Xiapu dialect explained

The Xiapu dialect (Eastern Min: 霞浦話; Foochow Romanized: Hà-puō-uâ) is a dialect of Eastern Min Chinese spoken in Xiapu, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China.

Phonology

The Xiapu dialect has 15 initials, 43 rimes and 7 tones.

		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		pronounced as /link/ 蒙		pronounced as /link/ 日	pronounced as /link/ 語
Stop	Aspirated	pronounced as /link/ 波		pronounced as /link/ 他	pronounced as /link/ 氣
Stop	Tenuis	pronounced as /link/ 邊		pronounced as /link/ 低	pronounced as /link/ 求	pronounced as /link/ 鶯
Fricative		(pronounced as /link/)	pronounced as /link/ 時	(pronounced as /link/)	pronounced as /link/ 喜
Affricate	Aspirated			pronounced as /ʦʰ/ 出
Affricate	Tenuis			pronounced as /link/ 曾
Lateral				pronounced as /link/ 柳

pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /ia/	pronounced as /ua/	pronounced as /ai/	pronounced as /au/	pronounced as /uai/
pronounced as /aŋ/	pronounced as /iaŋ/	pronounced as /uaŋ/	pronounced as /aiŋ/	pronounced as /ɔuŋ/
pronounced as /aʔ/	pronounced as /iaʔ/	pronounced as /uaʔ/	pronounced as /aiʔ/	pronounced as /ɔuʔ/
pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/				pronounced as /ɛu/
pronounced as /ɔʔ/
pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /link/		pronounced as /oi/	pronounced as /eu/
pronounced as /eiŋ/, pronounced as /ouŋ/	pronounced as /yoŋ/
pronounced as /eiʔ/, pronounced as /ouʔ/	pronounced as /øʔ/, pronounced as /yoʔ/
pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /iu/		pronounced as /ui/
pronounced as /uŋ/	pronounced as /yuŋ/
pronounced as /uʔ/	pronounced as /yuʔ/
pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /iŋ/
pronounced as /iʔ/

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable	The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or pronounced as //-ʔ//	pronounced as //p//, pronounced as //pʰ// change to pronounced as //β//; pronounced as //t//, pronounced as //tʰ//, pronounced as //θ// change to pronounced as //l//; pronounced as //x// change to the null initial; pronounced as //ʦ// and pronounced as //ʦʰ// change to pronounced as //ʒ//; pronounced as //m//, pronounced as //n//, pronounced as //ŋ//, pronounced as //k//, pronounced as //kʰ//, pronounced as //l// and the null initial remain unchanged.
pronounced as //-ŋ//	pronounced as //p// and pronounced as //pʰ// change to pronounced as //m//; pronounced as //t//, pronounced as //tʰ//, pronounced as //θ// change to pronounced as //n//; pronounced as //k//, pronounced as //kʰ//, pronounced as //x// and the null initial change to pronounced as //ŋ//; pronounced as //ʦ// and pronounced as //ʦʰ// change to pronounced as //ʒ//; pronounced as //m//, pronounced as //n// and pronounced as //ŋ//, pronounced as //l// remain unchanged.
pronounced as //-k̚//	All initials remain unchanged.

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:

Book: Compilation Commission of Chorography of Xiapu County 霞浦县地方志编纂委员会. Xia pu xian zhi 霞浦县志 ["Chorography of Xiapu County"]]. 27. Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. Beijing. 1990. 7-80122-542-2.