objective of placing a "hex" on the Yankees, much like the "Curse of the Bambino" that had allegedly plagued the Red Sox long after trading Ruth to the Yankees. After the worker was exposed by co-workers, he was forced to help exhume the jersey.[33] The Yankees organization then donated the retrieved jersey to the Jimmy Fund, a charity started in 1948 by the Red Sox' National League rivals, the Boston Braves, but long championed by the Red Sox and particularly associated with Ted Williams.[34] [35] The worker has since claimed to have buried a 2004 American League Championship Series program/scorecard, but has not said where he placed it.[36] These attempts did not have much effect upon the home team, though: the Yankees went on to win the 2009 World Series at the end of their first MLB season in the new stadium.[37]

Features

The new stadium is meant to evoke elements of the original Yankee Stadium, both in its original 1923 state and its post-renovation state in 1976. The exterior resembles the original look of the 1923 Yankee Stadium. The interior, a modern ballpark with greater space and increased amenities, features a playing field that closely mimics the 1988–2008 dimensions of the old stadium. The current stadium features 4,300 club seats and 68 luxury suites.

Design and layout

The stadium was designed by the architectural firm Populous. The exterior was made from 11,000 pieces of Indiana limestone, along with granite and pre-cast concrete. The limestone is from the same quarry that produced the limestone for the Empire State Building.[38] It features the building's name V-cut and gold-leaf lettered above each gate. The interior of the stadium is adorned with hundreds of photographs capturing the history of the Yankees. The New York Daily News newspaper partnered with the Yankees for the exhibition "The Glory of the Yankees Photo Collection", which was selected from the Daily News collection of over 2,000 photographs.[39] Sports & The Arts was hired by the Yankees to curate the nearly 1,300 photographs that adorn the building from sources including the Daily News, Getty Images, the Baseball Hall of Fame and Major League Baseball.

The seats are laid out similar to the original Yankee Stadium's stands, with grandstand seating that stretches beyond the foul poles, as well as bleacher seats beyond the outfield fences. The Field Level and Main Level constitute the lower bowl, with suites on the H&R Block Level, and the Upper Level and Grandstand Level constituting the upper bowl. Approximately of the stadium's seating is in the lower bowl, the inverse from the original Yankee Stadium. 50,287 fans can be seated, with a standing room capacity of 52,325. The new stadium's seating is spaced outward in a bowl, unlike the stacked-tiers design at the old stadium. This design places most fans farther back but lower to the field, by about an average of 30feet. Over 56 suites are located within the ballpark, triple the amount from the previous stadium. Seats are 19inches-24inchesin (-in) wide, up from the previous stadium's 18- wide seats, while there is 33inches-39inchesin (-in) of leg room, up from 29.5inches of leg room in the previous stadium. Many lower-level seats are cushioned, while all seats are equipped with cupholders. To allow for the extra seating space, the stadium's capacity is reduced by more than 4,000 seats in comparison to the previous stadium.

Many design elements of the ballpark's interior are inspired by the original Yankee Stadium. The roof of the new facility features a replica of the frieze that was a trademark of the previous ballpark. In the original Yankee Stadium, a copper frieze originally lined the roof of the upper deck stands, but it was torn down during the 1974–75 renovations and replicated atop the wall beyond the bleachers. The new stadium replicates the frieze in its original location along the upper deck stands. Made of steel coated with zinc for rust protection, it is part of the support system for the cantilevers holding up the top deck and the lighting on the roof.[40] The wall beyond the bleacher seats is "cut out" to reveal the subway trains as they pass by, like they were in the original facility. A manually operated auxiliary scoreboard was built into the left and right field fences, in the same locations it existed in the pre-renovation iteration of the original Yankee Stadium. They were removed in favor of digital advertising signage prior to the 2022 season.[41]

Between the exterior perimeter wall and interior of the stadium is the "Great Hall", a large open air concourse that runs between Gates 4 and 6.[42] With seven-story ceilings, the Great Hall is the largest open air public entry way at any sports venue in the world and features more than 31000square feet of retail space and is lined with 20 banners of past and present Yankees superstars.[43] The Great Hall features a 5by LED (light-emitting diode) ribbon display as well as a 25' by 36' LED video display above the entrance to the ballpark from Daktronics, a company in Brookings, South Dakota.[44]

Monument Park, which features the Yankees' retired numbers, as well as monuments and plaques dedicated to distinguished Yankees, has been moved from its location beyond the left field fences in the original Yankee Stadium to its new location beyond the center field fences at the new facility. Monument Park is now situated under the sports bar; black shades cover the monuments on the back wall during games to prevent interference with the vision of the batter.[45] The new location of the monuments is meant to mirror their original placement in center field at the original pre-renovation Yankee Stadium, albeit when they were on the playing field. The transfer of Monument Park from the old stadium to the new stadium began on November 10, 2008.[46] The first monuments were put in place on February 23, 2009.[47] Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera requested that the Yankees reposition the team's bullpen, as well as add a door to connect the Yankees' bullpen to Monument Park, in order to allow access to it by Yankee relievers. The organization complied with his request.[48]

