| Bhaiṣajyaguru | |
| Img Capt: | Yuan dynasty mural of Bhaiṣajyaguru's eastern pure land |
| Sanskrit Name: | भैषज्यगुरु Bhaiṣajyaguru भैषज्यगुरुवैडूर्यप्रभाराज Bhaiṣajyaguru-vaiḍūryaprabhārāja |
| Burmese Name: | ဘဲရှဇျဂုရုဝဲဍူရ်္ယာပြဘာရာဇာ |
| Chinese Name: | 藥師佛 (Pinyin: Yàoshīfó) 藥師如來 (Pinyin: Yàoshī Rúlái) |
| Japanese Name: | (romaji: Yakushi Nyorai) (romaji: Yakushirurikō Nyorai) |
| Tibetan Name: | སངས་རྒྱས་སྨན་བླ་ Wylie: sangs rgyas sman bla THL: Sangyé Menla |
| Korean Name: | 약사여래 (RR: Yagsa Yeorae) 약사유리광여래 (RR: Yagsayurigwang Yeorae) |
| Russian Name: | Будда Медицины |
| Thai Name: | พระไภษัชยคุรุไวฑูรยประภาตถาคต Phra Phaisatchaya Khuru Waidun Prapha Tathakhot |
| Khmer Name: | ភៃសជ្យគុរុ (phei-sach-kuru) |
| Mongolian Name: | Оточ Манла |
| Vietnamese Name: | Dược Sư Phật Dược Sư Lưu Ly Quang Vương Phật Dược Sư Lưu Ly Quang Vương Như Lai Đại Y Vương Phật Tiêu Tai Diên Thọ Dược Sư Phật |
| Veneration: | Mahayana, Vajrayana |
| Attributes: | Healing |
Bhaiṣajyaguru (Sanskrit: भैषज्यगुरु, Chinese: t={{linktext|藥師佛, Japanese: 薬師仏, Korean: 약사불, Vietnamese: Dược Sư Phật, Tibetan: སངས་རྒྱས་སྨན་བླ), or Bhaishajyaguru, formally Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabhā-rāja ("Medicine Master and King of Lapis Lazuli Light"; Chinese: t=藥師琉璃光(王)如來, Japanese: 薬師瑠璃光如来, Korean: 약사유리광여래, Vietnamese: Dược Sư Lưu Ly Quang Vương Như Lai), is the Buddha of healing and medicine in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Commonly referred to as the "Medicine Buddha", he is described as a doctor who cures suffering (Pali/Sanskrit: dukkha/duḥkha) using the medicine of his teachings.
The image of Bhaiṣajyaguru is usually expressed with a canonical Buddha-like form holding a gallipot and, in some versions, possessing blue skin. Though also considered to be a guardian of the East, in most cases, Akshobhya is given that role. As an exceptional case, the honzon of Mount Kōya's Kongōbu Temple was changed from Akshobhya to Bhaiṣajyaguru.[1]
Bhaiṣajyaguru is described in the eponymous Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabhā-rāja Sūtra, commonly called the Medicine Buddha Sutra, as a bodhisattva who made twelve (12) great vows. His name is generally translated as "Medicine Guru, King of Lapis Lazuli Light". "Vaiḍūrya" is a precious stone which most translators have rendered as lapis lazuli. Librarian Marianne Winder has proposed that "vaiḍūrya" originally meant beryl;[2] however, pure beryl is colorless, while its blue variant, aquamarine, is described as a 'precious blue-green color-of-sea-water stone'[3] rather than the usual dark blue attributed to Bhaiṣajyaguru. While there is a dark blue variety of aquamarine called maxixe (pronounced mah-she-she), it is a New World gemstone — found primarily at the Maxixe Mine in the Piauí Valley near Itinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil — and was not known before 1917.[4]
On achieving Buddhahood, Bhaiṣajyaguru became the Buddha of the eastern pure land of Vaiḍūryanirbhāsa "Pure Lapis Lazuli".[5] There, he is attended to by two bodhisattvas symbolizing the light of the sun and the light of the moon respectively:[6]
The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang visited a Mahāsāṃghika monastery at Bamiyan, Afghanistan, in the 7th century CE, and the site of this monastery has been rediscovered by archaeologists.[7] Birchbark manuscript fragments from several Mahāyāna sūtras have been discovered at the site, including the Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaidūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra (MS 2385).[7]
A Sanskrit manuscript of the Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabhā-rāja Sūtra was among the texts attesting to the popularity of Bhaiṣajyaguru in the ancient northwest Indian kingdom of Gandhāra.[8] The manuscripts in this find are dated before the 7th century, and are written in the upright Gupta script.[8]
The twelve vows of Medicine Buddha upon attaining Enlightenment, according to the Medicine Buddha Sutra are:[9]
