Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery Explained

Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery
Native Name:양화진외국인선교사묘원
Native Name Lang:ko
Established:1890
Country:South Korea
Location:Hapjeong-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul
(Public transit: line #2 Hapjeong Station exit #7, 10 minute walk away)
Coordinates:37.5466°N 126.911°W
Findagraveid:2213616
Rr:Yanghwajin Oegugin Seongyosa Myowon
Mr:Yanghwajin Oegugin Sŏn'gyosa Myowŏn

Yanghwajin Foreign Missionary Cemetery (Korean: 양화진외국인선교사묘원), also known as the Hapjeong-dong International Cemetery, is a cemetery overlooking the Han River in the district of Mapo District, Seoul, South Korea.

The cemetery was first opened in 1890, and contains at least 376 graves: around 118 of which belong to foreign missionaries and their family members. The cemetery survived the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period and the 1950–1953 Korean War, and is remembered as a historic site for Korea's interactions with the West and Christianity.

History

The creation of the cemetery was motivated by the death of Presbyterian minister John Heron on July 26, 1890. At the time, foreigners were not permitted to be buried in Seoul proper. The Korean government coordinated with the small foreigner community to find a plot of land suitable for burials.[1] Horace Newton Allen obtained the land rights of the bluff overlooking the Han River.

During the 1950–1953 Korean War, damage occurred to a number of the grave markers; this damage is still visible.[2]

Ownership and maintenance controversy

In 1956, the Kyungsung European-American Cemetery Association, an organization linked to Seoul Union Church, was granted management rights to the cemetery by the government. However, ownership of the land was reportedly not officially registered. In 1961, President Park Chung Hee decreed that foreigners in South Korea were not allowed to own land. The grounds technically belonged to no one until the city of Seoul designated it a public park in 1965.[3]

In 1985, Horace Grant Underwood III, on behalf of Seoul Union Church, requested that a Korean organization called the Council for the 100th Anniversary of the Korean Church (henceforth "100th Anniversary Church") register the cemetery on behalf of the Seoul Union Church. The two churches reportedly agreed that Seoul Union Church would be the unofficial caretakers of the land. A year later, they built a chapel nearby called the Memorial Chapel: this served as the first permanent home for Seoul Union Church. In 1979, the South Korean government expropriated a portion of the land for a construction project.

Relations between the two groups were reportedly amicable until Underwood's death in 2004. In 2005, the 100th Anniversary Church began sharing Memorial Chapel with Seoul Union Church in 2005. In addition, the 100th Anniversary Church reportedly informed Union Church that it would be taking over management of the facility, as they were the legal owners. Tensions reportedly rose, with both groups publicly accusing the other of misconduct. The 100th Anniversary Church alleged the Union Church was not taking adequate care of the cemetery and had been blocking sharing of the Memorial Chapel, and the Union Church criticized the 100th Anniversary Church's practice of using the pathways in the cemetery as excess parking spaces for the congregation, as well as going back on the good faith agreements between the groups. The 100th Anniversary Church reportedly increasingly escalated active management over both the building and cemetery over time. In a spring 2007 meeting, they reportedly informed Union Church that they were no longer in charge of maintaining the cemetery. On August 5, 2007, the Seoul Union Church congregation was locked out of Memorial Chapel. The 100th Anniversary Church reportedly compared the expulsion to the 1997 Handover of Hong Kong, where foreign-occupied territory was returned to the original owner.[4] Concurrently, they denied charges that the expulsion was motivated by nationalism.[5]

Statistics

Estimated interments[6]
Burials Adults Children Total
Missionary community 83 38 118
Non-missionary, non-military 53 15 66
U.S. military-related 26 38 64
Unknown 44 31 75
Koreans 12 11 23
Totals 221 133 376

Notable interments

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Neff . Robert . 2019-06-04 . [Joseon Images] Buried at Yanghwajin's cemetery for foreigners ]. 2024-06-08 . . en.
  2. Web site: Yanghwajin Foreigners' Cemetery – Some who came to Korea stayed . 2024-06-08 . Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
  3. Web site: Moon . Gwang-lip . 2007-07-03 . Christians battle over historic cemetery . 2024-06-08 . . en.
  4. Web site: Glionna . John M. . 2009-10-12 . S. Korean cemetery rests at center of bitter dispute . 2024-06-08 . . en-US.
  5. News: Sang-Hun . Choe . 2007-08-10 . Sides feud over 'God's land' in Seoul . 2024-06-08 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  6. Clark, Donald N., comp and ed. The Seoul Foreigners' Cemetery at Yanghwajin: An Informal History with Notes on Other Cemeteries in Korea and Individuals and Families in the History of the Foreign Community in Korea. Seoul: Seoul Union Church, 1998.
  7. Book: Sicherman, Barbara. Notable American Women: The Modern Period : a Biographical Dictionary. Green. Carol Hurd. 1980. Harvard University Press. 978-0674627338. en.