Field dimensions and playing surface

The field dimensions for the large outfield fences have the same distance markers as the original facility prior to closing yet the dimensions are not identical.[49] Due to the design of the right-field stands and the inclusion of an embedded manual scoreboard, the right-field wall is an average of 5feet closer to home plate.[50] Overall, the fences measure 318feet to left field, 399feet to left-center field, 408feet to center field, 385feet to right-center field, and 314feet to right field.[51] At the old Yankee Stadium, the right field wall curved from the right-field corner to straightaway center, while at the new ballpark the fence takes a sharp, almost entirely straight angle. This results in a difference at certain points between the right field markers of as much as 9feet. The dimensions in left field are substantially the same despite the presence of an embedded auxiliary scoreboard there as well. All these differences make the current Yankee Stadium more hitter-friendly to right field than the original one.The outfield fences measure 8feet high from the left-field foul pole until the Yankees' bullpen, when the fences begin to gradually descend in height until the right field foul pole, where they are tall. This also marks a decrease from the previous Yankee Stadium, where the right field wall stood at a height of approximately 10feet. The distance from home plate to the backstop is 52feet, a reduction of from the previous facility. The field is made up of Kentucky bluegrass, the same surface as the previous stadium, which is grown on a 1300acres farm in Bridgeton, New Jersey. The grass is equipped with a drainage system (featuring over of pipe) that makes the field playable an hour after taking of rain.

Comparison with the 1923 stadium

CharacteristicsOld stadium (in 2008)New stadium
Opening dayApril 18, 1923April 16, 2009
Capacity56,88650,287
Seat width18inches–22inches19inches–24inches
Seat length29.5inches33inches–39inches
Concourse width (average)17feet32feet
Cup holdersSelect Field Level SeatingFor every seat in General Seating
Luxury suites1956
Club seats4,300
Team stores6800square feet11560square feet
Restroom fixture ratio1 per 89 fans1 per 60 fans
Public elevators
(passenger lifts)
3
(Otis Traction)
16
(KONE Traction)
Video scoreboard25feet by 33feet
(SD LED)
59feet by 101feet
(HD LED)
Distance from Home Plate to: 
Backstop72feet52feet
Left field318feet
Left center399feet
Center field408feet
Right center385feet
Right field314feet
Source: New York Yankees

Amenities and facilities

Yankee Stadium features a wide array of amenities. It contains 63% more space, 500000square feet more in total, than the previous stadium, with wider concourses and open sight lines on concourses.[52] Along with 227miles of wired Ethernet cable, the building has sufficient fiber-optic cable wiring that Cisco Vice President and Treasurer David Holland calls the building "future proof". Over 1,100 HD video monitors are placed within the stadium and approximately $10 million worth of baseball merchandise is housed within the ballpark.

The center field scoreboard, manufactured by Mitsubishi Diamond Vision, measures 59 x 101feet and offers 5925square feet of viewing area. It was the third-largest HD scoreboard in the world when it opened (behind the 8736square feet board at newly renovated Kauffman Stadium and the new 8066square feet board at the renovated Tokyo Racecourse).[53] Since then, it has also been surpassed by what was the world's largest scoreboard at AT&T Stadium and the new scoreboard at the Philadelphia Phillies' Citizens Bank Park.[54] [55] Displaying 5925square feet of video, the scoreboard can display four 1080p HD images simultaneously.[56]

The Yankees clubhouse features 30,000 square feet (2,880 m2) of space, over 2.5 times the space of the clubhouse from the previous facility.[57] The dressing area alone features 3344square feet of space, with each locker equipped with a safety deposit box and touch-screen computer. The Yankees clubhouse features a weight room, training room, video room, and lounge area, while both teams' clubhouses have their own indoor batting cages. The Yankees' therapy room features a hydrotherapy pool with an underwater treadmill. The Yankees are believed to be the first team to chemically treat their uniforms, as well as the showering surfaces with an anti-bacterial agent that reduces the risk of infection.

The New York Yankees Museum, located on the lower level at Gate 6, displays a wide range of Yankees' memorabilia.[58] A "Ball Wall" features hundreds of balls autographed by past and present Yankees, and there are plans to eventually add autographs for every living player who has played for the Yankees. The centerpiece of the museum is a tribute to Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, with a commemorative home plate in the floor and statues of Larsen pitching to Yogi Berra. Along with a facsimile of a current locker from the Yankees' clubhouse, fans can view the locker of the late Thurman Munson, which sat unoccupied in the previous stadium's Yankee clubhouse in honor of Munson.

The ballpark offers a wide choice of restaurants. There are 25 fixed concessions stands, along with 112 movable ones. A Hard Rock Cafe is located within the ballpark, but it is open to anyone at the 161st St. and River Ave. entrance year round. The Hard Rock Cafe at Yankee Stadium officially opened on March 30, 2009, and an opening ceremony took place on April 2, 2009.[59] A steakhouse called NYY Steak is located beyond right field. Celebrity chefs will occasionally make appearances at the ballpark's restaurants and help prepare food for fans in premium seating over the course of the season. Above Monument Park is the Center Field Sports Bar, whose tinted black glass acts as the ballpark's batter's eye.