Bhaiṣajyaguru is typically depicted seated, wearing the three robes of a Buddhist monk, holding a lapis-colored jar of medicine nectar in his left hand and the right hand resting on his right knee, holding the stem of the Aruna fruit or Myrobalan between thumb and forefinger. In the sutra, he is also described by his aura of lapis lazuli-colored light. In Chinese depictions, he is sometimes holding a pagoda, symbolising the ten thousand Buddhas of the three periods of time. He is also depicted standing on a Northern Wei stele from approximately 500 CE now housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, accompanied by his two attendants, Suryaprabha and Chandraprabha. Within the halo are depicted the Seven Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddhas and seven apsaras.[10]
The practice of veneration of Yaoshi (薬師佛) is also popular in China, as he is depicted as one of the three prominent Buddhas, the others being Śākyamuni and Amitabha. He can also be viewed as the healing attribute of Śākyamuni, as he is often called the "Medicine King" in sutras. There are two popular Chinese translations of this sutra: one by Xuanzang[11] and the other by Yijing both translated in the Tang dynasty. The Taisho Tripitaka and Qianlong Tripitaka each contain four translations of the sutra:[12]
These four versions have different titles:
The version translated by Yijing includes not only the vows of Yaoshi but also the vows of six other Buddhas.[17]
Chinese Buddhists recite the mantra of Yaoshi to overcome mental, physical and spiritual sickness. The Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabhā-rāja Sūtra, which Yaoshi is associated with and described in great detail in, is a common sutra to recite in Chinese temples as well. In it, Yaoshi is described as having entered into a state of samadhi called "Eliminating All the Suffering and Afflictions of Sentient Beings." From this samadhi state he spoke the Medicine Buddha dharani.
The last line of the dharani is used as Yaoshi's short form mantra. Furthermore, much like the nianfo path of Amitabha, the name of Yaoshi is also recited for the benefit of being reborn in the Eastern Pure Lands, though this is deemphasized in favor of Yaoshi's role for the living.
Starting in the 7th century in Japan, Yakushi was prayed to in the place of Ashuku (Akshobhya). Some of Yakushi's role has been taken over by Jizō (Ksitigarbha), but Yakushi is still invoked in the traditional memorial services for the dead.
Older temples, those mostly found in the Tendai and Shingon sects, especially those around Kyoto, Nara and the Kinki region often have Yakushi as the center of devotion, unlike later Buddhist sects which focus on Amitabha Buddha or Kannon Bodhisattva almost exclusively. Often, when Yakushi is the center of devotion in a Buddhist temple, he is flanked by the, who were twelve yaksha generals who had been converted through hearing the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabhārāja Sūtra:
thumb|Painted thangka with Bhaishajyaguru, c. between 1201 and 1400The practice of Medicine Buddha (Sangye Menla in) is not only a very powerful method for healing and increasing healing powers both for oneself and others, but also for overcoming the inner sickness of attachment, hatred, and ignorance, thus to meditate on the Medicine Buddha can help decrease physical and mental illness and suffering.
The Medicine Buddha mantra is held to be extremely powerful for healing of physical illnesses and purification of negative karma. In Tibetan, Mahābhaiṣajya is changed to maha bekʰandze radza (མ་ཧཱ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་རཱ་ཛ་) in the mantra, while 'rāja' (radza) means "king" in Sanskrit. In modern Tibetan language, 'ṣa' (ཥ) is pronounced as 'kʰa' (ཁ), and 'ja' in Sanskrit, as in the cases of 'jye' & 'jya', is historically written with the Tibetan script 'dza' (ཛ). Along with other pronunciation changes, the short mantra is recited as:[18] [19]
One form of practice based on the Medicine Buddha is done when one is stricken by disease. The patient is to recite the long Medicine Buddha mantra 108 times over a glass of water. The water is now believed to be blessed by the power of the mantra and the blessing of the Medicine Buddha himself, and the patient is to drink the water. This practice is then repeated each day until the illness is cured.