After the 2016 season, the Yankees made significant upgrades to Yankee Stadium including the Masterpass Batter's Eye Deck and Frank's Red Hot Terrace and Toyota Terrace. The Masterpass Batter's Eye Deck above the Center Field Sports Bar is an outdoor gathering space in center field with clear full views of the playing field available to all ticketed guests. The Frank's Red Hot Terrace and Toyota Terrace overlook the visitors' and Yankees' bullpens respectively. The new AT&T Sports Lounge is behind section 134 on the main level and features a full bar, tables, stools and large screen TVs. The new Budweiser Party Decks located at sections 311 and 328 in the upper deck feature shaded standalone bar areas serving beer, cocktails and food. An 2850square feet outdoor area, known as the Kids Clubhouse, was created and is located on the 300 level in the right field grandstand above Gate 6 and is outfitted with Yankees-themed playground equipment. Ahead of the 2020 season, the Yankees added two new "social spaces"; the Stella Artois Landing at sections 232A and 232B in left field and the Michelob Ultra Clubhouse at sections 207 and 208 in right field. Both sections are available to fans with tickets anywhere in the Stadium.[60] [61]

In May 2022, the Yankees unveiled the "Yankee Stadium Tower Garden" inside Gate 2. The tower garden is a vertical aeroponic garden consisting of ten structures that allow for the growth of fresh produce that require minimal resources and will be served to fans in salads and other food items at the stadium's concession areas and restaurants. It is also part of the "New York Yankees Healthy Home Plate Program" which provides a hands-on learning experience for local students and non-profit organizations.[62]

Public opinion

Opening and public perception

Although Yankee Stadium has been praised for its amenities, it also has been widely criticized for high ticket prices.[63] [64] Seats within the first eight rows in the lower bowl, called the "Legends Suite", are among the highest-priced tickets in professional sports. Tickets cost $510 on average; the most expensive tickets cost $2,600 each. Legends Suite Seats have been regularly empty, with many ticket holders in this section having given up their tickets, and others remaining unsold, despite most other seats in the ballpark selling out. This has created an embarrassing image on television of the seats behind home plate being almost completely vacant. Consequently, a surplus of tickets for Legends Seats have emerged in the secondary market, and with supply exceeding demand, resale prices have dropped. Empty seats in the Legends Suite could even be seen during the 2009 playoffs, including World Series games. Even though all playoff games were sellouts, Legends Suite ticket holders were in the lounges and the restaurant underneath instead of their seats.[65] [66] Overall, the average ticket price is $63, the highest in baseball.[67]

Legends Suite seats are also separate from the other lower bowl seating and are vigorously patrolled by stadium security, with the divider being described as a "concrete moat." Fans who do not have tickets within this premium section in the front rows are not allowed in the section. This includes standing behind the dugouts during batting practice and to seek autographs. The least expensive seats, the bleachers, initially left many fans disappointed, as the indoor club seating area in center field obstructed the views from bleacher seats on both sides in sections 201 and 239. These severely obstructed sections would ultimately be removed during the 2016–2017 off-season in favor of outdoor bars and patio called Franks Red Hot Terrace in left center and Toyota Terrace in right center. These new areas are complete with standing terraces accessible to all ticket holders, in addition to replacing the seating on top of the center field club with standing terraces, drastically reducing the number of obstructed views from center field in the process.[68]

The Yankee Stadium staff was also criticized for an incident during a May 4, 2009 game, which was interrupted by a rain delay.[69] Fans were told by some staff members that the game was unlikely to resume and consequently, many fans exited the stadium, only for the game to eventually resume play. The fans that left the ballpark were not permitted to re-enter, per the stadium's re-entry policy, and many subsequently got into arguments with stadium personnel. In response to the backlash the Yankees received for the incident, the staff members were required to sign a gag order preventing them from speaking to media, but they did indicate that communication for rain delays would be improved.

Late in the stadium's first season, cracks were seen on the concrete ramps of the Stadium. The Yankees are trying to determine whether there was something wrong with the concrete, or the ramps' installation or design. The company involved in inspecting the concrete was indicted on charges that its employees either faked or failed to perform some required tests and falsified the results of others.[70]

The stadium has also been criticized for its lack of fan noise. During a Sunday Night Baseball telecast in 2012, commentator and former Red Sox manager Terry Francona spoke about the different atmospheres in the old and new stadiums saying that "As a visiting team, especially for the Red Sox, by the time the (national) anthem was over, you couldn't wait to get back in the dugout. Now (there is) a little different (kind) of fan sitting around down there by the dugout." Games at the new stadium do not feature the same deafening crowd moments and often sound eerily silent.[71] The lack of fan noise was noticeable in the 2012 playoffs as well, with thousands of unsold seats for Game 5 of the ALDS and Games 1 and 2 of the ALCS. "This is a very easy place to play now," said Quintin Berry of the Detroit Tigers, the Yankees' ALCS opponents. "Coming from Oakland, the fans there were so rowdy. It was easier to come here."[72] In his autobiography The Closer, the Yankees' longtime relief pitcher Mariano Rivera wrote about the new stadium's atmosphere: "It doesn't hold noise, or home-team fervor, anywhere near the way the old place did. The old Stadium was our 10th man—a loud and frenzied cauldron of pinstriped passion, with a lot of lifers in the stands. Maybe I'm wrong, but it's hard to see that the new place can ever quite duplicate that."[73] Derek Jeter echoed this sentiment in a September 2014 article in New York magazine, in which he said he missed the original Yankee Stadium: "It was a different feel. The new stadium, its second to none—all the amenities. For the players, it really doesn't get any better. The old stadium, if you were at the stadium, in the stands, the only place you could see the game was in your seat. Now there's so many suites and places people can go. So a lot of times it looks like it's empty, but it's really not. The old stadium, it was more intimidating. The fans were right on top of you."[74]

Starting in 2017, the new stadium began to sound like the old stadium especially during the 2017 American League Championship Series against the Houston Astros. In Game 4 specifically, the stadium was raucous and loud where the Yankees rallied and won 6–4. The crowd noise and atmosphere may have even caused an Astros miscue in the eighth inning. After the game, several Yankees commented on the crowd noise and the atmosphere it created. In a New York Times article following the game, CC Sabathia said “It felt like the old stadium tonight” and “This is as loud as I’ve ever heard it”. Aaron Judge said “Deafening, just deafening.” He went on to say “You try to talk to the person next to you, but you can’t hear a thing. It was crazy.” Todd Frazier said “We still felt confident, and the crowd played a huge part in it.” and Brett Gardner, a Yankee since 2008, said “Tonight was about as loud as it gets.”[75]

Early propensity for home runs

In its first season, Yankee Stadium quickly acquired a reputation as a "bandbox" and a "launching pad" because of the high number of home runs hit at the new ballpark.[76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] Through its first 23 games, 87 home runs were hit at the venue, easily besting Enron Field's (now called Minute Maid Park) previous record set in 2000.[82] Early in the season, Yankee Stadium was on pace to break Coors Field's 1999 single-season record of 303 home runs allowed, and the hometown Daily News (using the back-page headline "HOMERS ODYSSEY") started publishing a daily graphic comparing each stadium's home run totals through a similar number of games.

ESPN commentator Peter Gammons denounced the new facility as "one of the biggest jokes in baseball" during an appearance on Mike and Mike in the Morning, and concluded that "[it] was not a very well-planned ballpark". Likewise, Gammons' ESPN colleague Buster Olney described the stadium as "a veritable wind tunnel" and likened it to his childhood Wiffle-ball park.[83] Newsday columnist Wallace Matthews joined in the criticism, labeling the stadium "ridiculous" and accused "the franchise that took ownership of the home run" of cheapening it. He suggested that Babe Ruth could have potentially hit 120 or more homers if he played in the new Stadium. For his column, Matthews interviewed former Yankee Reggie Jackson, who termed the park "too small" to contain current player Alex Rodriguez. Jackson estimated that the park might enable the third baseman to hit 75 home runs in a season.

A variety of theories have been posited to account for the dramatic increase in home runs at the new Yankee Stadium over the original stadium, foremost among these the sharper angles of the outfield walls and the speculated presence of a wind tunnel. During construction of the new ballpark, engineers commissioned a wind study, the results of which indicated there would be no noticeable difference between the two stadiums.[84] The franchise planned a second study, but Major League rules prohibit a team from making any changes to the playing field until the off-season.

An independent study by the weather service provider AccuWeather in June 2009 concluded that the shape and height of the right field wall, rather than the wind, is responsible for the proliferation of home runs at the stadium.[85] AccuWeather's analysis found that roughly 20% of the home runs hit at the new ballpark would not have been home runs at the old ballpark due to the gentle curve of its right field corner, and its 10feet wall height. Nothing was observed in wind speeds and patterns that would account for the increase.

The number of home runs hit at the new stadium slowed significantly as the season progressed,[86] but a new single-season record for most home runs hit at a Yankee home ballpark was nonetheless set in the Yankees' 73rd home game of 2009 when Vladimir Guerrero of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim hit the 216th home run of the season at the venue, surpassing the previous record of 215 set at the original Yankee Stadium in 2005.[87] However, the Yankees offense, as in previous years, had employed many home run hitters in 2009. The Yankees hit 108 home runs while playing on the road, the second most in baseball behind the Philadelphia Phillies.[88]

In 2010, the early rate of home runs were markedly less through May 15, 2010, with 35 home runs hit in 14 games for 2.5 per game (a projection of 205—in 2009, the stadium finished at 2.93 per game for a total of 237). Even though the stadium's home run rate decreased slightly for the 2010 season to 2.73 per game, it was still the highest figure in the majors.[89] However, the prolific home run rate of April and May 2009 that drew criticism has not sustained itself over any season thus far, and while through the first two months of the 2011 season the Yankees hit far more homers than any other team in the majors,[90] Yankee Stadium was not the top home run park.

Stadium firsts

Before the official Opening Day against the Cleveland Indians on April 16, 2009, the Yankees hosted a two-game exhibition series at the stadium in early April against the Chicago Cubs.[91] The Yankees lost the stadium's first regular-season game to the Indians and 2008 Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee by a score of 10–2. Before the Yankees went to bat for the first time, the bat that Babe Ruth used to hit his first home run at the old Yankee Stadium in 1923 was placed momentarily on home plate.[92] In the bottom of the fifth inning of the same game, Jorge Posada hit the first Yankee home run in the new ballpark off of Lee, which also served as New York's first run at the new venue. Later in that game, Grady Sizemore of the Indians hit the first grand slam at the stadium, doing so off of Yankee relief pitcher Dámaso Marte in the top of the seventh inning. On July 2, 2009, Russell Branyan of the Seattle Mariners became the first player to hit a home run off of the Mohegan Sun Restaurant in center field.

Like its predecessor, the new Yankee Stadium hosted the World Series in its very first season; in the 2009 World Series, the Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 4 games to 2. It also became the latest stadium to host a World Series-clinching victory by its home team in the venue's first season (after the St. Louis Cardinals won the World Series at Busch Stadium in 2006), when, on November 4, 2009, the Yankees won their 27th World Series championship against the Phillies. The Yankees are the only team to inaugurate two stadiums with World Series wins and also appeared in the 1976 World Series following the refurbishment of the original Yankee Stadium, losing to the Big Red Machine in a four-game sweep. On October 6, 2011, the Detroit Tigers in game five of the ALDS were the first team to eliminate the Yankees at the new stadium in the postseason.

StatisticExhibitionRegular seasonPostseason
First gameApril 3, 2009
Yankees 7, Cubs 4
April 16, 2009
Indians 10, Yankees 2
October 7, 2009
Yankees 7, Twins 2
scope"row" style=";Ceremonial First PitchReggie JacksonYogi BerraEric T. Olson
scope"row" style=";First pitchChien-Ming WangCC SabathiaCC Sabathia
scope"row" style=";First batterAaron Miles (Cubs)Grady Sizemore (Indians)Denard Span (Twins)
scope"row" style=";First hitAaron Miles (Cubs)Johnny DamonDenard Span (Twins)
scope"row" style=";First Yankees hitDerek JeterJohnny DamonDerek Jeter
scope"row" style=";First home runRobinson CanóJorge PosadaDerek Jeter
scope"row" style=";First winChien-Ming WangCliff Lee (Indians)CC Sabathia
scope"row" style=";First saveJonathan AlbaladejoMariano Rivera (April 17)Mariano Rivera

Many historic milestones and records have been achieved at Yankee Stadium. In 2009, Derek Jeter became the Yankees all-time hits leader with his 2,722nd hit, surpassing Lou Gehrig's 72-year record.[93] The following season, Alex Rodriguez hit his 600th home run at the Stadium, becoming the youngest player to accomplish the feat.[94] In 2011, three significant milestones were achieved at the stadium. In July, Jeter became the first Yankee to join the 3,000 hit club and collect all 3,000 hits with the franchise.[95] The following month, the Yankees became the first team in history to hit three grand slams in a single game.[96] As the regular season drew to a close, Mariano Rivera became the all-time leader in regular season saves, when he earned his 602nd save.[97]

On April 20, 2016, the Oakland Athletics' Kendall Graveman became the first starting pitcher to bat at Yankee Stadium.[98]

Due to the lack of games scheduled for teams not in the own league, San Diego Padres in the NL West was the final team to visit the Yankee Stadium in its new configuration on May 27, 2019.[99] Yankees amassed a record of 24–5 for homes games against every opposing teams' first games visiting the current Yankee Stadium.

On June 25, 2022, new Yankee Stadium witnessed its first no-hitter when three Houston Astros pitchers (Cristian Javier, Héctor Neris, and Ryan Pressly) combine to no-hit the Yankees in a 3–0 win. The Astros were also the last team to no-hit the Yankees at the original Yankee Stadium in 2003.[100]

Accessibility and transportation

The stadium is reachable via the 161st Street – Yankee Stadium station complex, the same that served the old Yankee Stadium, by the of the New York City Subway. It is also served by the Yankees – East 153rd Street station of the Metro-North Railroad, opened on May 23, 2009;[101] this station routinely features Hudson Line train service, but on game days, Harlem Line and New Haven Line trains from upstate New York and Connecticut—as well as shuttle trains from Grand Central Terminal--also stop there. The stadium is also served by the Bx1, Bx2, Bx6, Bx6 SBS, and Bx13 New York City Bus routes.

Yankee Stadium is accessible by car via the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87), with connections to the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95), Bruckner Expressway (I-278), and other highways and roads. Aside from existing parking lots and garages serving the stadium, construction for additional parking garages is planned. The New York State Legislature agreed to $70 million in subsidies for a $320 million parking garage project. On October 9, 2007, the New York City Industrial Development Agency approved $225 million in tax-exempt bonds to finance construction of three new parking garages that will have 3,600 new parking spaces, and renovation of the existing 5,569 parking spaces nearby.[102] Plans initially called for a fourth new garage, but this was eliminated before the final approval. The garages will be built (and renovated) by the Community Initiatives Development Corporation of Hudson, a nonprofit entity that will use the parking revenue to repay the bonds and pay a $3 million yearly land lease to the City of New York. Parking is expected to cost $25 per game. To enhance security and expedite entry, Yankee Stadium implemented a clear bag policy, allowing only transparent bags of specific dimensions for easier inspection and quicker access.[103] [104]

Non-baseball uses

Soccer

As part of the 2012 World Football Challenge, Chelsea played Paris Saint-Germain on July 22, 2012, in the first soccer match at Yankee Stadium, the match ended in a 1–1 tie, before a crowd of 38,202. The Stadium hosted another soccer match between A.C. Milan and Real Madrid on August 8, 2012. Real Madrid won 5–1, before a crowd of 49,474.[105] Chelsea also played Manchester City there on May 25, 2013, which ended in a 5–3 win for City. On June 11, 2013, Spain defeated the Republic of Ireland 2–0 in a friendly match at the stadium.[106]

On April 21, 2014, it was announced that New York City FC, a Major League Soccer expansion team owned jointly by the New York Yankees and Manchester City, would play in Yankee Stadium from 2015 until their new stadium is built. NYCFC played their first game at Yankee Stadium on March 15, 2015. Because of the unique dimensions of the Yankee Stadium field, the playing surface of the soccer pitch is 110 yards (100 m) long by 70 yards (64 m) wide—the smallest field in all of Major League Soccer, and close to the smallest allowed by International Football Association Board guidelines.[107] [108]

Despite having soccer matches played in Yankee Stadium, it is not approved for CONCACAF matches, most notability for the CONCACAF Champions League, meaning that any CONCACAF match that has New York City FC playing in it would be required to be played at another stadium.[109]

International soccer matches

DateTeamResultTeamTournamentAttendance
July 22, 20121–1World Football Challenge38,202
August 8, 2012 Real Madrid5–1 MilanWorld Football Challenge49,474
May 25, 2013 Manchester City5–3Club Friendly39,462
June 11, 20132–0International Friendly39,368
July 30, 2014 Liverpool2–2
International Champions Cup49,653
July 24, 2019 Liverpool2–2 Club Friendly31,112
September 14, 2022 New York City FC2–0 Campeones Cup24,823
July 27, 2024 Manchester City2–3 Milan Club Friendly46,122

College football

The Notre Dame Fighting Irish played a college football game at Yankee Stadium against The Army Black Knights on November 20, 2010, with the Irish defeating the Black Knights 27–3. This marked the two teams' first meeting in the Bronx since 1969.[110] Army played Rutgers in 2011 (Rutgers defeated Army 27–12),[111] and played against Connecticut in 2014. Also in 2014, Lehigh and Lafayette played the 150th edition of their college football rivalry game at Yankee Stadium on November 22, 2014. Both teams played to a sold out stadium; Lafayette winning, 27–7. On November 12, 2016, Fordham University beat Holy Cross 54–14 in the 53rd meeting of the Ram–Crusader Cup.[112]

Since 2010, Yankee Stadium has hosted the Pinstripe Bowl, an annual college football bowl game. The inaugural bowl pitted Syracuse (3rd place Big East) against Kansas State (7th place Big 12) on December 30, 2010. Syracuse defeated Kansas State 36–34 in a shootout, before a crowd of 38,274.[113]

The stadium was intended to host a game between Rutgers and Maryland on November 4, 2017. The game was moved back to Rutgers' home stadium due to potential conflicts with the Yankees' postseason.[114]

DateWinning TeamResultLosing TeamEventAttendance
November 20, 2010 Notre Dame 27–3 54,251
December 30, 2010 Syracuse 36–34 2010 Pinstripe Bowl38,274
November 12, 2011 Rutgers 27–12 30,028
December 30, 2011 Rutgers 27–13 2011 Pinstripe Bowl38,328
December 29, 2012 Syracuse 38–14 2012 Pinstripe Bowl39,098
December 28, 2013 Notre Dame 29–16 2013 Pinstripe Bowl47,122
November 8, 2014 Army 35–21 27,453
November 22, 2014 Lafayette 27–7 48,256
December 27, 2014 Penn State 31–30 (OT) 2014 Pinstripe Bowl49,012
December 26, 2015 Duke 44–41 (OT) 2015 Pinstripe Bowl37,218
November 12, 2016 Fordham 54–14 21,375
December 28, 2016 Northwestern 31–24 2016 Pinstripe Bowl37,918
December 27, 2017 Iowa 27–20 37,667
November 17, 2018 Notre Dame 36–3 48,104
December 27, 2018 Wisconsin 35–3 37,821
November 9, 2019
  1. 13 Dartmouth
27–10 21,506
December 27, 2019 Michigan State 27–21 36,895
December 29, 2021 Maryland 54–10 29,653
November 12, 2022 Ithaca College 34-17 40,232
December 29, 2022 Minnesota 28-20 31,131
November 11, 2023 Syracuse 28-13 17,101
December 28, 2023 Rutgers 31-24 35,314

Ice hockey

In 2014, the National Hockey League (NHL) hosted two outdoor games at Yankee Stadium known as the NHL Stadium Series, with the New Jersey Devils hosting the New York Rangers on January 26, 2014, and the New York Islanders hosting the Rangers on January 29, 2014. The Devils and Islanders had never played an outdoor game before this series. The Rangers were the designated away team in both games to maintain the tax-exempt status of their home arena, Madison Square Garden; if either the Rangers or the New York Knicks "cease playing" home games at the Garden, the venue would lose its tax exemption and be subject to penalties.[115] [116]

DateWinning TeamResultLosing TeamEventAttendance
January 26, 2014 New York Rangers 7–3 50,105
January 29, 2014 New York Rangers 2–1 50,027

Concerts

width=12% style="text-align:center; ;"Date width=10% style="text-align:center; ;"Artist(s) width=10% style="text-align:center; ;"Opening act(s) width=16% style="text-align:center; ;"Tour width=10% style="text-align:center; ;"Tickets sold width=10% style="text-align:center; ;"Revenuewidth=20% style="text-align:center; ;"Additional notes
Special guests with Eminem: D12, B.o.B, 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Dr. Dre. Special guests with Jay-Z: Kanye West, Nicki Minaj, Swizz Beatz, Eminem, Chris Martin of Coldplay, Drake, Beyoncé and Bridget Kelly.
Special guests with Eminem: D12, B.o.B, 50 Cent, G-Unit and Dr. Dre. Special guests with Jay-Z: Kanye West, Nicki Minaj, Swizz Beatz, Eminem, Mary J. Blige, Drake, Beyoncé.
DJ Chris Holmes
Special guest: Billy Joel.
Big Four Festival 41,762 / 41,762 $5,371,167 Concert by the "Big Four" of thrash metal.
62,188 / 62,188 $7,375,030
79,775 / 79,775 $12,599,540 The first show sold out in 20 minutes.[117] During the second performance, Madonna performed "Holiday."[118]
Justin Timberlake
Jay-Z
89,023 / 89,023 $12,041,096 Surprise guest: Alicia Keys.
Surprise guest: Timbaland.[119]
Formula, Vol. 2Sold Out both dates
(total)
Surprise guest: Tego Calderón, Bernie Williams, Luis Vargas, Antony Santos, and Fefita La Grande.
Surprise guest: Bernie Williams, Prince Royce, Marc Anthony and Aventura reunion.
On November 10, a special showcasing the tour's shows from the ballpark aired in 4K exclusively through AT&T and DirecTV on Audience.[120]
August 27, 2022Bad BunnyDiploWorld's Hottest Tour84,865 / 84,865$22,757,636
August 28, 2022
August 12, 2023Jonas BrothersLawrenceFive Albums. One Night. The World Tour
August 13, 2023

Boxing

The promotional tour for the Manny PacquiaoMiguel Cotto fight began with an event at Yankee Stadium on September 10, 2009.

On June 5, 2010, Yuri Foreman fought Cotto in the first boxing match in The Bronx since 1976. The fight was referred to as the "Stadium Slugfest". Cotto defeated Foreman with a TKO in the ninth round. Cotto captured the WBA super welterweight title and his fourth world title, before a crowd of 20,272.[121]

Other events

The first non-baseball event at the current version of Yankee Stadium took place on the evening of Saturday, April 25, 2009, when Senior Pastor Joel Osteen of Lakewood Church held what was dubbed as a "Historic Night of Hope" Christian prayer service.[122]

A New York University graduation ceremony took place on May 13, 2009, with the address being delivered by U.S. Secretary of State and former New York Senator Hillary Clinton. The 2010 NYU ceremony featured alumnus Alec Baldwin as a speaker.[123] President Bill Clinton spoke at the 2011 ceremony.[124] Taylor Swift received her honorary doctorate in fine arts at the 2022 ceremony.[125]

In 2014, Yankee Stadium became the home of the Double A and Triple A New York City High School Public School Athletic League Championship. In 2011, it became home to the PSAL Football City Conference Championship.

Ticket policy

Effective 2016, printed electronic tickets cannot be used at New York Yankees and New York City FC matches at Yankee Stadium. Only traditional hard-stock tickets, and those issued via a mobile ticketing system, are accepted. The team justified the decision by stating that it was meant to combat fraud associated with printed digital tickets. However, it was also believed that the team was trying to specifically hinder the ticket resale service StubHub, which competed against an official resale service run by TicketMaster known as the Yankees Ticket Exchange. The YTE is subject to a price flooring policy, meaning that tickets may only be discounted up to a certain amount. Although StubHub was the official ticket resale partner of Major League Baseball at the time, the Yankees, as well as the Los Angeles Angels and Chicago Cubs, had opted out of this agreement.[126]

Owing to the Yankees' ownership of the team, New York City FC announced on March 11, 2016, that its matches would also be subject to this policy. At the team's March 13, 2016 home opener, although the team stated that they would be phasing in mobile ticketing by introducing additional verification steps for printed tickets before the policy takes full effect in April, reports indicated that the stadium was turning away fans with printed tickets, leading to long queue lines, as well as few attendees inside the stadium itself.[127] [128] In an interview with WFAN radio, Yankees COO Lonn Trost explained that the measures were to help combat ticket resale, arguing that the team did not want fans to purchase "premium" seats at bargain prices, because they would be filled by "someone who has never sat in a premium location [before]".[129]

On April 3, 2016, an episode of the HBO news-comedy series Last Week Tonight aired, where host John Oliver responded to Trost's remarks, arguing that he was "saying that rich people couldn't bear to sit next to people who aren't as rich." As a further satire of Trost's arguments against discounted resale, Oliver then announced a contest in which viewers were invited to send photos of themselves dressed as if they had "never sat in a premium location before", with winners offered the ability to purchase a pair of Legends Seats from one of the first three home games of the season for 25 cents. The stunt was successful, leading to the presence of several costumed attendees in Legends Seats during the opening games. Team president Randy Levine responded positively to the stunt, thanking Oliver for having bought tickets to begin with, and remarked that everyone was welcome at Yankee Stadium.[130] [131] [132]

On June 27, 2016, the Yankees announced that it had reached a deal with StubHub for it to become its new official ticket resale partner beginning on July 7, 2016, and allow season ticket holders to sell electronic tickets, rather than mail physical tickets to the buyer. The service will still be subject to a price flooring policy, but the team stated that the new arrangement would provide a "superior, more secure, [and] better experience".[133] [134]

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. News: Popper. Daniel. Young star Aaron Judge the talk of Yankees' Old-Timers' Day at the Stadium. Daily News. Tribune Publishing. New York. August 29, 2017. Many of the greatest living Yankees from the past half-century graced the field at the Stadium Sunday for Old-Timers’ Day.... January 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210124195615/https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/judge-talk-yankees-old-timers-day-stadium-article-1.3276514. live.
  3. News: The House That Jeter Built. MLB Advanced Media. November 19, 2014. December 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211220102332/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/wall/article.jsp?content_id=25978932. live.
  4. News: Russ. Hilary. New York Yankees baseball team to refinance $1 billion of stadium debt. August 29, 2016. Reuters.com. July 21, 2018. December 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211226090852/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-new-york-yankees-bonds/new-york-yankees-baseball-team-to-refinance-1-billion-of-stadium-debt-idUSKCN114272. live.
  5. News: S&P raises Yankee Stadium bonds to 'BBB'. July 31, 2012. Reuters.com. July 21, 2018. December 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211226090849/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSWNA239120120731. live.
  6. Web site: Brown. Maury. Yankees parent group carrying nearly $2 billion in debt. TheFreeLibrary.com (Business of Sports Network). July 21, 2018. December 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211226133434/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Yankees+Parent+Group+Carrying+Nearly+$2+Billion+in+Debt.-a0237530899. live.
  7. Web site: Demause . Neil . January 2009 . Private/public Cost Breakdown for New Yankees/mets Stadiums . https://web.archive.org/web/20160328074726/http://www.fieldofschemes.com/documents/Yanks-Mets-costs.pdf . March 28, 2016 . Field of Schemes.
  8. Web site: Yankee Stadium. Populous. March 10, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20111127162027/http://portfolio.populous.com/projects/yankeestadium.html. November 27, 2011. dead. mdy-all.
  9. Scarangello. Thomas Z.. Squarzini. Michael J.. July 2009. New Yankee Stadium respects its rich history. Structural Engineer. September 19, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021143518/http://www.gostructural.com/magazine-article-gostructural.com-7-2009-new_yankee_stadium_respects_its_rich_history-7527.html. October 21, 2013. dead.
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  11. Web site: New York City FC outline plans for Yankee Stadium's baseball-to-soccer conversion. Major League Soccer. April 21, 2014. April 21, 2014. September 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923040556/http://www.mlssoccer.com/news/article/2014/04/21/new-york-city-fc-outline-details-plans-yankee-stadiums-baseball-soccer-conve. dead.
  12. Web site: 2020 Official Media Guide and Record Book. Major League Baseball Advanced Media. February 24, 2020. August 8, 2021. 372. September 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210903160525/https://pressbox.athletics.com/Publications/MLB%20Media%20Guides/Archives/2020%20Media%20Guides/2020%20New%20York%20Yankees%20Media%20Guide.pdf. live.
  13. Web site: 2021 Official Media Guide and Record Book. Major League Baseball Advanced Media. March 2021. August 8, 2021. 376. May 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210504202002/https://pressbox.athletics.com/Publications/MLB%20Media%20Guides/2021%20New%20York%20Yankees%20Media%20Guide.pdf. live.
  14. Web site: 2018 Official Media Guide and Record Book. Major League Baseball Advanced Media. February 22, 2018. April 13, 2018. 347. November 2, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211102141555/https://www.scribd.com/document/372167782/2018-NYY-Media-Guide. live.
  15. Web site: New York Yankees on the Forbes MLB Team Valuations List. Forbes. April 11, 2017. April 11, 2017. December 8, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211208010031/https://www.forbes.com/teams/new-york-yankees/. live.
  16. Web site: 2015 MLB Attendance Analysis. David P.. Kronheim. Number Tamer. Flushing, NY. 2016. February 18, 2017. 11, 165. February 24, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224093320/http://numbertamer.com/files/2015_MLB_Attendance_Analysis.pdf. dead.
  17. Web site: New York Yankees on the Forbes MLB Team Valuations List. Forbes. March 25, 2015. April 11, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20150604224516/http://www.forbes.com/teams/new-york-yankees/. June 4, 2015.
  18. Web site: Question 4: Will Jeter Lure 4 Million Fans?. Andrew. Marchand. Wallace. Matthews. ESPN. March 25, 2014. March 26, 2014. November 29, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042706/http://espn.go.com/blog/new-york/yankees/post/_/id/70475/question-4-will-jeter-lure-4-million-fans. live.
  19. News: Yankee Stadium Sea of Blue – Empty Seats – at Game Time. John. Perrotto. USA Today. October 12, 2012. March 16, 2013. April 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410073712/https://www.usatoday.com/story/gameon/2012/10/12/yankee-stadium-late-arriving-crowd-playoff-game/1630687/. live.
  20. News: Vazquez's Final Pitch in Pinstripes?. Ben. Shpigel. The New York Times. October 14, 2010. April 17, 2014. December 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211226090852/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/14/sports/baseball/14juice.html?_r=0. live.
  21. Web site: Booth. Mark. What's New for NYCFC This Season?. NYCFC.com. August 29, 2017. February 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210210184849/https://www.nycfc.com/post/2017/03/09/what-s-new-nycfc-season. live.
  22. Web site: Notre Dame Shut Downs Army, Rolls In New Yankee Stadium Debut. Associated Press. University of Notre Dame Official Athletic Site. November 20, 2010. January 11, 2016. March 24, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120324175034/http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/recaps/112010aaa.html. live.
  23. Tigers Beat Yankees 3–2, Head to ALCS vs Texas. Associated Press. Sports Illustrated. October 6, 2011. March 16, 2013. March 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140309023552/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/baseball/mlb/gameflash/2011/10/06/39864_recap.html. live.
  24. Web site: Notre Dame Shut Downs Army, Rolls In New Yankee Stadium Debut . November 26, 2010 . March 24, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324175034/http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/recaps/112010aaa.html . live .
  25. Web site: NYC baseball stadium subsidies: Do I hear $1.8B? . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150321165155/http://www.fieldofschemes.com/2009/01/14/1987/nyc-baseball-stadium-subsidies-do-i-hear-1-8b/ . March 21, 2015 . May 28, 2015 . Field of Schemes.
  26. News: Controlled Pitch . Iver . Peterson . September 16, 1995 . . February 23, 2017 . March 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151928/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/16/nyregion/controlled-pitch.html . live .
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  48. Yes Network broadcast of Yankees vs. Cubs, April 3, 2009.
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